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Computer Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the stages of the instruction execution cycle in a processor, including instruction fetch, decode, execution, and store, using the example of the 'ADD R1, R2, R3' instruction. It also discusses the importance of buses in computer architecture, differentiating between address and data buses, and highlighting their roles in facilitating communication between components. Additionally, the document describes the role of registers in a CPU, their significance in instruction execution, and illustrates a simplified data path that supports basic arithmetic and logic operations.

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8 views5 pages

Computer Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the stages of the instruction execution cycle in a processor, including instruction fetch, decode, execution, and store, using the example of the 'ADD R1, R2, R3' instruction. It also discusses the importance of buses in computer architecture, differentiating between address and data buses, and highlighting their roles in facilitating communication between components. Additionally, the document describes the role of registers in a CPU, their significance in instruction execution, and illustrates a simplified data path that supports basic arithmetic and logic operations.

Uploaded by

mrajashe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

ASSIGNMENT=2
Mallikarjun
BU22CSEN0102223
1)Outline the stages of the instruction execution cycle in a typical processor.
Discuss the role of the instruction fetch, decode, execute, and store phases.
Provide a specific example of an instruction and describe how it would progress
through these stages.

the instruction execution cycle in a typical processor consists of


the following stages:
1.Instruction Fetch: In this stage, the processor fetches the next
instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction
register. The program counter (PC) is typically used to keep track
of the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
2.Instruction Decode: During this stage, the fetched instruction is
decoded to determine the operation to be performed and the
operands involved. The processor interprets the opcode and
identifies the addressing mode for the operands.
3. Execution: In this stage, the actual operation specified by the
instruction is carried out. For arithmetic or logical operations, this
involves performing the specified computation on the operand(s).
For control transfer operations, this stage may involve altering
the program counter to jump to a new location in memory.

4.Store: The final stage involves writing back the result of the
execution, if any, to the appropriate location, such as a register
or memory.

Let's take the example of the instruction "ADD R1, R2, R3" which
adds the contents of registers R2 and R3 and stores the result in
register R1. Here's how this instruction would progress through
the stages:
1.Instruction Fetch: The processor fetches the "ADD R1, R2, R3"
instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction register.
2.Instruction Decode: The processor decodes the instruction to
determine that it is an addition operation and that the operands
are located in registers R2 and R3, and the result will be stored in
register R1.
3.Execution: The processor performs the addition operation on
the contents of registers R2 and R3 and stores the result in
register R1.
4.Store: The result of the addition operation is written back to
register R1.
Throughout this process, the program counter is updated to point
to the next instruction to be fetched, and the stages of the
instruction execution cycle continue for the subsequent
instructions in the program.

2.Discuss the importance of a bus in computer architecture.


Differentate between the address bus and the data bus. Explain
how the bus architecture facilitates communication on between
different components in a computer system—an example of a
situation where a more comprehensive data bus could be
advantageous.

🚌 The bus in computer architecture plays a crucial role in


facilitating communication and data transfer between different
components of a computer system. It serves as a communication
pathway that allows the transfer of data, control signals, and
addresses among various hardware components

📌 Address Bus: The address bus is responsible for transmitting


memory addresses. It determines where data should be read
from or written to in the system's memory. The width of the
address bus determines the maximum memory capacity

📌 Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer actual data between
the processor, memory, and other peripheral devices. Its width
determines how many bits of data can be transferred in parallel.

🔗 Communication between Components: The bus architecture


facilitates communication between different components, such as
the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. For example, when the CPU
needs to read data from

memory, it puts the memory address on the address bus and


sends a read signal. The memory responds by placing the
requested data on the data bus, which the CPU then reads.

Example of a Situation for a Comprehensive Data Bus: A more


comprehensive data bus could be advantageous in situations
where large volumes of data need to be transferred at high
speeds, such as in graphics processing units (GPUs) or in high-
performance computing applications. For instance, in GPU-
intensive tasks like 3D rendering or video processing, a wider
data bus allows for more pixels or color information to be
transferred simultaneously, leading to faster rendering times and
improved overall performance.

the bus in computer architecture serves as a critical


communication channel, and the address bus and data bus play
distinct roles in enabling the transfer of addresses and data
between various components of a computer system. A
comprehensive data bus can be advantageous in scenarios
requiring high-speed transfer of large volumes of data.

3.Describe the role of registers in a CPU and their significance in the instruction
execution process. Illustrate a simplified data path of a CPU, including the
relevant registers and the flow of data between them. Explain how the data path
supports basic arithmetic and logic operations.

Registers in a CPU play a crucial role in the instruction execution


process, serving as high-speed storage locations for temporary
data and instructions. They are essential for fast access to data
and operands, and they significantly impact the performance of
the CPU.

🔍 Role of Registers in the CPU:

1. Instruction Register (IR): Stores the current instruction being


executed.
2. Program Counter (PC): Holds the memory address of the
next instruction to be fetched.
3. Memory Address Register (MAR): Holds the address of the
memory location being read from or written to.
4. Memory Data Register (MDR): Holds the data being
transferred to or from the memory.
5. Accumulator (ACC): Stores the results of arithmetic and logic
operations

Simplified CPU Data Path:

1. Instruction fetch: The Program Counter (PC) sends the


memory address to the Memory Address Register (MAR). The
instruction from memory is loaded into the Instruction
Register (IR).
2. Instruction decode: The opcode from the IR is decoded, and
the required data may be fetched from memory.
3. Execution: Data is operated on by arithmetic or logic
operations in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), with the results
stored in the accumulator (ACC) or other temporary
registers.
4. Memory access: Data is moved between the CPU and
memory using the Memory Data Register (MDR) and Memory
Address Register (MAR)

🔢 Supporting Basic Arithmetic and Logic Operations: During the


execution stage, the CPU data path supports basic arithmetic and
logic operations by utilizing the registers and components:

 The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations using data


from the registers.
 For addition or subtraction, data is transferred from memory
(MDR) to the ALU, processed, and then the result is stored in
the accumulator (ACC) or other designated registers.
 Logical operations, such as AND, OR, or NOT, are performed
similarly by moving data to the ALU, processing the data,
and then storing the result back in the registers.

In conclusion, registers in a CPU are vital for the storage and


manipulation of data during the instruction execution process.
The flow of data between registers and CPU components
supports basic arithmetic and logic operations, enabling the CPU
to process instructions and perform computations effectively.

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