POLYNOMIALS

2
BASIC CONCEPTS A FLOW CHART

Polynomials
the form
expression in r of
pOlynomial p(r) in variable x is an algebraic constanls,
where d , , 2 4 , are
A one

-1+a,-7 +a,x24ah xt do,

coerticients
Pe4 are respectively the term
positive integer. ap, . 2 . . a - 1 , ,
n Is a 0 is called a
4 ana o With 4,
of", x, * , " , Each of a,, 4-,a-2
of the polynomial p(r). IS called tne degree
variable x in a polynomial plr)
Degree of polynomial: The highest power of 2 x 5 + x t 3 is 6.
polynomial2x
orthe polynomial ptr). Forexample, the degree of

On the
On the basis of basis of degree
number of terms

Constant polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is

called constant polynomial.
Monomial: A polynomial having
one term is called a monomial. are
etc. constant polynomials.
2x, 5y2, 7x3, 3xy and 2xyz are For example P)=3,g)=-7f)=
Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
Some examples of monom
For example, p«) =X+ 3, g(«) = 2x-5,f) =-3x+ 7, etc. are linear polynomials.
Binomial: A polynomial having
two terms is called a binomial. In general,pe) = ax +b, a 0 is a linear polynomial
x+2, x2-9,x+y, x2-y2are Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial
some examples of binomials. For examplepo)=x2+ 6x +9,g)= 42-20) +25, etc. are quadratic polynomials
Trinomial: A polynomial having In general plr)=ax2 +ba+6, a#0 is a quadratic polynomial.
three terms is called a trinomial Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
Forexample, x + 2xy ty,x+yt z Forexamplep)+9 +27x+27, g6)=3 62+12y 8,arecubic polynomials
In general ple) axs+ bx2 +cx+
etc. are trinomials. =

d, 0 is a cubic polynomial.
a +

Zero polynomial: A polynomial 0 is called a zero polynomial. The degree of zero

polynomial is not defined because 0=0.x0 0x 0x2 =0.3

Zero of a polynomial: Areal number is a a of a

zero polynomial p(e) if ple)=
0.Here 'a is called a root of the
Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unlque zero. A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero and zeroequation
of the pe) =
O
zero polynomial is not defined becausefe)= 0= Ox=0x2 0x3.

Remainder theorem: If po) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and
(-a), then the remainder is pla), where a is any real number
linear polynomial pc) is divided by the

Xam idea 26
Mathematics-X
 Factor theorem: If p) is a polynomial of degree n 2 1 and a is any real number,
then ( o ) is a factor = 0
and (i) ple) = 0, if ( a) is a factor
ofple),ifpla) ofp)

Some Algebraic ldentities:

)+)* *+2xy +
(i) (x-)= x*-2xy+y
Cin -9= (x+)* -)
(u) (x+a)(x+b)=x+(a+b)x *ab
()Cx+y+)= x+2+2+2xy+2yz+ 2x
(ri) (x+)= x+y+3ay(x+)= x+3xy +3xy2+y
(viy (x-)= x--3ay*-)= x*-3y +3aty23
(vii) x +°+z°-3ayz= (*+y+z)(* +y+z-*y-yz -x
if x+ytz=Q then * +y+z°=3xyz

27 Polynomials
 MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER
Dividend =
(Divisor x
Quotient) + Remainae
F r o o f : L e t P(x) = 3x2 + X - I be dividend and g(«) = *

3x-2
x+13x+x-1
-3x3x
-2x-1
T2x T2

* *:
e nave 3xtx-1 ( +)3x -2) +1 = =
3-2x +3x-2+1
Hence Proved.
Proof of Remainder
Theorem:
Let Pe) be
the
a
polynomial of degree greater than orequal to 1. Suppose when P(x) is divided by
by (x-),
quotient is qx) and remainder is r(x)
Px) =
(xa) qgl«) + r(«) ..(1)
ince the
degree of divisor (x-a) is I and we know that the degree of remainder r(x) must be
than that of divisor less
(xa)
So, degree of rt«) is zero.
r(x) =
r
(constant)
. (1) becomes

Px) = (x-a) qx) + r

Putting x =
a both sides, we
get
Pa) = (a-a) q(a) + 7

P(a) =0 x qla) + r
P(a) =r
Degree of remainder is less than the
Proof of Factor Theorem: By degree of divisor.
is divided by (x-a), the remainder theorem, we know
that when a
quotient qx) and remainder is is
polynomial Px) of degree 2 1
P(x) (*-a) q{«) + P(a) = P(a)
Putting P(a) = 0, we have

Px) =
(x-a) q*) + 0
P(x) (x-a) q{x)
x-a) is a factor of P(x)
An nth degree
IE P) is polynomial can have
most n real zeros.at

zero of
polynomial
P(«) is
a
with
integral co-efficients and
a factor of the the
constant term. leading co-efficient is
1, then any integer

Kam tdea 28
nalics-X
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [1 mark]
1. How many zeros does cubic polynomial has?
three zeros.
Sol. A cubic polynomial has
2. Write the coefficient of x* in the expansion of (r- 2"

Sol. (x-2 =x*-3 xx* x 2 + 3 Xxx - 2"=- Gx2 + 12x-8

Clearly the coefficient of x* is -6.

3. Find the value of ft«) = 2** + 7x +3 atx = -

2.

2x* + 7ax +3
Sol. fx) =

f-2) =22)* +7(-2)+3

= 8- 14 +3 = 11 - 14 = -3

4. Is a */*a polynomial?Justify your answer

Sol. Yes, 3

+42xa?
31
+ 4 x 2 ? = x* + 4x

5. Write the coefficient ofy in the expansion of (5-y.

Sol. (5-*= 25 +y*- 10y. Clearly the coeficient ofy is -
6. Find the value ofpolynomial 12x- 7x +1, when* =

Sol. Letp(x) = 12x-7x + 1

P-71-12
-2+1= 4
-=4
0
Ifa +b + c=0, then what is the value of a' + b + = 0?
Sol. Weknow a +b + -3abc = (a +b +) (* +b +-ab-be -ca)

As a +b + c=0
a+b+c-3abc = 0

a+b +c =Sabc
8. Find the value of513- 512.
Sol. 513-512 =
(513 +512)(513-512)
= 1025 x 1 = 1025

9. Find the zero of the polynomial plt) = 2x +3.

Sol. For zero of the polynomial p(x), we put fpl«) = 0 >2x +3 =0

3
2x=-3 *=-
2
10. Give an example of a polynomial which is
[NCERT Exemplar}
() monomial of degree 1.
(i) binomial of degree 20.
(ii) trinomial of degree 2.

29 FOlynomac
 f the variable 1,
ofth.
power
highest
with
term
one
have

Sol.
should polynomials.
ie variable 20.
ofthe
)Required polyn Vnomial

the possible highest

power

4a are
some of with
o r9y or- have two
terms
polynomials

should possible
Required polynomial: ofthe of the variable 2.
m-9m are
some
power
with highest
09 or rr + o r three
have
terms

possible polyn ynomials.

(m) Requinred polynomial
should
some ofthe
y-6y-7 are
+ 8y +11 or
.*-I ory"
2 marks
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-I of
ol

32-kr then find

the value
K
lfx+1 is afactor ofthe polvnomial
Sol. Let pt) = 3r* - kr as (x + 1) is a factor ot PE)
k=-3
S0,
P-1) =0 ie., 3(-1)2-K(-1) =0
* 0.
2. Find the value of k, ify + 3 is a factor of 3y +ky
Sol.
Let po) 3y =
+ ky +6
As y + 3 is a factor of p(y), so p(-3) =0
i.e., 3-3+ k-3) +6 = 0
27 3k+6 0 33 3k =
0
-3k =-33 k = 11

3. Find the value of a, ifx - a is a factor

of -ax + 2x + a -
1.
Sol. Let plx) x° - ax
=
+2x +a-1
As (x-a) is a factor of p(«), so pla) =
0, i.e., a -a.a + 2a +a -
1 =0
3a -1= 0
4. If
a
Sol.
fe)=:-3/2-1, then find
f() =?-3/2z-1 fo/2).
f/2) =(B/2 -3/2/2)-1 =9x2-9x2-1 -1 =

5. If+ 101 is divided

Sol Let
by +1, what is the remainder?x

px) =
«" + 101
Using the remainder theorem, we have
Remainder =p(-1) (-1)"+101 =

= -1 +101 = 100
.Find the factors
of
Sol. 1-x= P-x= (1 (1-x).
-x\1 +x +x)
7.
Find the factors of y +* +y +1
Sol. + +) + 1
=y (y +1) +10 + 1)= (
8.
Ifx+y = 9 and sy
20, then find the
= 1) +
+1)
Sol. We know that value
(x +y) x* +y* + 2y = of +y
9 + +2 x 20 *+
9. If
x+=4, then find the value of x+ 81 -40
=
=
41
Sol. x+= 4

Xam ftea
Mathematics-IX 30
 + +2xx =16

16-2=14
4
10, Using factor theorem, show that (r -y) is a factor of x y - +y(2-)+ z(*- y).
Sol. Let p(x) = x(ys - zi) + y(z - x) + z(t2-y).

Putting =y in given polynomialp(x), we get

Po) =y0-z)+ yti-s) + z - )
= yo*-:)-y(-)= 0
(-y) is a factor of given polynomial p(x).

11. Af-1 is a factor of ax + b + cx + d, show that a + e = 0.

Sol. Since x - 1= (* + 1)(x- 1) is a factor of px) = ax + bx +Cx +d

P(1) =p-1) = 0
= a +b+c +d = 4 +b-c + d = 0
2 a + 2c = 0 * 2 (a + c) = 0

atc =0

12 Ifx + 2k is a factor off(x) = *-4tx° + 2x + 2k +3, find .

Sol. Here, f«) = x - 4k° x° +2x + 2k +3

Sincex +2k is a factor offx), so by factor theorem,

f-2k) = 0

(-2h5-4h (-2k)* + 2(-2k) + 2k +3 =0

- 32k +32h-4h +2k +3 =0
-2h +3 =0 -2k =-3 k=
13. Find theremainder whenf) = 4x-12x+14x-3 is divided byg(e) = (2x-1) usingremainder
theorem. [NCERT Exemplar]
Sol. Taking g(«) = 0 we have,

2x- 1 = 0

the remainder is equal to

By remainder theorem when fx) is divided by g(«),
Now, fx) = 4x*-12x + 14x -3

-)
=412x7-3
--3+7-3-5-6+7=1+5

Hence, required remainder =

31
 value ofa.
find the
*
4a -9,
+s?-2x

factorofax+
4 . f(r + 1) is a 4a-9
Sol. Let fx) ax +-2x +
=

As (r + 1) is a factor off(x)

f-1)=0
9 = 0
4a
-2(-1) +
-

a(-1°+ (-1)
+1 + 2+ 4a-9
=0
-a
= 0
a =6
3a-6
6 a =2
a 3 = kx" -*-4
is a factor
ofp(x)
1)
For what value ofk, (r
.
+
=
0,
Sol. Asx +1 is a factor of p(x), sop-1)
k(-1- (-1) -4 0 =

k+1-4 =0
k-3 = 0 k =3

16. Expand using suitable identity (-2x + 5y

3:). -

NCERT
Sol. (-2x +5 32)
+ 2(5y) (-3:) + 2(-3z) (-2x)
2 ) +(5y* + (-3z)2 +2(-2:)(5y)
4+25y+ 9-20xry-30yz + 12

17. Find: x+,if + =62.

Sol. d++2x

= x*++2 62+2 =64 = 64

Taking square root on both sides, we get x+-= 8.

18. Factorise:
[NCERT
Sol. --G)-(3-3
19. Find the value
of kif (*-2) is a factor of
afactor of polynonmial p%) 2xpolynomial p(x) 2x°- 6x+5x =
Sol. As (x-2) is + k.
6x* +5x +k, = -

2(2-6(2) +5 x2+ k =0 so, p(2) 0 =

16-24 + 10 +k =
0
26-24 +k
k+2 =0 0
Factorise: a +b-2ba + 2bc-2ca.
=
20. k = -2
Sol. +-2ba +2be-2ca (a -b)* + =

2¢(b -a) =(a

21. Evaluate: 185
=
(a -b)(a -b- 2c) -b-2c(ab)
Sol. 185 x 185- 15
x 185- 15 x 15. [Taking common (a -

b)]
x 15
(185)-(15)
(185 +15) (185- 15)
200x 170 34000
[Using a- =
(a -

b)Ma + b)]
Xamidea
Manematics-IX 32
SHORT ANSsWER QUESTIONS-II
[3marks]
1. What must be subtracted from ** +
3x + 4-3x- 6 to
+ 4-x + 3?
get 3a
Sol. Letp«) be the required polynomial.
Then, + 3x +4x-3x-6-px) = 3x* + 4x?-x +3
px) =x*+ 3x +4x* -3x-6-3x-4+x-3
= -2x-9

2. What must be added to 2x* -5x + 6 to get x - 3x +3x-5

Sol. Let p«) be added.
Then, 2 -5x +6 + px) = x -3 + 3x-5

p) = *-3 + 3x-5-2x+ 5x-6

=x-5x+ 8x - 11
3. Ifx + 2h is a factor of flx) = x*-4k* + 2x + 3h + 3, find k.

Sol. Here, fx) = x' -4k** + 2x + 3k +3

Since (x + 2k) is a factor of f(x), so by factor theorem,

-24) = 0

(-2k)-4k(-24) + 2-2k) + 3k +3 = 0
16k- 16k - 4h +3k +3 = 0
+3 = 0 -k = -3 k = 3

4. Find the remainder when fl«) = 9*° -3x + 14x-3 is divided by g(«) = (3x-- 1) using remainder
theorem.
Sol. Taking g{x) = 0 we have,

3x-1 =0
3

By remainder theorem when fx) is divided by g(«), the remainder is equal to

Now, fx) = 9*-3x + 14x-3

Hence, required remainder =

5. Check whether polynomial plx) = 2x° - 9x +x + 12 is a multiple of 2x -3 or not.
Sol. The polynomial p(x) will be a multiple of 2x-3 if (2x - 3) divides p(x) completely.

Now, 2x-3 = 0 x=
2

-)-
AlsO,

-2912
33
 162-162 0

54-162+12+96
8
8
54 81 12- 8

8 4
3).
multiple of(2x-
is a
therefore px)
completely, + 1.
1 1 x - 4x
As (2-3) dividesp(x) 2x-
polynomial
factor of +1
Show that 2x
+ I is a
and glx) =2*
6. +l
2"-1la-4x
offp(x) P[
if
Let.pa)
=

Sol. factor
will be a
theorem (2r +1)
By factor
4x +1
= 2x- 11x-
Now, P)

-14 21
-1-11+8+4-12+12 0
4
4

+ 1.
0, therefore (2x +1) is
a factor of 2x-1 1x-4x
As

remainder when 3x* -4x° 3x-1 is divided

-

and
7. By actual division,find the quotient
Sol. By long division, we have

3x3-7x2+7x-10
x+1)3x-4x3-3x-1
-3 3x3
- 7x3 - 3x-1

7x T 7x2
7x 3x-1
-7x 7x
-10x-1
T10xF10
9
Quotient 3x -7x*+ 7x - 10,
=

Remainder =
9
8.)If m +vn-Jp =0,
Sol. We have then find the value of (m +
m+n-p =0 n
-p).
Squaring both the sides, we
get
m+n =p
m+n+2myn =p
m+n- =-2 mn
Again squaring
both the sides,
we
am tea get (m + n
-p =
4mn
Mathematics-IX 34
 9. Expand:
NCERT Exwmplar

Sol. -(J}*B)-E

27
10. Evaluate: (104)' using a suitable identity.
4)
NCERT
Sol. (104)= (100 +

Using identity (x+y)° =x+ 3xy(r+) + y"

We get,
(100 + 4) = (100))' + 3 x 100 x 4 (100 + 4) + 4
=
10,00,000 + 1,200 x 104 + 64
=
10,00,000 + 1,24,800 + 64
= 11,24,864

11. Evaluate 105 x 108 without multiplying directly.

Sol. 105 x 108 (100 + 5) (100 + 8)
Using identity (rta). (r+b) = x* + (a+b) x+ab

We get, 105 x 108 = 100 + (5 + 8) 100 + 5x8

10000+1300 + 40 11340
12. Find
the value of x' +,ifx-=v3.
Sol. x-= V

Squaring both the sides, we get

2xx-3
3+2 5
(13 Factorise: 5/5: + 30x +8/5 by splitting the middle term.
Sol. 55x +30x +8/5 =55x + 20x +10x +8/N5
=
5x(V5x + 4)+2/5(V5x+4)
= (5x + 4)(5x+2/5) =V5(V5x+2(V5x+ 4)

14. Factorise: 2x + 432* .

Sol. We have, 2 + 432xy" 2x (*+ 216y*)
=

= 2(+ 6) =2 + (6»))
2(x+6y) [ -a.6y + (6y)"1
= 2x (x + 6y)(* - 6xy + 36y)

15. Factorise: 125+ 27y + 8:-90xyz.

Sol. 125x +27 + 8-90xy
=
5 +3 +2""- 90xyz
35 alynomiasS
 = (5x) + (3)" + (2)"-3 x 5x x 3y x 2z
(39)(22)
-

(2)N)
(x+3y +22)|(5x) +(3) + (2)-(5x)(39)
-

102)
(bx + 3y + 22) (25x? + 9N? + 42- 15xy- 6yz
-

16, Factorise:s43-216 28 7S.

8

Sol.
343 216 28

-6X NCERT Exemplar

17. Factorise: 2x-7x-15 by splitting the middle term.
Sol. 2x-7x- 15
=
2x- 10x + 3x - 15
=
2x(x -5)+3(-5)
=
(x 5(2x +3)
-

18. Factorise:
125 -343.
Sol. 125x-343
5°x-7y =(5x)° (7
= -

(5x-7y)I(5x)* + 5x.7y + (7)1

=

(5x- 7y)(25x + 35xy + 49)

=

19 Factorise: 3x*+4y* +252-4/3xy-20y+10V3zx.

Sol. 3x+4 +25z-4/3y-20yz
+10/3z*
(3x+-29* +(6: +2/3x)(-29)+2-2)%52)+ 2%5:)(V3x)
=

(W3x-2y+5) =(3x-2y+5)(/3x-2y+52)
20. Factorise:

7 1).
21. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the
value of:

Sol. Let a=

-6-5+11_
8
0

Xam tdea 36
Wathematics-X
 Ifa+btc = 0, thena' +b' + c= 3abe

495
256
99, Without finding the cubes, lactorise: (x-2y)° + (2y-32+
Sol. Let a = * - 2y, b= 2y - 3z, c = (32- 3z-x
[NCERT Exemplar]
a + b + c = *-2y + 2y 8 z + 3z - x = 0

If atb+c = 0, then a'+ b*+s = 3abc

x-2y) + (2y -

3z)"
32)(3z - )
+
(8z - x) =
3(x- 2y)(2y -

23 Find the value ofx- 8y-36ay-216 when x = 2y + 6.

So1. -8y-216-36xy =
*' + (-29)° + (-6)" 3.x(-2y-6)
-

=
(*-2-6)(* +4y* + 36 +
2ay - 12y + 6x)
= 0 x(x + 4+36 + 2xy- 12y + 6x)
= 0
[*=2y + 6x-2y-6=0]

If a, b, c are all non-zero and a+b+c =

0, prove that4+=3.
bc Ca ab
Sol. We have, a-
c
bc Ca ab

LHS
a +b+c
bc ca ab abc
3abc
abc
=
3 (if a+b+c =
0, then a+ b+ = 3abc) =
RHS
25. Simplify: (2x-5y)°- (2x + 5y [NCERT Exemplar]
Sol. (2x-5y)*- (2x 5y +
=
[8x-125y- 3x2xx5y(2x - 5y)] [8x°+125+3x2xx5y(2x+5y)] -

[using the identity (a+b) a'+b+3ab(a +b) =

and (a -b* a'-5-3ab(a

-b)] =

=
(8x-125y -60xy+150xy5) -(8x° +125y + 60xy +150y)
=-250- 120xy
26. Factorise 9x-

Sol. We have,

a-b= (a -b)la +b

(120x-3-5)150:x -3+5
15 15

120x-8)Y150x +2
15 15

37 Polynomtas
 14 marks
LONG ANsWER QUESTIONS +r-4x-
4.
polynomialx
theorem,
factorise the
s1ng factor x- 4x 4. are #l, #2
Sol. Let p(x) *" + =
-

-4 and
factors
of-4
to
he constant term in px) is cqual
we have
Putting x =
-1 in fp(x),
+(-1)?4x(-1)-4
P(-) =
(-1)'
4 -4 = 0
= -1 + 1 +

( + 1) is a factor of p(x).
2 in p(a), we have
Putting x =

2* + 22-4x2-4
P2) =

= 8+ 4 -8 - 4
p(2) = 0

-2) is a factor ofp(x).

-2 in p(x), we have,
Putting * =

P-2) = (-2) +(-2)*4-2)-4

=-8+4 +8-4
p-2) = 0

x+2) is a factor of p(x).

it cannot have more than three linear factors,
As p(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, so

Pa) = k(x+1)(*+2)(*-2)

+ 4x-4 k(x+1)(*+2)(*-2)
Puttingx = 0 on both the sides, we get

0+0-4 x0-4 =k (0 +1)(0 +2)(0-2)

-4 =-4k
Putting k = 1, we get
+-4x-4 1*+1)r+2)* -2)
= (*+1)(*+2)*- 2)

2. Factorise: *-y.
Sol. - * «-G =

= +y-) [Usinga-b*= (a+ bj(a - b)]

=
+ ) + ya-y)
=
( +) +y%* + y)r -y)
3. Factorise: x +13x* + 32x +
20.
Sol. Let x* [NCERT
plx) =
+
13x + 32x +20
The constant term is in p(x) equal to 20 and the factors of 20 are t1, +2,
Puttingx = -2 in p(x), we have + 4, t5, t0.

p(-2) =
(-2)°13(-2) + 32(-2) +
+
20
=

-8+52 -64 +20 =-72 + 72 =

0
p-2) = 0

Xam idea
Mathematics-IX 38
 As h-2) 0, so (x + 2) 1s a tactor of
=
p(x). Now, divide plx) by (x + 2)
+1lx +10
x+2x* + 13x* +32x +20
-x*t 2x
11x+32x+20
-11x +22x
10x+ 20
-10xt 20

px) =
(x + 20** +llx+10) (*+2)x*+10x+x+10] =

= (x+2x(*+10)+1(x+10)]=(*+2)[(x+10)%x+1)
= (x+1)*+2)* +10)

4. Factorise: 2x-3-17x + 30.

Sol. Let, px) = 2x°-3x - 17x + 30 [NCERT Exemplar
Factor of constant term tl, t2, t3, +5, t6, t10, t15, +30
=

b2) = 2x2-3x2--17 x 2+ 30 16- 12-34 + 30

p(2) = 46 -46 = 0

As p(2) = 0, therefore (-2) is afactor of px).

Let us divide p(«) by (x-2) by long division method as
given below
2x +x-15
x-2 2x -3x -17x+30
-2x 4x
x-17x+30
xT2x
-15x+30
T15xt30

:. plx) = 2x*-3x*- 17x + 30 (*-2) (2x +x- 15)

= (x-2) (2x +6x- 5x - 15) = («-2) [2x (x+3) -5(x +31
=
(-2) [(x+3) (2x -5)] =
(-2)x+3)(2x-5)
5. Ifboth ( -2) and - a r e factors of pr + 5x + r, showthatp =r. [NCERT Exemplar]

Sol. Let flx) = px* + 5x +r.

As (x-2) is a factor of fu), sof(2) = 0

px2+5 x 2 +r =0
4+10+r = 0 i)

Albo is a factor off(«), so .

r=0
39 Oynomias
 ...)
r=0
4 2 p+10 +4r = 0

From equations (i) and (ü), we have

4p+10+r =p+10+ 4r
4p-p 10+47-10-r
3p 3r = r Proved.

is divisible by ** + 3x +2.
Without actual division, prove that 2+ r- 14- 19x-6 exactly
Sol. Let p) = 2x +x- 14- 19%-6 andqe) = r+ 3x +2

Then, qx) =x+ 3x +2 =*+ 2x +x +2

xx+2)+l(r+2) = (*+2)(*+1)

Now, p-1) = 2(-1 + (-1*-14(-1 - 19 (-1)-6

= 2 - 1 - 14 + 19-6 = 21 -21 = 0

-1) = 0

and, p-2) = 2-2 +(-2)- 14(-2*- 19-2) - 6

= 32 - 8 - 56 + 38-6 = 70 - 70 = 0

p-2) = 0

(r+ 1) and (r+2) are the factors of p),so pte) is divisible by (x+1) and (x+2).
Hence, p) is divisible by (x+1)0+2) = a? + 3x +2
7. Find the value ofr-s+125t
27
+5rst, When s=+5t.
Sol. -ss + 125* +57st
27

( - + 5# + 5rst =++ (60 -3|EM50)

5 609--%6)-6
+25++5st
Now, s =+5t T
(Given) S+ 5t = 0

=-s+125+5rst =0x +25++5st-=0

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)
1. If
+=14, find the value of z* +3
Sol. We have,
2

- -14-2-16
Mathematics-IX 40
 -- 4

+3x x
=++3x4 =64
3 64-12
52

If x+=3, find thevalue of a+

Sol. We have x+ =
3

Squaring both the sides, we get

+2-9
2
*+=9-2

Now, x + - = 73

++2= 49 x+49-2 + 47
I f the polynomials az'+42 + 3z-4 and?-4: + a leave the same remainder when divided
by z-3, find the value of a. [NCERT Exemplar]
Sol. Let pa) =
az+4z + 3z -4 and ql) =
z?-4: +a
When p ) is divided by z - 3 the remainder is given by,

(3) = a x 3°+ 4 x 3+3 x 3-4 27a + 36 +9-4

p(3)27a + 41
=

When qz) is divided by z - 3 the remainder is given by,

q(3) = 3-4 x 3 +a =27- 12 +a

q(3) =
15 +a .(2)
According to question, p(3) = q(3)

41 + 15
27a
-
-a = -

27a +41 =
15 +a

26a =-26

a=
-26 a = -1|

26

4. If a+=34, find s'+3-9.

Sol. = +2-34+2=36

-6 41 POynoma
 On cubing, we get
3xxx -216

-216 x 3x6 - 216

-9- 198 -9= 189
198

PROFICIENCY EXERCISE

(1 mark)
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Find the coeflicient ofa' in the expansion
of (2a -

5).
2. Find the value of p>lynomial 4x - 5x +9, when * =F
2
3. Find the coefficient of y in the expansion of (2y 3)
4. Find the value of 1015-10142
5. Find the zero of the polynomial p(x) = 4 - 5x.

6. Find the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = 4x- 25.

7. If a+b+c = 0, then evaluatea'+b*+c*

s. If49-b= then find the value ofb.

Write the degree of the polynomial V5.
10. Find the zeros of polynomial p(x) = x({r + 2)(*- 3).

yAtp) be a polynomial such that p =0, then find one factor ofpx).
What is the remainder when p(x) is divided by ax - b?

Short Answer Questions (2 marks)

13. Which of the following expressions is a polynomial? Justify your answer

n 2y -9 3+1
x-3

( +1)(y-3) (v) 4x+1

ua- + 4a-7 NCERT Evomplan 4x 3 +x?

(x)

14. Give one

example of each of the following:
) A binomial of degree 27 (i) A monomial of degree 0
(ii) A monomial of degree 7 (rv) A polynomial of degree 1
(v) A polynomial of degree 10 (vi) A trinomial of degree 20
15. Classify the following as a constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials.
) 4x (i) 1 -2 (ii) 2+x+x (v)
(u) 4x+2 +1 (ui) 2x+ V5 (ui') 5t-7 (vi) 2x-1 [NCERT Exempla
am dea 42
Mathematics-IX
 C 1f - 199 is divided
by x-1, find the remainder.
Find the remainder btained on
Find the value ofk, ift+4 is a factor " +-+1 dividing by x -2.
of 2 + kt -,

What is the value of p if x*,2 is a factor of pw? -4px+3?

20. Find thhe factors of 27+y".
21. Find the factors of 1 - 2

If
.2 2x+l
factor of the polynomial 4x*
is a
-kx + k, then find the value ofh.
23. f) t+/2r+ 32t-1, then evaluate f2/2).
=

9Ifx +y -4 and xy 2, then find the

= =

value of +
IE+kx +12 (*-6)M* 2) for all x, then find the value
= -

of k.
(26 Ify-2-p (y- 8)0 + 6) for all y, then find the value
=

27. 1ffw)=x-9, then find fo) -f-).

of p.
LFind the value ofk for which (x- 1) is a factor of
polynomial x*+kax2+ 142x -120.
Find the value of p for p) 2-}-13y-6.
0, If 4x +7x- 3x-6 is divided by x+1, then find the
quotient.
Without actually findingf(8), find whether (x-3) is afactor offx) =
x*+x*-2x +4. Justify your
answer

32. By remainder theorem, find the remainder when 3x- 4x-3x -1 is divided by x +2.
33For what value of k, x - 3 is a factor of p(x) = x- 6x +kx-6 ?

64Ifx-2k is a factor of fw) = 5x - 10x k - 3x - 6, find k.

$5, If (2x-3) is a factor of 5px* - 4px-3, find the value of p.

36. For what value of mis x -

2mx +16 divisible byx + 2?
37. Find the value of 4x+9 if 2x + 3y = 18 and y = 5.
9
38. If a+31,
a
what is the value of
a-?
Short Answer Questions-HI (3 marks)
39. For the following polynomials:

(a) 2-x-6a+83 +2x+1 2- INCERT Exemplar]

Write:
) the degree of the polynomial (i) the coefficient of "
(ii) the constant terms (iv) the coefficient of «
40. What must be added to 2x*-4x +9 to get 5x- 13 ?
4. What must be subtracted from 4x to get 6x" - 2x+5x- 1?

Find the value of polynomial p(x) 8x3-6a-4x +3, =

1
when ) y2 (i)
x = x
=-
43find the remainder when -3x+ 3x -1 is divided by
( )(x+3) ((n) x

43 Oynomas
 * In
each of the following, find the remainder when
p(x) is divided by q).
P)= +r'+*'+
*+2x+2.qt) =x'+1 p)= 3r'-4*-Sx -1,qte) =
x-1
(ii) px) 4x 12x +14x
=
(i) pox) = x+ 3x +10, qx) = x*+1
-3,
-

qlx) =
x-

heck
7 whether the polynomial g(v) is a factor of ft) or not in each of the following
) fx)= *-3x +5x-2,
g() =5* (i) fe) =
-5x - 3x +7x -2,g«) =
2-5x

( ) fx) = 4x +7-2x +5, gx) = 2x-3 x-2

(iv) fr) =
x-3x + 4x -4,g*) =

46. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value ot:

(3c -a"
)-) (ü) (a -26*+ (2b -3c +

(m) (0.2- (0.3) + (0.1) [NCERT Exenplar]

.Expand the following using the suitableidentuty:
i) ( +2y-3z) INCERT Exemplar)
)x-4y+32
(Gin)
(iu) (0.1x- 0.2y)
48. Evaluate the following using the suitable identity:
i) 10012
) 99 (iv) 101 x 102 [NCERT Exemplar)
(i) 105 (ui') 1073
(u) 94 x 106
factor of:
49. Find the value of a, ifx -
a is a

i)x-2ax +x-a +1 (Gi) -a +2x +a+1

50. Iffx) =
x' +3x-2x + 4, findf-2) +f(2) -f0).

51. Iffx) =r-5x +1, evaluatef(2) -1)+j

52. Factorise the following:

(i) x-x-110
(i)+2x-63
(Giv) 4y-2y*-4y +2
(ari) Gx*- 17x +12
+ 121
+ 30 (ui) 25+ 110y
(u) 2-3x- 17x
(vii) 84-2r-2 [NCERT Exemplar]
(uii) 9 - 12x + 4 [NCERT Exemplar)

(x) 25x+ 16 42- 40xy + 16yz - 20xz

(ix) 2 E
NCERT Exemplar)
+

(xi)x+16y+ 642- 8xy -64yz +16x

(xi) 4+81 +z-36xy+18yz -4x
(xii) 1 + 64x NCERT Exenplar] (xi) a-3/3
Crvi) 343a-b5-147ab + 2lab
(xv) 8x +27 +36x*y +54ay
(xvin) 8a-b-64c-24abc
(oxwi) 2/2a+3/36* +6/3a*b 49/2ab2
(x) Balpr-3y) - 36(39 -x)
(xix) 3/3a+276 -+9/3abe
each of the following: [NCERT Exemplar
53. Find the zeros of the polynomial in
0) qlx) = 5-9*
) plx) = 2x-3
(r) fo) = tr-2
(ti)gy) =3y

Mathematics-1X
44
 ()(v) (r- 2)*+(r 2 |NCERTEvemblost
=
+
(V7) h(x) =
cx + d, c # 0, c, d are real numbers.
54. ) Ifa +b +c =9 and ab tbc+ca=26, find a?+ b+ .
(i) fab +bc + ca = 36 and a+ = 85, find a +btc NCERT Exemplar

+ ifx +y =
-14 and: =
84.
55.
)Find

Find the
value of
md --9
56. )8+ 30xy +125, if 2x+y= -5
(i) a-27y' + 27ay + 27, ifx 3y -3 =

expressions
expressions for
for the
the length and breadth of the
57. Give possible rectangle whose area is given by
+ 12
)
2 5 a - 35a (n) 24x- 15x
olhue
value of a and
ofa: b so that the
polynomial x" + 10x* tax + b is
NCERT
Find the
58. exactly divisible by (x -

1)
as well by (r + 2).
as

if
59. Divide p(x) by ql«)
2x- 1 \x" 4x +5, qt«) 2+1 x
pox)= x'+-2x+4. glx) =I+
- =

) px)
=

60. Factorise:

[NCERT]
)+-2y-1 ()-2562
(ii) 16x-24xy+9-16z (v) 3x- (v) 125xy-405y*
(ui) 1-64a - 12a + 48a* [NCERT Exemplar)
61. Using suitable identities, expand the following:

- .Ix +0.2) (iü) (4a-5b

() (-3a+5b+40)* INCERT Exemplar]

62. Find the possible dimensions for the cuboids whose volume is
() V= 5x-25x () V = Gki -21kt - 12k

63. Verify that: x+y + z- 3xyz = (x+y+2)[(*-y + (-z +(2-x* [NCERT]

2
64. Show thatp - 1 is a factor ofp - 1 and also of p - 1. NCERT Exemplar]
65. Multiplya+ 4y++ 2y +z -2yz by (-z + x-2y). [NCERT Exemplar]
method9-2/3x-x?
66 Simplify by factorisation 3-

67. Find the product, using a suitable identity:

Long Answer Questions (4 marks)

68. Find he values ofa and b so that (2 + 1) and (z - 1) are factors of z' +az? +2-32 + b.
. Find the values of m and n so that the polynomial p(z) = ?-mz' -13z + n has (z -1) and (:+3) as
factors.
.Without actual division, prove that 2x-5x+2x -x + 2 is exactly divisible by x*-3x +2.

[NCERT Exemplar]
71. The polynomialp() = - 2 + 9 x + 3 -7 when dividedbyx + 1 leaves the remainder 19.
Find the values of a. Also find the remainder when px) is divided by x + 2. [NCERT Exemplar]

45 POynomas
 t (x + a ) is a factor ofthe polynomials x + px + q and x + mx + n, prove tnat o
- p

73. If a,b,c are all non-zero and a +b+c = 0, prove that

INCERT Exemtplar|
25. |NCERT Fxempla
that a+b*+c3- 3abe
= -

Itat+btc =
5 and ab +bc+oa =
10, then prove

a).
NCERT Exemplar|
75. Prove that (a+b+c-a-- =
3(a + b)b + cN¢ t

Factorise: r(-1*+s(-1*+ P(r-s*.

+ 2.
1,
Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial: x" - 2x-x
INCERT
78. Factorise: +13x +32x + 20.
79. Factorise: 12 + 7)¥ - 8t + 7)(2x- 1)- 15(2x-1

80) Simplify: +(-:+¢-

(x-9 +(y-z) + (z-x
81. Simplify: (3x -2)* - (3x +2)".

82. lfa+b = 11, ab = 28, find the value of a + b°.

83 Ifx-y =
5 and xy =
84, find the value ofx*-y'.
84. Ifx+=7, find the value of x+

85. If +=18, find the value of x-

86. If x+-5, find the value of x'+

87. If z + = l 1 , find the value of z ' - , using only the positive value of z--

SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST

Time : 45 minutes Maximum marks: 25

1. What is the degree of zero polynomial?

2. What is the coefficient ofx in the polynomial - 3 x +4?
6
3. What is the maximum number of terms in a polynomial of degree 10?
4. What is the remainder when x - 2x* +x +l is divided by (x- 1)
5. 1f(x-1) is a factor ofthe polynomialp(x) = 3x*- 4x- a x +2 then find the value of 'a'.

(6.) Factorise: x+3W3x +6.

7. Factorise: x + 8

8. If x+ = 7, then find the value of x + 3

9. Divide the polynomial 3x" - 4x - Sx -I by x- I and find its quotient and remainder

10. Find a and B,if(x+ 1) and (x + 2) are factors ofx + 3 - 20 + B.

11. Factorise: a' - ab

46
Amatics-IX
Mathematics-IX