unit

4 Multivariable
CalCulus (integration)

Part-a
Short QueStionS with SolutionS
5 2
Q1. evaluate: # # _ x2 + y2 idxdy .
0 0

Answer :

Given integral is,

5 2
# # (x2 + y2) dx dy
0 0

The above integral can be evaluated as,

> # (x 2 + y 2) dxH dy
5 2 5 2

# # (x 2 + y 2) dx dy = #
0 0 0 0

5
# ; x3 + xy 2E dy
3 2
=
0
0

5 5
= # : 83 + 2y2D dy = # b 83 + 2y2 ldy
0 0

5 5
y 2 dy = 3 6 y@0 + 2 < F
5
y3
8
= 3 # dy + 2 # 8 5
3 0
0 0

8 2
= 3 [5 – 0] + 3 [125 – 0]

40 250 290
= 3 + 3 = 3

5 2
\ # # (x2 + y2) dx dy = 290 .
3
0 0

1x

Q2. evaluate ∫∫ e
00
x+y
dydx

Answer :
Given integral is,
1 x

∫∫ e
0 0
x+ y
dydx

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4.2 MatheMatics-i
The above integral can be evaluated as, The above integral can be evaluated as,
b a bR
SS a VW
W
1 x 1 x
## dx dy
=
SS
S
1
# #
dxWWW dy
∫∫ e x + y dydx = ∫∫ e .e dydx
x y xy S xy WW
1 1 1 S1
0 0 0 0 T X
bR V
SS 1 aW
= SS 6log x@1 WWW dy
#
x
1  y
1 T X
∫ ∫
= e  e dy  dx
x y
0  bR
SS 1 VW
S 6log a – log 1@WW dy
 
0
=
Sy # W
1 1 T X
∫ e [e ] dx
x y x b
= 0 1
0 = # y
^log ah dy
1
1

= ∫ [ ]
b
1
e x e x − e 0 dx = log a # y
dy
0 1

= log a 6log y@1

b
1

∫ e [e − 1]dx
x x
= = loga[logb – 0]
0
6a log 1 = 0@
= loga logb
1

∫ (e
2x b a
− e x )dx dx dy
=
0
\ ## xy
= loga logb
1 1
1 1 3 2
= ∫e
0
2x
dx –
∫ e x dx Q4. evaluate # # 1
xy dxdy
0 2 1
Answer :
1
 e2 x  1 Given integral is,
 − e 
x
= 
 2  0 0 3 2
# # 1
xy dx dy
 e2 − e0  1 0
2 1
=   − [e − e ] The above integral can be evaluated as,
 2  2

# ># xy dxHdy
3 2 3
1
2
# # 1
xy dx dy =
e −1 e − 1 − 2e + 2 2
2 1 2 1
= – (e – 1) =
2 2 3
1 6log x@ 2
= # y 1 dy
e 2 − 2e + 1 (e − 1) 2 2
= =
2 2 3

1 x
= # (log 2 – log 1) 1y dy
(e − 1) 2
∫∫
2
\ e x + y dydx = .
2 3
0 0 dy
b a
= (log 2 – log 1) # y
dxdy 2
Q3. evaluate ## xy = log 2 6log y@2
3
1 1
Answer : = log2[log3 – log2]
Given integral is, 3
= log 2. log
2
b a 3 2
dx dy 3
## xy
\ # # 1
xy dx dy = log 2. log 2
1 1 2 1

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.3
4 x2
The above integral can be evaluated as,
y
Q5. evaluate # # e x dy dx . π sin θ πRSS sin θ VW
W
0 0 # # r dr dθ =
SS
SS # #
r drWWW dθ
WW
Answer :
0 0 0 S0
T X
Given integral is, π R Vsin θ
SS r 2 WW
4 x2 y = S W dθ
S 2 W0 #
# # e x dy dx 0 T X
0 0 πR V
# SSSS sin2 θ – 0WWWWdθ
2
The above integral can be evaluated as, =
0 T X
4 x2 y 4 x2 y π
# # e x dy dx = # dx # e x dy =
1
2
# sin θ dθ 2

0 0 0 0
0
R y VWx2 π
4SSS e x WW 1 ]1 – cos 2θg
= # SS WW dx =
2
# 2
dθ
SS 1 WW 0
SS x WW0
0
T X RS π π VW
1 SS W
4
RS y VWx2 = #
SS dθ – #
cos 2θ dθWWW
= # Sx e x W0 dx
T X
4 SS
T
0 0
WW
X
1 RSS π RSS sin 2θ VWWπVWW
0
S5θ? – W
4 S 0 SS 2 WW0W
4 =
SRS JK x2 NOWV
= # Sx Ke x – e0OWW dx T T XX
T L PX 1 RSS JK sin 2π sin 0 ONVWW
S]π – 0g – KK OW
0
= –
4S L 2 2 OPW
4 T X
= # 7x^e x
– 1hA dx =
1
6π – ]0 – 0g@
0 4
4 π
=
= # ^ xe x
– xh dx 4
0
π sin θ
π
=
4

# xe dx – # x dxx
4
\ # # r dr dθ =
4
.
0 0
0 0
y
RS 2 VW4 3
J –yN
= 6xe – x
e x@0
4
– SSS WWW
x
2 0
Q7. Find the value of # # KKKK ey O OO dx dy
O
T X 0 0 L P
SR16 WV
= 7^4e – e 4 4h
– ^0 – e 0hA
– SSS – 0WWW Answer :
2
T X
Given integral is,
= e4(4 – 1) + 1 – 8
y
3
J –y N

4 x2
= 3e4 – 7
# # KKKK ey OOOOdx dy
y
L P
\ # # e x dy dx = 3e4 – 7.
0 0

0 0 The above integral can be written as,

3 y 3RSS y VWW –y
KKJ e –y NOO
# # SS We
# #
π sinθ

Q6. evaluate # # r dr dθ . KK OO dx dy =
y SS dxWWW y dy
0 0 L P 0 S0 W
0 0 T X
3

5x?0
Answer : –y
y e
=
y
dy #
Given integral is, 0
π sin θ
3
# # r dr dθ = # 6 y – 0@ ey
–y
dy
0 0
0

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4.4 MatheMatics-i
3 The above integral can be evaluated as,
e –y
= # y.
y
dy 2 p 2 p
0 # # r sin2 qdqdr = # rdr # sin2 qdq
3
0 0 0 0
= # e –y dy 2 p
1– cos 2q
0 = # rdr # 2 dq

= 6– e – y@0
3 0 0
2 p
# r # :q – sin22q D0 dr
p
= 6– e – 3 + e – 0@
1
= 2
0 0
= [0 + 1] 2
=1
1
= 2 # r;bp – sin 22p l– (0 – 0)E dr
y 0
3
JK e –y ON
\ # # KK OO dx dy = 1.
K y O 1
= 2
2
# r (p – 0) dr
0 0 L P
0
p a
2
Q8. evaluate # # rdrdq . p
= 2 # rdr
0 0
0
Answer :
= 2 ;r E
p 2 2
Given integral is, 2 0

= 2 : 2 – 0D
p a
p 4
# # rdrdq
0 0 =p
2 p
The above integral can be evaluated as,
\ # # r sin2 qdqdr = p.
# # rdrdq = # > # rdrHdq
p a p a
0 0
Q10. Find the limits of integration in the double
0 0 0 0
p integral # # f (x, y) dx dy where r is in the first
# ; r2 E0 dq
2 a
= R
0
quadrant and bounded x = 1, y = 0, y2 = 4x.
p
# ; a2 – 0E dq
2
= Answer :
0 Given integral is,
p
a2
= 2 # dq ## f (x, y) dx dy
R
0
The region R is bounded by the lines x = 1, y = 0,
= 2 5q?0p
2
a 2
y = fx
a2 For x = 1,
= 2 [p – 0]
y2 = 4(1)
2
pa Þ y2 = 4
= 2
p a Þ y= 4
pa 2
\ # # rdrdq = 2 . y=2Þ
0 0 \
x varies from 0 to 1
2 p
y varies from 0 to 2.
Q9. evaluate # # rsin2 qdqdr Q11. Find the area bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 1
0 0
andy = x, using double integration.
Answer : Answer :
Given integral is, Given lines are,
2 p x=0
# # r sin2 qdqdr y=1
0 0 y=x
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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.5
The region of integration is illustrated in figure Limits for y
y y=1
y=0
y=1
\ y varies from 0 to 1
\ The area bounded by the lines is given as,
1

# # dy dx = # > # dyHdx
x=0 y=x 1 1 1
Area =
0 0 0 0
x 1
# 6 y@10 dx
O(0, 0)
=
0
1
Figure
= # 51 – 0?dx
x=0⇒y=0 0
1
\ y varies from 0 to 1
= # dx
y=x⇒x=y 0

\ y varies from 0 to y = 5x?10

Area is given as, = [ 1 – 0]
1 y
=1
Area = # # dx dy 1 1
0
1
0
\ # # dy dx = 1 square units.
# 5x?
0 0
y
= 0 dy
Q13. Find the limits of integration after changing the
0
1 2-x
1 order of integration of ∫∫ xy dydx .
= # ^ y – 0hdy Answer :
0 x2

0
Given integral is,
RS 2 VW1
= SS y WW 1 2− x
S 2 W0
T X
1
∫ ∫ xydydx
0 x2
= –0 ... (1)
2
1 It can be observed that for a fixed value of x, y varies
= from x2 to 2 – x and then x is varied from 0 to 1.
2
1 Figure below illustrates the lines, y = x2, y = 2 – x and
\ Area = square units.
2 x = 0, x = 1.
Q12. Find the area bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 1,
x = 1 and y = 0.
Answer :
Given lines are,
x=0
y=1
x=1
y=0
Limits for x
x=0
x=1
\ x varies from 0 to 1 Figure
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4.6 MatheMatics-i
Change of Order Þ y=x
y=2–x ... (1) \ y varies from 0 to 1
But,
x varies from 0 to 1
y = x2 ... (2) 1 y 1 1
∴ x2 = 2 – x \ # # f (x, y) dx dy = # # f (x, y) dy dx
x2 + x – 2 = 0 0 0 0 x
a a
(x + 2) (x – 1) = 0 x2
Q15. e x p r e s s # # dxdy i n t o p o l a r
x = –2, x = 1 0 y
x + y2
2

Substituting x values in equation (2), coordinates.

If x = –2 ⇒ y = 4 Answer :
If x = 1 ⇒ y = 1
Given integral is,
∴ Integration limits are, a a
x2
x = –2 to 1 # # dx dy
y = 4 to 1. 0 y
x + y2
2

Q14. C h a n g e t h e o r d e r o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n The region of integration is bounded by the planes

1 y y = 0, y = a, x = y, x = a
# # f (x, y) dx dy . Let, x = r cosq
0 0
Answer : y = r sinq
and dx dy = rdr dq
Given integral is,
1 y If x = a, then
# # f (x, y) dx dy a = rcosq
0 0 Þ r= a
\ y varies from 0 to 1 cos q
Þ r = a sec q
\ x varies from 0 to y
If x = 0, then
The region of integration is bounded by the lines y = 0, 0 = rcosq
y = 1 and x = 0, x = y
Þ r=0
Figure 1 represents the region of integration. \ r varies from 0 to a secq
y If y = 0, then
0 = r sinq
y=1
... ..... ... .. .... .. . A(1, 1)
Þ q=0
. . .. . .. Since x = y
x=y r cosq = r sinq
x cosq = sinq
O(0, 0) p
Þ q= 4
p
Figure (1) \ q varies from 0 to 4
a a
x2
The point of intersection is A(1, 1)
\ # # dx dy
x + y2
2
A vertical strip is drawn parallel to y-axis that starts from 0 y
the line x = y and ends on the line y = 1 as shown in figure 2. θ=
π
4 r = a sec θ J
KK r 2 cos 2 θ OON
y
= # # KK 2 2
+ 2 2
r drd θ OO
y=1 θ=0 r=0 L r cos θ r sin θ P
p
... ... . . . . ..
....... .. . A(1, 1)
4 a sec q
3
r cos 2 q
. .. .. . = # # dr dq
. .. x=y r 2 (1)
.. .
0 0
p
x a a 4 a sec q
x2
O(0, 0)
\ # # dxdy = # # r 2 cos 2 q dr dq
Figure (2) 0 y
x2 + y2 0 0

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.7
a 2 – y2 π/ 2
#0a #0 _ x 2 + y 2 i dydx by changing a4 4
Q16. evaluate
=
4 ∫
0
dθ = a [θ]0π / 2
4
into polar coordinates.
Answer : a4 π  πa 4
= 2 − 0  = 8
Given integral is, 4  
a a2 − y2
a2 − y2
∫ ∫ (x
a
2
+ y 2 )dx dy πa 4
0 0 ... (1) ∫ ∫
0 0
( x 2 + y 2 )dxdy =
8
.

Equation (1) can be written in standard form as, 1 1 y

a a −y2 2
Q17. evaluate # # # xyz dxdydz
∫ ∫
y =0 x =0
( x 2 + y 2 )dy dx
Answer :
0 0 0

Let, x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ Given integral is,

1 1 y
dxdy = rdrdθ
x2 + y2 = a2 # # # xyz dxdy dz
0 0 0
⇒ r2 cos2θ + r2 sin2θ = a2
⇒ r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = a2 The above integral can be evaluated as,
⇒ r2 = a2 y
SR z 2 VW y
1 1 1 1
⇒ r=a ### xyz dx dy dz = ## xy SSS WWW dx dy
2 0
The region of integration is the first quadrant of a circle 0 0 0 0 0 T X
x2 + y2 = a2 represented by the region OPQ, as shown in figure, 1 1 R VW
# # xy SSSS y2
2
W
= – 0WW dx dy
0 0 T X
1 1
1
=
2
# # xy 3
dx dy
0 0
1 R 4 V1
=
1
2
# x SSSS y4 WWWW 0
dx
0 T X
Figure
1
π 1
∴ The limits of θ are θ = 0 to θ =
2
and the limits of r =
8
# xdx
are r = 0 to r = a. 0

∴ Equation (1) becomes, 1 RSS x 2 VWW1

= S W
a a2 − y2 π/ 2 a 8 S 2 W0
T X
∫ ∫ (x ∫ ∫r
2
2 2
+ y )dxdy = .rdrdθ 1 RSS 1 VW
0 0 θ=0 r =0 = SS – 0WWW
8 2
T X
π/ 2 a
1
∫ ∫ r .drdθ
3 =
= 16
θ=0 r =0 1 1 y

π/ 2
r4 
a \ # # # xyz dx dy dz = 161 .
= ∫
0
  dθ
 4  0
0 0 0

1 1 1–x
Q18. evaluate #0 #y #0 2
x dz dx dy
π/ 2
1
∫ [r
4 a Answer :
= ] 0 dθ
4 Given integral is,
0
1 1 1 –x
π/ 2
1 # # # xdzdxdy
∫ [a
4
= − 0]dθ
4 0 y2 0
0

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4.8 MatheMatics-i
The above integral can be evaluated as, The above integral can be evaluated as,
1 3 3 1 2 3
1
# # #
1 1 –x
xdzdxdy =
1
# # >#
1 1– x
x dzHdx dy
# dx # dy # xyz dz = y dx y dy y xyz dz
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 2 0 0 2 0
y y
1 2
y dx y 6xy@ ; z2 E1 dy
2 3
1 1 =
= # # x (z)10–x dx dy 0 1
0 2 1 2
y

1 1
= y dx y xy: 9 2– 1 Ddy
= # # x (1 – x – 0) dx dy 0
1
1
2
0 y2
= 4 y xdx y y dy
1 1 0 1
= # # x (1 – x) dx dy 1
y x < y2 F1 dx
2 2
0 y2
= 4
1 1 0
= # # (x – x ) dx dy 2
1
0 y2 = 4 y x: 4 2– 1 Ddx
1 0
2 3 1
= # c x – x m 2 dy 1
2 3 y
0 = 6 y xdx
1 0
dd (1) – (1) n – d (y ) – (y ) nn dy
2 3 2 2 2 3
= #
= 6; x E
2 1
2 3 2 3
0 2 0
1

= 6 : 2 – 0D = 3
y 4 y6 n
= # d 12 – 13 – 2 + 3
dy 1
0
1 2 3

=
1
# d 16 – y 4
y n
dy
6 \ y dx y dy y xyz dz = 3 .
2 + 3 0 1 1
0
3 3 2
1
y y5 y7
= d – 1. +1. n
6 2 5 3 7 0
Q20. evaluate the triple integral # # #x 2
yz dx dy dz
1 2 1
1
y y5 y 7 n Answer :
=d –
6 10 + 21 0 Given integral is,
5 7 5 7
= d1 –
(1) (1) n d 0 (0) ( 0) n 3 3 2

6 10 + 21
–
6 – 10 + 21 # # #x 2
yz dx dy dz
1 2 1
1 1 1 4
= b 6 – 10 + 21 l – 0 + 0 – 0 = 35 The above integral can be evaluated as,
3 3 2 3 3 R 2 V2
# # x y SSSS z2 WWWW
1 1 1– x
\ # # # 4
x dz dx dy = 35 ⇒ # # #x 2
yz dx dy dz = 2
1
dx dy
0 y 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 T X
3 3
R V
Q19. evaluate
1 3
y dx y dy y xyz dz .
3
= # # x y SSSS 4 2– 1WWWWdx dy
2

1 2 T X
0 1 1
3 R 2 V3
# x SSSS y2 WWWW
Answer : 3 2
= dx
2 2
Given integral is, 1 T X
1 3 3 3
3 ]9 – 4g
# dx # dy # xyz dz =
2
#x 2
2
dx
0 1 1 1

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.9
3 1 1 1

=
15
4
# x dx 2 Q22. evaluate # # #e x+y+z
dx dy dz .
1 0 0 0

15 RSS x3 VWW3 Answer :

= S W
4 S 3 W1 Given integral is,
T X
15 RSS 27 – 1VWW 65 1 1 1
4 SS 3 WW
= =
T X
2 # # #e x+y+z
dx dy dz
3 3 2
0 0 0
65
\ ### x 2 yz dx dy dz =
2 The above integral can be evaluated as,
1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Q21. evaluate
1 2

# # # xyz dx dy dz .
3
# # #e x+y+z
dx dy dz = # # # e e e dx dy dz x y z

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
Answer :
= # e dx # e dy # e dz
x y z

Given integral is, 0 0 0

1 2 3
1 1
# # # xyz dx dy dz = # e dx # e x y
6e z@0 dy
1

0 0 0
0 0
The above integral can be evaluated as, 1 1
6e1 – e0@ dy
RS 3 VW
1 2 3 1 2
SS WW = # e dx # e x y

## # xyz dx dy dz = yz SS x dxWW dy dz
SS WW
## # 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
T X 1 1
RS 2 WV3 # e dx # e 5e – 1? dy
1 2 x y
= yz SSS WWW dy dz
x
2 0
## =
0 0
0 0 T X
1 RS 1 VW
SS W
SR 9 VW
1 2

= ## yz SSS – 0WWW dy dz = ]e – 1g # x
SS
y W
e dx SS e dyWW #
WW
2
0 0 T X 0
T
0
X
1 2 1

= ## 9
2
yz dy dz = ]e – 1g # e 6e @ x y1
0 dx
0 0 0
1 SRS 2 WV
SS y dyWWW
1
=
9
2
# # zS
SS WW dz = ]e – 1g # e 6e – e @dx
x 1 0

0 0 W
T X 0
1 RR
SSS y 2 WV2VWW 1
=
9
2
# z SSSSS WWW WW dz
S 2 0W = ]e – 1g # e ]e – 1gdx
x

0 TT X X 0

SR 4 WV
1
9
#
1
z SSS – 0WWW dz
=
2
0 T
2
X
= ]e – 1g2 # e dx x

0
1
JK 4 NO
=
9
2
KK OO z dz # = ]e – 1g2 6e x@0
1

L2P 0
SR z 2 WV1 = – ]e – 1g2 ^e1 – e0h
= 9 SS WWW
S2 0 = (e – 1)2 (e – 1)
T X
RS 1 VW 9
= 9 SS – 0WWW =
S = (e – 1)3
2 2
1 2 3
T X 1 1 1

\ ## # xyz dx dy dz = .
9 \ # # #e x+y+z
dx dy dz = (e – 1)3.]
2 0 0 0
0 0 0

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4.10 MatheMatics-i
2 y x 1 1
J 2N
Q23. evaluate # # # dx dy dz . = # # KKK – 2x OOOxy dy dx
0 0 0 0 0 L P
Answer : 1 1
–1
Given integral is,
=
2
# # x y dy dx 3

y 0 0
2 x
1R
S 1 VW
# # # dx dy dz =
–1 SS
# #
W
SS x dxWWW y dy
3
0 0 0 2 S WW
0 S0
The above integral can be evaluated as, T X
– 1 SSR x 4 WVW1
1

#
2 y x 2 y

⇒ # # # dx dy dz = # # 5z? x
0 dxdy
=
2
0 T
SS WW y dy
4 0
X
0 0 0 0 0
R
– 1 SS 1 0 WWV
1

=
2

# # x dxdy
y
=
2 4 4
#
SS – WW y dy
0 T X
0 0 1
–1 y
2R
SS x W Vy
2W = # dy
= # SS WW dy
2 0
2
0
4
0 T X –1
1

1
2 =
2×4
# y dy
=
2
# y 2 dy 0

0 – 1 SSR y 2 VWW1
RS 3 VW2 = S W
1 8 S 2 W0
SS y WW T X
– 1 RSS 1 0 VWW
= S 3 W0
2
T X 8 SS 2 2 WW
= –
1 8 T X
=
2 3 –1
=
4 8×2
= –1
3
=
16
2 y x
4
\ # # # dx dy dz = 3
.
\ ##
1 1

#
y

xyz dz dy dx =
–1
.
0 0 0 16
0 0 x2 + y2
1 1 y

Q24. evaluate # # # xyz dz dy dx

0 0 x 2 + y2
Answer :
Given integral is,
1 1 y

## # xyz dz dy dx
0 0 x2 + y2

The above integral can be evaluated as,

R VW
1 1 y 1 1S SS y
WW
## # xyz dz dy dx = SS
SS ##
z.dzWW xy dy dx
WW
#
0 0 x2 + y2 0 0 S x2 + y2 W
1 1 R Vy
T X
SS z 2 WW
= SS WW
2 x2 + y2
## xy dy dx
0 0 T X
1 1R
SS y 2 JK x 2 + y 2 NOVWW
= SS – KK
S2
## OOWW xy dy dx
W
0 0 T L 2 PX
1 1
JK y 2 x 2 y 2 NO
= KK
2
–
2
– ## 2 OP
O xy dy dx
0 0 L
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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.11

Part-b
eSSay QueStionS with SolutionS

4.1 Double integrals

Q25. Write short notes on ‘Double integrals’.

Answer :
Double Integrals
The generalized integral of a definite integral to two dimensions is known as double integral. In this case, the definite
integral of a single variable function is extended to a function of two variables.
Explanation
Figure below illustrates a region ‘R’ in a plane (say xy plane) which is bounded by one or more curves.
xy-plane
R

Figure
Let,
v f(x, y) – Function which is defined at each and every point of ‘R’.
v δR1, δR2,....., δRn – Pairwise non-overlapping subregions of R.
v (xi, yi) – Arbitrary point within a subregion δRi.
Let the sum,
f(x1, y1)δR1 + f(x2, y2)δR2 + ..... + f(xn, yn)δRn ... (1)
As n → ∞, the sum (equation (1)) tends to a finite limit such that max (δRi) → 0 regardless of the arbitrary choice of

(xi, yi). This finite limit is termed as ‘Double integral’ of the function f(x, y) over the region R. It is denoted as
∫∫ f ( x, y)dR or
R
∫∫ f ( x, y)dx dy
R

Properties

(i) ∫∫ ( f + g )dx dy = ∫∫ f dx dy + ∫∫ g dx dy
R R R

(ii) ∫∫ k f dx dy = k ∫∫ f dx dy , where k is a constant

R R

(iii) ∫∫ f dx dy = ∫ ∫ f dx dy + ∫ ∫ f dx dy
R R1 R2
Where,
R1, R2 - Two distinct regions of R and R1 ∪ R2 = R.
(iv) Mean value theorem for double integral
The region ‘R’ consists of atleast one point (x0, y0) such that,

∫ ∫ f ( x, y)dx dy = f ( x , y ) A (for continuous ‘f ’ in R)

R2
0 0

Where,
A – Area.

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4.12 MatheMatics-i
1 x

Q26. evaluate ∫ ∫ (x
0 x
2
+ y2 ) dxdy .

Answer :

Given integral is,

1 x

## _ x 2 + y 2i dxdy
0 x

The above integral can be evaluated as,

1 x x =1 y = x

## _ x 2 + y 2i dxdy = ∫ ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy
0 x x=0 y= x

x =1  x 
 x 2 [ y ] x +  y 
3
 dx
= ∫

x=0 
x
 3  x

 

x =1
 1
( x) 
3
= ∫  x (
x=0
2
x − x) + 
3
− x3   dx


x =1 
( x) 
3
 2 x3 
= ∫
x=0 
2
x x − x x + 3
−  dx
3
 

x =1  5 
3
 2 x 2 x3 
= ∫
x=0 
x 3
−x +
3
−  dx
3
 

x =1  5 
3
 2 x 2 4 x3 
= ∫
x=0 
x +
3
−
3 
dx
 
1
 5 +1  3 +1  
x2 1  x 2  4  x 3+1 
=  + −
 
 5 + 1 3  3 + 1  3  3 + 1 
 2 2   0
1
 7  5   7  5  
 x 2 1  x 2  4  x4    12 1  12  4  14 
=  +   −    =  7 − 0 +  5 − 0 −  − 0 
 7 3 5  3  4   3 3 4 
 
 2  2   0  2  2  

2 1 2 4 1 2 2 1
= + . − . = + −
7 3 5 3 4 7 15 3

30 + 14 − 35 9 3
= = =
105 105 35

1 x
3
\ ## _ x 2 + y 2i dxdy =
35
0 x

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.13
2 2
a a –x
Q27. evaluate # # a 2 – x 2 – y 2 dx dy
0 0
Answer :
Given integral is,
2 2
a a –x
I= # # a 2 – x 2 – y 2 dy dx
0 0
R
aS a2 – x2VW
SS W
2W
Þ I = SS
S
# # (a – x ) – y W dy dx
WW
2 2 W
0 S
0
T X
a a2 – x2
= # > (a – x ) – y + oH
2 2
sin e 2
y 2 2 2 (a – x ) – 1 y
2 2 dx
0
a – x2 0

;a # a 2 – x 2 dx = x a 2 – x 2 + a sin –1 x E
2
a 2 2 a
> 2 2 – 0H dx
( a 2 – x 2) (a 2 – x 2) a2 – x2
= # 2
2
a 2 – x 2 – _ a 2 –x 2 i + 2 sin –1
a –x
0
a
= #< a2 – x2
2 a 2
– x 2
– a 2
+ x 2
+
( a 2 – x 2)
2 sin –1 (1)F dx
0
a
# ;0 + a – x 2 b p lE dx
2
=
2 2
0
a
p
= 4 # (a2 – x2) dx
0

= 4 >a 2 x 2 dxH
a a
p # dx – #
0 0

= 4 <a 2 [x] 0a – ; x E F
p 3 a
3 0

= 4 ;a 2 [a] – a E
p 3
3
2a 3
= 12 p

pa 3
= 6

2 2
a a –x
pa 3
\ # # a 2 – x 2 – y 2 dy dx = 6
0 0

p
2 sinq
Q28. evaluate: # # rdqdr .
0 0

Answer :

Given integral is,

p
2 sin q
# # rdq dr
0 0

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4.14 MatheMatics-i
The above integral can be evaluated as, b 2 2
a a a –x
p p
sin q \ # # xy dx dy = # # (xy) dy dx
# ># rdrHdq
2 sin q 2
# # rdq dr = R x=0 y=0
Rb 2 2 VW
aS
0 0 0 0
Sa a – x
SS WW
p
2 = # SS # W
y dyWW x dx
;r E
2 sin q
= # dq 0 SS WW
2 0 0
0
T X
a b
a2 – x2
# < y2 F0a
p 2
2
= x dx
; sin q – 0 E dq
2
= # 2 2 0
0 a
# < ba2 (a2 – x2) – 0Fx dx
2
p 1
2 =2
1 b 1 – cos 2q l dq
= 2 # 2
0

0 a
b2
p
2
= 2
2a
# (xa2 – x3) dx
1 0
= 4 # (1 – cos 2q) dq

> H
a a
0
b 2 a 2 x 2 dx – x3 dx # #
=
p 2a 2
= 4 :q – 2 D
1 sin 2q 2 0 0

b 2 < 2 ; x 2 Ea ; x 4 EaF
0
= a –
2a 2 2 0 4 0
= 4 *> p – sin 2 2 H – :0 – 2 D4
1 p sin 0
2 2 b 2 ; 2 ; a 2 E ; a 4 EE
= a –
2a 2 2 –0 4 –0
1 p 0
= 4b2 – 2l b2 ; a4 a4 E
= – 4
1 p 2a 2 2
= 4b2l
b2 ; a4 E
=
p 2a 2 4
= 8
a2 b2
p
2 sin q
= 8
\ # # p
rdq dr = 8 . 2 2
0 0 \ # # xy dx dy = a 8b
Q29. Find the values # # xy dx dy taken over the Q30. Find the area of r2 = a2cos2q by double integra-
tion.
2
x2 y Answer :
positive quadrant of the ellipse + =1
a2 b2
Given curve is,
Answer :
r2 = a2 cos2q ... (1)
Given integral is, Figure below represents the shape of the curve.
# # xy dx dy q= p
2
2 y2 q= p
Ellipse, x 2 + 2 = 1 4
a b
y2 x2 r = a cos2 q
Þ 2 = 1– 2
b a
q=p q q=0
b2 2 2 x
Þ y2 = (a – x )
a2
Þ y = ± b a2 – x2
a
q=– p
\ y varies from 0 to b a 2 – x 2 4
a q=– p
2
Since the region of integration is in positive quadrant
of the ellipse, x varies from 0 to a Figure

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.15
The curve is symmetrical with respect to X-axis. π4

From equation (1), = ∫ −

0
a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ + a 2 − 0 2  dθ

r = a 2 cos 2q
π/ 4
=a cos 2q = ∫  − a 1 − sin 2 θ + a  dθ

\ r varies from 0 to a cos 2q 0
p π/ 4
q varies from 0 to 4
Area of the curve is given as,
= ∫  − a
0
cos 2 θ + a  dθ

Area = 4 × Area of upper half of one loop ... (2) π/ 4

Area of upper half of one loop is given as,

p
= ∫ (a − a cos θ)dθ
0
4 a cos 2q
= [aθ − a sin θ]0
π/ 4
A= # # rdr dq
0 0  π π 
p = a  − a sin  − 0 − 0
4  4 4 
;r E
2 a cos 2q
= # 2 0
dq
aπ a π 1 
0 = – = a − 
p
4
4 2 4 2
1
=2 # a 2 cos 2q dq
0
p
= 2: 2 D
2
a sin 2q 4
0 π a]1 + cosθg

= 4 sin 2 – 0D
a2 : p Q32. evaluate # # r 2 cosθdr dθ
0 0
a2 Answer :
= 4
a2 Given integral is,
\ A= 4 ... (3)
Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), π a (1+ cos θ)

∫ ∫r
2
2 cos θ.dr.dθ
Area = 4. a
4 0 0
= a2 π a (1+ cos θ)

∫ ∫r
2
\ Area of the curve = a2 square units. Let I = cos θ drdθ
π 4 sinθ 0 0
r drdθ
Q31. evaluate # # π a (1+ cos θ)
a2 – r2
∫ cos θdθ ∫ r dr
2
0 0 =
Answer : 0 0

Given integral is, π a (1+ cos θ)

 r3 
π / 4 a sin θ
rdrdθ
∫
= cos θdθ 
 3 0
∫ ∫
0 0 a2 − r 2
0
π
1
The above integral can be evaluated as,
=
3 ∫
cos θdθ[( a (1 + cos θ)) 3 − 0]
0
π
4 a sin θ π/ 4  a sin θ  π
r dr dθ 1 2r 1
∫ ∫ 2
a −r 2
= ∫  2 ∫
0 0
dr  dθ
a 2 − r 2 
=
3 ∫
cos θdθa 3 (1 + cos θ) 3
0 0 0

π4 3 π
a sin θ a
∫ cos θ(1 + cos θ) dθ
1 3
= ∫ 2 −2
0
a2 − r 2 
 0
dθ I =
3
0
... (1)

a a
 f ′ ( x) 

 ∫ f ( x)
dx = 2 f ( x) + c 

Since, ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
0

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4.16 MatheMatics-i
Equation (1) becomes,
5a 3 π
π ∴ 2I =
a3 4
∫ cos( π − θ)[1 + cos( π − θ)] dθ
3
I = 5a 3 π
3 ⇒ I =
0 8
π
a3
∫ − cos θ (1 − cos θ) dθ
3
I = ... (2)
3
0

p (a 2 – r 2)
Adding equations (1) and (2), asinq
Q33. evaluate #0 #02
#0 a
rdzdrdq
3 π 3 π
a a
∫ cos θ(1 + cos θ) dθ + 3 ∫ − cos θ(1 − cos θ) dθ
3 3 Answer :
I+I=
3
0 0 Given integral is,
π p
a3
2I =
3 ∫
0
3
[cosθ(1 + cosθ) – cosθ(1 – cosθ) ]dθ 3

π
a3
∫
The above integral can be evaluated as,
= cos θ [(1 + cosθ)3 – (1 – cosθ)3]dθ
3 p
0

π =
a3
=
3 ∫
0
cosθ [2 cosθ{3(1) + cos θ}]dθ 2 2

[ (a + b)3 – (a – b)3 = 2b(3a2 + b2)]

=
π
2a 3
=
3 ∫
0
cosθ[cosθ{3 + cos2θ}]dθ

π =
2a 3
∴ 2I =
3 ∫
0
(3cos2θ + cos4θ)dθ ... (3)
p
2 a sin q
;ra – r E dr dq
3
2a 3
π2 = # # a
=
3
.2
∫
0
(3cos2θ + cos4θ)dθ 0 0

 2a a 
 f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx 
∫ ∫
=
 
 0 0 

π 2 π2  =
4a 3  3 cos 2 θdθ + cos 4 θdθ 2 4
=
3 0 ∫  ∫
 0 
3
 π2 
 cos n x dx =  n − 1 . n − 3 ... 1 π , if n is even 
 ∫  n  n−2 2 2 
= 2
 0 
3 3
4a 3   2 −1  π  4 −1   4 − 3  π  =
= 3. . +   .  2 4
3   2  2  4  4 − 2  2 
3 3
4a 3  π 3 1 π 4a 3  3π 3π  =
3 . + . . +
3  4 16 
=  4 4 2 2 = 2 4
3  

4a 3 12π + 3π  4a 3 15π 5a 3 π
= = × =
3  16  3 16 4

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.17

= : D –: D
1 1
pa3 3a3 p = 5a3 p x2 x3
= 8 – 64 64 2 0 3 0

= : – 0D – : – 0D
1 1
3
\ = 64 2 3
1 1 1
= – =
2 3 6
Q34. Using double integral, find the area bounded 1 x
by y = x and y = x . 2
\ y y dy dx = 16 square units.
0 2
Answer : x

Given that, Q35. Using double integral find the area bounded by
y=x ... (1) the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay.
2
y=x ... (2) Answer :
Solving equations (1) and (2), Given parabolas are,
2
Þ x =x y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay ... (1)
2
Þ x –x=0 Figure below illustrates the area between the two
Þ x(x – 1) = 0 parabolas.
Y
Þ x=0,x=1 x2 = 4ay
If x = 0, y = 0
If x = 1, y = 1. y2 = 4ax
\ The point of intersection of equations (1) and (2)
is (0, 0) and (1, 1). X
\ x varies from 0 to 1.
y varies from x2 to x.
Figure below represents the region of integration. Figure
From figure,
x2
y= and y = 4ax
4a
x2
⇒ = 4ax
4a
12 12
⇒ x2 = 4a.(4a ) .x
1
2−
⇒ x 2
= (4a)3/2 ⇒ x3/2 = (4a)3/2 ⇒ x = 4a
Figure
∴ x = 0, x = 4a is the region.
The area bounded by the lines y = x and y = x2 is, Required area can be calculated as,
1 x 1R
S x VW 4a 4 ax 4a
SS W
y y dy dx = y y
4 ax
SS
SS 2
dyWWW dx
WW
A=
∫ ∫ dx dy = ∫ [ y]
0
x2
dx
0 x2 0 0 x2 4a
Tx X 4a
1
y 6y@xx
4a
 x2 
=
0
2 dx
0 
∫
=  4ax −
4 a
dx

1 4a
 x2 
= y 6x – x 2@ dx ∫
12
=  4a .(x) −  dx
0

0
4a 

4a
1 1
 x3/ 2 x3 
= y x dx – y x 2
dx =  4a − 
3 / 2 12a  0
0 0 
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4.18 MatheMatics-i
Area of the quadrant is given as,
 ( 4a ) 3 / 2 ( 4a ) 3 
= 4 a ⋅ − 
a 2 2
b b b –y
 3/ 2 12a 
A= # # dx dy
3/ 2 3 0 0
1/ 2 2( 4 a ) 64.a
= ( 4a ) ⋅ − b
# 5x?0b
a
3 12a b 2 –y 2
= dy
2 2
32a 64a 128a – 64a2 64 2 2 0
= − = = a b
3 12 12 12
= # : ba b 2 – y 2 – 0D dy
16 2 0
= a
3 b

16 2
a
=b # b 2 – y 2 dy
\ Area = a sq.units. 0
3
= b ; b sin –1 + E
a 2 y y 2 2b
Q36. Using double integral find the area of the ellipse 2 b 2 b –y 0
2
;a a 2 –x 2 dx = 2 sin –1 b ax l + 2 a 2 –x 2 E
x2 y a2
+
a2 b2
= 1. # a

= b ; b sin –1 b + b b 2 –b 2 – 0E
Answer : a 2
2 b 2
Given equation of ellipse is,
a b2 p pab
x2 y =
2 = b 2 .2 = 4
2 + 2 1
a b pab
... (1) \ A= 4 ... (3)
x = 2 y2
Þ 1 – Substituting equation (3) in equation (2)
a2 b2
pab
a 2 ( b 2 – y 2) Area = 4 × 4 = pab
Þ x=
b2 \ Area of ellipse is pab square units.
The ellipse has center at origin (0, 0)
\ x varies from 0 to b2 – y2
Q37. evaluate ∫∫ xy dxdy over the first quadrant of

the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
Substituting x = 0 in equation (1),
y2 Answer :
=1
b2 Given integral is,
2 2
Þ y =b
Þ y=b
∫∫ xy dxdy
Equation of circle, x2 + y2 = 4
\ y varies from 0 to b.
⇒ y2 = 4 – x2
Figure represents the region of integration which is a
positive quadrant. ⇒ y = 4 − x2
Y
Figure represents the region of integration in a circle.
x=0 y=b

O y=0 X

O(0, 0)

Figure

Area of ellipse is given as,

Area = 4 × Area of the quadrant ... (2) Figure
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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.19
Let, y = 0, Y

Then, x + y = 2a

4 – x2 = 0
⇒ x2 = 4 y= x
2
a
⇒ x= 4=2
(0, 2a)
\ y varies from 0 to 4 − x and x varies from 0 to 2. 2

R2
2 4 − x2 x=a (a, a)
R1
\ ∫∫ xy dx dy = ∫ ∫
0 0
x y dx dy
X
O
2  4 − x2 
= ∫0 x  ∫ y dy  dx

Figure (1)
 0

The above figure (i) illustrates the curve for x varying

2
y  2 4 − x2 x2
= ∫ x ⋅  2 
0
dx from 0 to a and y varying from
a
to 2a – x.
0
Change of Order of Integration
( )
2
1  2

= ∫x  4− x − 0 dx
2

20   Order of integration is changed by drawing horizontal

2 strip to cover the region. The region is split into two segments
1
2 ∫0
= (4 x − x 3 ) dx R1 and R2 as illustrated in Figure.
Y
1 
2 2

=  4∫ xdx − ∫ x dx 
3
(0, 2a)
2 0 0  x=
2a
– y
1   x2   x4  
2 2 R2 (a, a)
= 4 ⋅   −   
2   2 0  4 0 
  R1

1   4   16   x= ay
= 4 ⋅ − 
2   2   4   O X

1
= [8 − 4] Figure (2)
2
=2 Integral Over R1

The integration limits are y = 0, y = a, x = 0 and,

2
x= ay da y = x & x 2 = ayn
4.2 Change of orDer of integration a
a 2a – x ay
a
Q38. evaluate # # xy 2 dydx by changing the order R1 = # # xy 2 dx dy
0 x2 0 0
a
of integration. Integral Over R2
Answer :
The integration limits are y = a, y = 2a, x = 0 and x =
Given integral is,
a 2a – x
2a – y ^a y = 2a – x & x = 2a – y h
# # 2
xy dydx 2a 2a – y

0 x2 R2 = # # xy 2 dx dy
a a 0

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4.20 MatheMatics-i
Then,
a 2a – x a ay 2a 2a – y
# # 2
xy dy dx = # # 2
xy dx dy + # # xy 2 dx dy
0 x2 0 0 0 0
a
a 2a
y 2 ; x E dy + y2 ; x E
2 ay 2 2a – y
= # 2 0
# 2 0
dy
0 a
a 2a

2 7^2a – yh – 0A dy
8 B
y2 y2
= # 2
2 ^ ay h – 0 dy + # 2

0 a
a 2a
7 2 A
2 2
y y
= # 2 .ay dy + # 2
2 4a + y – 4ay dy
0 a
a 2a
= # a 3 1
2 y dy + 2 # 74a 2 y 2 + y 4 – 4ay3A dy
0 a

= 2< F + 2<
1 4a 2 y3 y5 4ay 4 F
4 a 2a
a y
4 0 3 + 5 – 4 a
RS 2 3 V
a5 4a5 WW
= 2 ; a – 0E + 2 <; 4a 2a + 2a – a 2a EF – SSS
a 4 1 2
] g3 ] g5 ] g4 4a a
W
+ –
4 3 5 4 3 5 4 W
T X
a5 ; E
1 5 5 5 5
= 8 –0+ 2 32 a 32 a 5 4a a 5
3 + 5 – 16a – 3 – 5 + a

= 8 + 2 ; 28a + 31a – 15a5E

a5 1 5 5
3 5

= 8 + 2 ; 8a E
a5 1 5
15
a 5 4a 5 47a5
= 8 + 15 = 120
a 2a – x
47a5
\ # # xy 2 dy dx = 120 .
0 x2
a

a 2 ax
Q39. Change the order of integration for the given integral # # (x 2) dy dx and evaluate it.
0 0
Answer :
Given integral is,
a 2 ax
# # x 2 dy dx
0 0
The region of integration is bounded by
x = 0, x = a and y = 0, y = 2 ax
Since y = 2 ax
Þ y2 = 4ax
y2
Þ x = 4a
If x = a
y2
Þ a = 4a
Þ 4a2 = y2
y = ± 2a
y2
\ x varies from a to 4a

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.21
y varies from 0 to 2a Change of Order of Integration
2
y Order of integration is changed by drawing vertical strip
a 2 ax 2a 4a
to cover the region. The region is split into two segments R1
\ # # x 2 dy dx = # # x 2 dx dy and R2 as illustrated in figure (i).
0 0 0 a

y2
Integral Over R1
2a
3 4a
= # ; x E dy The integration limits are x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = x2
7a x = y & x 2 = yA
3
0 a
2
2a 1 x

> – a3H dy
y6 # #
= 13 # R1 = xydxdy
(4a) 3 0 0
0
2a Integral Over R2
= 13 > – a3 yH
y7
7 (64a3) 0 The integration limits are,

= 13 = – a3 (2a) – 0G
128 a7 x = 1, x = 2, y = 0 and y = 2 – x
7 (64) a3 [ a x = 2 – y Þ y = 2 – x]
= 13 : 72 a 4 – 2a 4D
=
= 13 : – 712 a 4D
y
= –74 a 4 (0,2)
a 2 ax y = x2
–4
\ # # x 2 dydx = 7 a 4
0 0
(1, 1)
1 2–y
y=2–x
Q40. evaluate # # xydxdy by changing the order of R1 R2
0 y
x
0 (x, 1) (2, 0)
integration.
Answer : Figure (2)

Given integral is,

=

Y
=

x+y=2
x2 = y
(0, 2) =
1 (1, 1)
1 2

∫[ ]
1 1
O x=1
X
= ∫
2 x =0
x 5 dx +
2 x =1
x 4 + x 2 − 4 x dx
(2, 0)
1 2

= 2> # x dx + # (4x + x3 –4x2) dxH

1 5

x=0 x=1
Figure (1)
1 5 
1 2 2 2

∫ + + ∫ − ∫ ∫
3
Figure (i) illustrates the curve for x varying from y to =  x dx 4 x dx x dx 4 x 2 dx 
2 – y and y varying from 0 to 1. 2  0 1 1 1 

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4.22 MatheMatics-i
Change of Order
 1 2 2
 x3  
2
1  x 6   x2   x4 
=   + 4     + − 4    To change the order of integration the region of
2   6   2 1  4 1
  3 1 
 0 integration is divided into horizontal strips.

= 12 ; 16 b16 – 0) + 24 _(2) 2 – (1) 2 i + 14 ((2) 4 – (1) 4 l – 34 ((2) 3 – (1) 3)E ∴ Integration limits are,

x = 0 to 1 – y 2
= 2 : 6 (1) + 2 (3) + 4 (15) – 3 (7)D
1 1 1 4

y = 0 to 1
1 1 15 28 
= 2 6 + 6 + 4 − 3  1 1– x 2 1 1– y 2
 

1  2 + 72 + 45 − 112 
∴ ∫ ∫ 2
y dy dx =
∫ y dy2
∫ dx
0 0 y =0 x =0
=  
2 12  1
1– y 2
∫y
2
1 7 = [ x] x =0 dy
= 24 = y =0
24
1 2–y 1
7
# # ∫y
2
\ xydxdy = . = 1 – y 2 dy
24
0 y y =0

2
1 1– x Let, y = sinθ
Q41. evaluate y y y 2 dxdy by changing the order
⇒ dy = cosθ dθ
0 0
of integration. Limits
y = 0, sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
Answer :
π
Given integral is, y = 1, sinθ = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
π
... (1) ∴ θ varies from 0 to
2
1 1– x 2 π
2

∫ ∫ ∫ sin
2 2
Equation (1) can be written in standard form as, ∴ y dy dx = θ 1 – sin 2 θ . cos θ dθ
0 y =0 0
1 1– x 2

∫ ∫y
2
dy dx π
2

∫ sin
2
x =0 y =0 = θ cos 2 θ . cos θ dθ
0
The limits of x are 0 and 1. The area of integration lies
π
between y = 0 and y = 1 – x 2 i.e., x2 + y2 = 1 (It represents 2

∫ sin
2
= θ cos 2 θ dθ
a circle). Figure (i) illustrates a circle where the region of 0
integration OAB, is divided into vertical strips.
Y (2 – 1)(2 – 1) π
= ×
(2 + 2)(2 + 2 – 2) 2

B(0, 1)  π
2 
(m –1)(m – 3)...(n –1)(n – 3)... π 
y= 1– x2 
 ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = .
(m + n)(m + n – 2)(m + n – 4)... 2 
 0 
P Q  if m, n are even 
X' X
O y=0 A
(1, 0) 1(1) π π
x=0 = 4(2) × 2 =
16

1 1– x 2
π
∫ ∫
Y'
\ y 2 dy dx =
16
Figure (1) 0 0

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.23
2
Q42. C h a n g e t h e o r d e r o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n 1
2 4–y
2 = 2 # ^4x – x3hdx
# # xy dxdy and evaluate it. 0

= 2 ;4 x – x E
1 2 4 2
0 0
Answer : 2 4 0

= 2 ;2.2 2 – 2 E
1 4
Given integral is, 4
2 4– y
2
1
= 2 [8 – 4]
# # xydxdy
0 0 =2
2
2 4– y
y varies from 0 to 2
\ # # xydxdy = 2
x varies from 0 to 4 – y2 0 0
1 2–x
Þ x= 4 – y2 Q43. evaluate integral # # xy dy dx by changing
Þ 2
x =4–y 2 0 x2
the order of integration.
Þ x2 + y2 = 4
Þ x2 + y2 = 22 Answer :
The above equation represents a circle with centre at Given integral is,
origin and radius 2 units. 1 2–x

Consider a strip parallel to X-axis as shown in figure.

I= # # xy dy dx
0 2
x
y
The region of integration is bounded by the lines x = 0,
x=1

and y = x2, y = 2 – x
2
x +y =2 2 2 y=2 x=2
i.e., x varies from 0 to 1

x Þ y varies from x2 to 2 – x
o
Dividing the region of integration into two sub regions
I1 and I2 as illustrated in figure 1
Y

Figure x=1 y=2

x2 + y2 = 4 y=2–x
y=0
Q
Þ x=2 I2
x varies from 0 to 2 Q
y=1
2
y =4–x 2 x=0
I1
y = x2
Þ y= 4 – x2 P
0 y=0 X
\ y varies from 0 to 4 – x 2
2 2
2 4– y 2 4–x
\ # # xydxdy = # # xydxdy Figure (1)
0 0 0 0
i.e., I = I1 + I2 ... (1)
2 4 – x2
x< F
y2
= # 2 0
dx In the region I1,
0
2 x varies from 0 to 1
x 64 – x 2 – 0@ dx
1
= 2 # y varies from x2 to 1
0

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4.24 MatheMatics-i
Changing the order of integration, keeping y fixed Changing the order of integration, keeping y fixed,

y = x2 y=2–x

Þ x= y Þ x=2–y
\ x varies from 0 to 2 – y
x varies from 0 to y
Since x = 0 Þ y=2–0=2
and y varies from 0 to 1
and x = 1 Þ y = 2 – 1 = 1
\ Figure 2 represents the region of integration after
changing the order. \ y varies from 1 to 2
2 2 –y
Y
I2 = # # xy dx dy
x=1 y=1 x=0
y=2
2R
S 2–y VW
SS WW
y = 2a -x = # # SS
SS0
x dxWW y dy
WW
1
R T X
I2 S 2
# ; x2 E0
2 2–y
= y dy
1
S y=a
x=0 R 2
I1 1
y = x2 = 2 # [(2 – y) 2 – 0] y dy
1
0 y=0 X 2
1
= 2 # [(4 – y2 – 4y) y dy
1

Figure (2) 2
1
y=1 x= y = 2 # (4y + y3 – 4y2) dy
\ I1 = # # xy dx dy 1
2 2 2

= 2 >4 y 2 dyH
y=0 x=0

R VW
1 # ydy + # 3
y dy – 4 #
1S y
SS WW 1 1 1
= SS
S
# # x dxWW y dy
WW
= 2 =4 < y F + < y F – 4 < y F G
2 23 4 2 2
0 S0 1
T X 2 1 4 1 3 1
1
# ; x2 E0
2 y

= 2 :2 (4 – 1] + 4 [16 – 1] – 3 [8 – 1]D
= y dy 1 1 4
0

= 2:6+ 4 – 3 D
1 1 15 28
= # ; 2y – 0Ey dy
= 2 :12 D
0 1 5
1
y2
= # 2 dy 5
= 24
0
5
= 2< F
1 \ I2 = 24 ... (2)
1 y3
3 0
Substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1),
= 2 : 3 – 0D = 6
1 1 1 1 2– x
1 5
# # xy dy dx = 6 + 24
1
\ I1 = 6 ... (2) 0 x2
9 3
In the region I2, = 24 = 8

x varies from 0 to 1 1 2– x
3
\ # # xy dy dx = 8
y varies from 1 to 2 – x 0 x2

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.25
a a x=a y=x
Q44. C h a n g e t h e o r d e r o f i n t e g r a t i o n i n
a a # # x
x2 + y2
dx dy = # # x
x2 + y2
dy dx
# # x
x2 + y2
dy dx and hence evaluate it. 0 y x=0 y=0

0 y

# ># dyHdx
a x
x
Answer : =
x2 + y2
0 0
Given integral is,
;a dx = a tan –1 b ax lE
1 1
a a
#
# # x
x2 + y2
dy dx x2 + a2
0 y a
# ; xx tan –1 c xy mE0 dx
x
y=a x=a =
Þ # # x
x2 + y2
dx dy 0
a
y=0 x=y
= # :tan –1 b xx l– tan –1 (0)Ddx
The region of integration is bounded by the lines x = y, 0
x = a and y = 0, y = a as illustrated in figure 1. a
= # (tan –1 (1) – 0) dx
i.e., x varies from y to a 0
a
Y p
= 4 # dx
0

= 4 5x?0a
y=0 p

p
= 4 [a – 0]
x=y p
x=0 = 4a
P Q x=a
a a
\ # # x
x2 + y2
p
dy dx = 4 a
0 0 y
y=0 X

Figure (1) 4.3 Change of variables froM

Cartesian to plane polar
Figure 2 represents the region of integration after
CoorDinates
changing the order.
Y Q45. Discuss about the change of variables from
Cartesian to polar coordinates.
Answer :
Transformation of Coordinates
S
Double integrals can be easily evaluated by transforming
the given integral into a simpler integral (of new variables) in
an appropriate coordinate system.
x=y
Let, x = f(u, v) and y = g(u, v)
x=0
x=a Where,
x, y– Old variables
u, v – New variables.
O Then,
y=0 R X

∫∫ F ( x, y)dx dy = ∫∫ F ( f , g ) | J | du dv
R R
... (1)

Figure (2)
Where,
Changing the order of integration, J = Jacobian of the coordinate transformation
x varies from 0 to a ∂x ∂x
∂ ( x, y )
Since x = y = = ∂u ∂v
∂ (u , v) ∂y ∂y
\ y varies from 0 to x ∂u ∂v
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4.26 MatheMatics-i
Change of Variables from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates Y
In order to change a variable from Cartesian to polar
coordinates, let
u = r, v = θ and r
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ θ
O X
∂ ( x, y )
∴ Jacobian of transformation = Figure
∂ (r , θ)
Let,
∂x ∂x x = r cos θ
= ∂∂yr ∂θ
∂y
y = r sin θ
⇒ dx dy = r dr dθ
∂r ∂θ
And x2 + y2 = r2
∂ ∂
(r cos θ) (r cos θ) π
∂r ∂θ ∴ Limits are from r = 0 to ∞ and θ = 0 to first quadrant
= ∂ ∂ 2
(r sin θ) (r sin θ) ∞∞ θ= π / 2 r =∞
∂r ∂θ
∫ ∫e
−r 2
∫∫ r dr dθ
−( x 2 + y 2 )
∴ e dx dy = ... (2)
cos θ − r sin θ 0 0 θ=0 r =0
=
sin θ r cos θ
Let, r2 = z
= r cos θ + r sin θ
2 2
⇒ 2 rdr = dz
= r(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = r(1) = r Limits
∴ J =r For r = 0, ⇒ z = 0
Substituting corresponding values in equation (1), For r = ∞ ⇒ z = ∞
∴ Limits are from z = 0 to ∞.
∫∫ F ( x, y)dx dy = ∫∫ F (r cos θ, r sin θ)r.dr.dθ
R R
Corresponding values in equation (2),
∞∞ θ= π / 2  z =∞ 
θ2 f 2 ( θ) 1
∴ ∫∫ F (r, θ)dA = ∫ ∫ F (r, θ)rdr.dθ ∫∫ e −( x 2 + y 2 )
dx dy = ∫
θ=0

2

∫ e − z dz  dθ
z =0


0 0
θ = θ1 r = f1 ( θ)
θ= π / 2
∴ In order to change variables from Cartesian to polar 1
∫ [e
−z ∞
coordinates, the substitutions to be made are, = − ] z =0 dθ
2
θ=0
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and dx dy = r dr dθ.
π/ 2
Q46. by transforming into polar co-ordinates evalu- 1
∫ (e
−∞
= − − e − 0 ) dθ
2
3 3 θ=0
ate # # e –_ x 2 + y 2 i
dxdy . Hence find the value of π/ 2 π/ 2
1 1
∫
0 0
3
= −
2
θ=0
(0 − 1)dθ =
2 ∫ dθ
# e –x 2
dx .
θ=0

0 1 π/ 2 π
= [θ] =
Answer : 2 θ=0 4
∞∞
Given integral is,
∫∫ e
−( x 2 + y 2 )
∞∞
∴ dx dy = π
4 ... (3)

∫∫ e
−( x 2 + y 2 ) 0 0
dx dy ... (1)
0 0
Equation (1) can also be expressed as,
3 3 3 3
Equation (1) can be written in standard form as
∞ ∞ # # e–
` x 2 + y 2j
dx dy = # e –x dx
2
# 2
e –y dy

∫ ∫e
2 2
−( x + y )
dx dy . 0 0 0 0

x =0 y =0 RS 3 VW2
SS W
∴ Both x and y vary from 0 to ∞ and the region of SS
#
–x2 W
= SS e dxWW
WW
... (4)
integration is the first quadrant as shown in figure. T
0
X
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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.27
p
Comparing equations (3) and (4) 2
sin q ; r E dq
4 a
RS 3
SS
VW2
W
= # 4 0
Þ
SS
# –x2 W
SS e dxWW =
WW
π
4
0
p
0 2
sin q 6a 4 – 0@ dq
T X 1
3 =4 #
Þ # 2
e –x dx =
2
π 0

= 4 5– cos q? 2
0 a4 p

= 4 6– [0 – 1]@ = 4
3
a4 a4
\ # e –x2
dx =
2
π

0
a4
a 2 –x 2
= 4
Q47. evaluate #0 a #0 y x 2 + y 2 dydx by trans- 2
a a –x
2

a4
forming to polar coordinates. \ # # y x 2 + y 2 dydx = 4
0 0
Answer :
Q48. evaluate the following integral by transforming
Given integral is, 2 2
a a –x
2
a a –x
2
into polar coordinates # # y x 2 + y 2 dx dy
# # 2
y x + y dy dx 2
0 0
0 0
Answer :
The region of integration is obtained as,
Given integral is,
2 2 2 2
y = 0, y = a –x a a –x

Þ y2 = a2 – x2 # # y x 2 + y 2 dx dy
0 0
Þ x2 + y2 = a2
The region of integration is bounded by the lines
Þ x = 0 and x = a
y = 0, y = a2 – x2
2 2 2
The region is a quadrant of a circle x + y = a .
Þ y2 = a2 – x2
Let, x = rcosq, y = rsinq
Þ x2 + y2 = a2
x2 + y2 = a2 and x = 0, x = a
Þ (rcosq)2 + (rsinq)2 = a2 Here the region is the quadrant of a circle x2 + y2 = a2
Þ r2cos2q + r2sin2q = a2 Changing to polar coordinates
2 2 2 2
Þ r (cos q + sin q) = a Let x = r cosθ
Þ r=a
y = r sinθ
dxdy = r dr dq
x2 + y2 = r2
r varies from 0 to a
and dx dy = r dr dθ
p
q varies from 0 to 2
Limits for r : 0 to a
2 2
p
a a –x a 2 π
Limits for θ : 0 to
\ # # y x 2 + y 2 dy dx = # # (r sin q) r (rdrdq) 2
0 0 r=0 q=0 π
2 2
p a a –x 2 a

=
a
# #
2
r3 sin qdrdq
# # y x 2 + y 2 dx dy = # # ]r sin θg r 2 ]rdrdθg
0 0 0 0
0 0
p π

sin q > # r3 drHdq

2 a
2 a
= # = # # ]r sin θg r rdrdθ
0 0
0 0

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4.28 MatheMatics-i
π Þ r= a
2 a cos q
= # # r sin θ dr dθ
3
Þ r = a sec q
0 0
π
If x = 0, then
2 RS a VW
SS W
# #
0 = rcosq
= SS r drWWW sin θ dθ
3
SS WW Þ r=0
0 0
π
T X
\ r varies from 0 to a secq
SRS r 4 WWVa
2

= # SS WW sin θ dθ
4 0 If y = 0, then
0 T X
π 0 = r sinq
2 RS 4 V
0 WW
= # SS a W
S 4 – 4 W sin θ dθ
Þ q=0
0 T X Since x = y
π
2 r cosq = r sinq
a4
=
4
# sin θ dθ
cosq = sinq
0
π p
5– cos θ?02
a4 Þ q= 4
=
4 p
\ q varies from 0 to 4
a 4 RSS JK π NO VW
= – SScos KK OO – cos ]0gWWW
4 2 p
T L P X a a 4 a sec q
r cos q rdrdq
= –
a 4
50 – 1?
\ # # x
x2 + y2
dx dy = # # ]r cos qg2 + ]r sin qg2
4 0 y 0 0
4 p
a 4 a sec q
= – ]– 1g
r 2 cos q
4 = # # r2
dr dq
a4 0 0
=
4 π
2 2
4 a sec θ

\ # #
a a –x

y x 2 + y 2 dx dy =
a4
.
= # # cos θ dr dθ
4 0 0
0 0
π
4

cos θ 5r ?0
Q49. evaluate by changing to polar coordinates
a a
= # a sec θ
dθ
x
# #
0
dx dy π
x + y2
2
4

cos θ 5a sec θ – 0? dθ
0 y

Answer :
= #
0
Given integral is, π
a a 4

# # x
x + y2
2 dx dy = # a dθ
0 y 0
π
= a 5θ? 4
The region of integration is bounded by the planes
y = 0, y = a, x = y, x = a 0
RS π VW
= a SSS – 0WWW
Let, x = r cosq
4
y = r sinq T X
aπ
and dx dy = rdr dq =
4
a a
If x = a, then x aπ
a = rcosq
\ # # x2 + y2
dx dy =
4
0 y

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.29
J y 2 ONO
Limits for r
## KKKK1 – ax
2
Q50. evaluate – O dx dy over the first Since u2 + v2 = 1
L
2
b 2 OP
R Þ r=1
x2 y2 \ r varies from 0 to 1
quadrant of the ellipse + = 1 by using π
a2 b2
JK 2N 2 1
KK1 – x – y OOO dx dy =
2
the transformation x = au and y = bv. Þ ## K a 2 2O
b P
# # ^1 – ^u 2
+ v 2hh abrdr dθ
Answer : R L θ=0 r=0
π
Given integral is, 2 1
JK 2N
KK1 – x – y OOO dx dy
##
2 = ab # # ^1 – r hr dr dθ 2

K a 2 b 2 OP 0 0
R L
π
x2 y2 2 1
Ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1 ... (1)
a b = ab # # ^r – r hdr dθ 3

and transformation x = au, y = bv 0 0

π
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), 2 R V1
# SSSS r2 r 4 WW
2
a2 u2 b2 v2 = ab – WW dθ
Þ + 2 =1 4 0
a2 b 0 T X
π
Þ u2 + v2 = 1 2
R V
\ The region R is transformed to R ' = ab # SSSS 12 – 14 WWWW dθ
0 T X
Here R' is the area of circle u2 + v2 = 1 in the first quadrant
π
2
a x = au, y = bv 1
2x 2y = ab # 4
dθ
=a , =b 0
2u 2v
π
2x 2y 2
ab
and
2v
=0,
2u
=0
=
4
# dθ
The Jacobian of transformation is given by, 0
π
5θ?02
2x 2x ab
RS VW =
2 ^ x, yh 4
2u 2v SSa 0WW
J=
2 ^ u, v h
= 2y 2y =
S0 bW ab SRS π WV
T X = S
S – 0WWW
2u 2v 4 2
T X
πab
J = ab =
8
J y 2 NOO JK 2N
## KKKK1 – ax
2
## ^1 – u KK1 – x – y OOO dx dy = πab .
2
\ 2 –
b 2 OP
O dx dy = 2
– v 2h J du dv \ ## K a 2 b 2 OP 8
R L R R L

= ## ^1 – u 2
– v 2h ab du dv Q51. evaluate # # xydxdy
where r is the region
R'
R
x2 + y2
Let u = r cosθ in the first quadrant enclosed by the circles
v = r sinθ x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 16.
and du dv = r dr dθ Answer :
Limits for θ Given integral is,
xydxdy
If u = 0 I= # # ... (1)
x2 + y2
Þ cosθ = 0 R

π The circles are

Þ θ=
2 x2 + y2 = 4 ... (2)
π
\ θ varies from 0 to x2 + y2 = 16 ... (3)
2
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4.30 MatheMatics-i
Equation (2) represents a circle with centre at origin and p
2
56
radius 2 units
2 2 2
= 6 # sin 2q dq
Þ x +y =2 0
p
= 3 :– 2 D
Þ r=2 28 cos 2q 2
Equation (2) represents a circle with centre at origin at 0

radius 4 units
= – 14 ;cos 2 b p l – cos 0E
Þ x2 + y2 = 42 3 2

= – 3 5cos p – 1?
Þ r=4 14

The region of integration, R is illustrated in figure. 14

y = – 3 [– 2]
p
q= 2 28
= 3
xy 28
.. .. .. .
. . .. .... \ # # dxdy = 3
r=4 x2 + y2
. ... R
. .. r=2
.. x 2 2x – x
2

O q=0 Q52. evaluate # # (x 2 + y 2) dydx by changing

0 0
into polar coordinates.

Answer :
Figure
Let, x = r cosq, y = r sinq Given integral is,
2
2 2x–x
dxdy = rdrdq
r varies from 2 to 4
# # (x 2 + y 2) dy dx
0 0
q varies from 0 to p
2 The region of integration is bounded by the lines y = 0,
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), y = 2x – x 2 and x = 0, x = 2 as illustrated in figure 1.
p
2 4 Y
xydxdy (r cos q) (r sin q)
I= # # = # # r. dr. dq
R
x2 + y2 0 2
(r cos q) 2 + (r sin q) 2
p
2 4
r3 cos q sin q
= # # dr dq
0 2
r 2 (1)
x=0 y = 2x – x 2 x=2
p
2 4
3
1 r 2 cos q sin q
= 2 # # r dr dq
0 2
p
2 4
1
= 2 # # r2 sin 2q dr dq 0 y=0 X
0 2
p
2
sin 2q ; r E dq
1 3 4 Figure (1)
= 2 # 3 2
0 y = 2x – x 2
p
2 Þ y2 = 2x – x2
1
= 6 # sin 2q [(4) 3 – (2) 3] dq Þ x2 + y2 = 2x ... (1)
0 y=0
p Þ x2 = 2x
2
1
= 6 # sin 2q [(64 – 8] dq Þ x=2
0 x=0 Þ y=0
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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.31
Let, x = rcosq p
2
y = r sinq = 4 # cos 4 q dq
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), 0
(rcosq)2 + (rsinq)2 = 2 rcosq 4 –1 4 – 3 p
Þ r2(1) = 2cosq = 4. 4 . 4 – 2 . 2
Þ r = 2 cosq R VW
SSS
p
2 WW
SS n – 1 n – 3 1 p WW
\ r varies from 0 to 2cosq
x = 0 Þ rcosq = 0 SS#
a cos n
q d q = . ....
n n – 2 2 2 WW.
S 0 W
Þ q= 2
p T X
3 1 p 3p
= 4. 4 . 2 . 2 = 4
y = 0 Þ r sinq = 0
2
2 2x–x
Þ q=0 3p
p
\ # # (x 2 + y 2) dy dx = 4
\ q varies from 0 to 2 0 0

The region of integration is bounded by the curves

Q53. transform the integral into polar coordinates
p
r = 0, r = 2cosq and q = 0, q = 2 in polar coordinates as 2
a a –x
2

illustrated in figure 2. and hence evaluate # # x 2 + y 2 dy dx .

0 0

Answer :

Given integral is,

2 2
a a –x
# # x 2 + y 2 dy dx
p 0 0
q= 2 r = 2cosq
The region of integration is bounded by the planes

x = 0, x = a and y = 0, y = a 2 –x 2
Þ y2 = a2 – x2
r = 0, q = 0 Þ x2 + y2 = a2
Let, x = r cos q
Figure (2) y = r sin q
2
p
2 2x –x 2 2 cos q
and dx dy = r dr dq
\ # # (x 2 + y 2) dy dx = # # (r cos q) 2 + (r sin q) 2 r.drdq
0 0 0 0 r2 = x2 + y2
[ a dx dy = r dr dq] Þ x2 + y2 = r
p
2 2 cos q
If x = 0
= # # r 2 (1) rdrdq
0 0 Þ rcosq = 0
p
2 2 cos q Þ cosq = 0
= # # 3
r drdq Þ q= 2
p
0 0
p p
2
\ q varies from 0 to 2
;r E
4 2 cos q
= # 4 0
dq and r varies from 0 to a
0 p
2 2
p a a –x 2 a

= #
2
(2 cos q) 4
dq
\ # # x 2 + y 2 dy dx = # # r (rdrdq)
4 0 0 0 0
0
p
p

# > # r2 drHdq
2 a
2
cos 4 q
= # 16 4 dq
=
0 0
0

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4.32 MatheMatics-i
p Changing to Polar Coordinate
2
; r E dq
3 a
= # 3 0
Let,
0 x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ
p
2
⇒
; a E dq
3 dxdy = rdrdθ
= # 3
0 Limits of r
p
2 y2
a3 a3 p
= 3 # dq = 3 [q] 2
0
x=
4a
0
r 2 sin 2 θ
= 3 : 2 – 0D = 6
a3 p pa 3 ⇒ r cosθ =
4a

⇒
2 2
a a –x r=
pa 3
\ # # x 2 + y 2 dy dx = 6
0 0 Limits of θ
Q54. evaluate, by changing to polar coordinates the Equation of the line is,
4a y
2 2
x –y y=x
integral # # x2 + y2
dx dy .
0 y2 Slope, m = 1 [ y = mx]
4a
m = tanθ
Answer :
⇒ 1 = tanθ
Given integral is,
π
4a y
x2 − y 2 ⇒ θ=
∫∫ x2 + y 2
dxdy 4
0 y2
π π
θ varies from,
4a
\ to
The region of integration is bounded by the parabola 4 2
and the straight line
p q
y2 4a y
2 2 2 q
x –y q
i.e., x =
4a
,x=y
# # x2 + y2
dxdy =
q
q
q q
0 y2 p
⇒ y2 = 4ax, y = x 4a
q
4

‘y’ varies from 0 to 4a p 4a sin q

2 sin 2 q
Therefore, the point of intersection of the parabola and
straight is as shown in figure below.
= # # (cos 2 q – sin 2 q) rdrdq
p r=0
4
p
2 4a cos q
2
# (cos 2 q – sin 2 q) c r m
2
sin q
= .dq
2 0
p
4

p
2
4a cos q 2
(cos 2 q – sin 2 q) c m dq
1
= 2 # sin 2 q
p
4

p
2
cos 2 q
= 8a 2 # (cos 2 q – sin 2 q)
sin 4 q
dq
p
4

p
2
= 8a 2 # cot 4 q – cot 2 q) dq
p
Figure 4

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.33
p 2
And circles x + y = a , 2 2
2
= 8a 2
# 2 2
cot q (cosec q – 1) – (cosec q – 1) dq2
x2 + y2 = b2
p
4 Changing to polar coordinates
p
2 Let, x = r cos θ
= 8a 2 # [cot 2 q cosec 2 q – 2 cosec 2 q + 2)] dq
y = r sin θ
p
4
Þ dx dy = rdrdθ
q
= q q Then x2 + y2 = a2,
Þ r2cos2 θ + r2cos2 θ = a2
n +1
 f ( x) 
 ∫ f ( x) f '( x)dx = n + 1 + c
n
Þ r2(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = a2
Þ r2 = a2

p p ⇒ r=a
p p p p Similarly, x2 + y2 = b2
=
Þ r2 = b2
Þ r=b
2 1 π
= 8a π + − 2 −  \ r varies from a to b
 3 2
and θ varies from 0 to 2π.
π 5
= 8a2  − 
2π b
x2 y2 r 2 cos 2 θ.r 2 sin 2 θ
 2 3 \ ## x2 + y2
dx dy = # # r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ
rdr dθ
4a y θ=0 r=a
x2 − y 2  π 5
∴∫ ∫ dxdy = 8a 2  −  2π b
x +y
2 2
 2 3 r5 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
0 y2
4a = # # 2
r ^cos 2 θ + sin 2 θh
dr dθ
0 a
Q55. by changing into polar coordinates, evalu- 2π b

ate ## x y2 2
dx dy over the annular region
= # #r 3
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ dr dθ
x2 + y2 0 a
R b
2π S WVW
between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 + b2 SS
(b > a).
= # #
SS r drWWW cos 2 θ sin 2 θ dθ
S
3
WW
0 Sa
T X
Answer : 2π R Vb
SS r 4 WW
Given integral is, = # SS WW cos 2 θ sin 2 θ dθ
4 a
0 T X
x2 y2
## dx dy 2π R
SS b 4 a 4 VWW 2
x + y2
#
2
Y = SS – WW cos θ sin 2 θ dθ
4 4
0 T X
r=a 2π
b4 – a4
r=b =
4
# cos 2 θ sin 2 θ dθ
0
θ X [Multiply and divide by 4]
0
2π
b4 – a4
=
16
# 4 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ dθ
0
2π
b4 – a4
=
16
# sin 2 2θ dθ
Figure 0

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4.34 MatheMatics-i
2π
b4 – a4 JK 1 – cos 4θ NO
=
16
# KK
2
OO dθ
0 2π L P
b4 – a4
=
32
# ]1 – cos 4θg dθ
0

SRS
b –a4 4
sin 4θ WVW2π
= SSθ – W
32 4 W0
T X
4 R JK sin 4 ]2πg sin 4 ]0g ONVWW
b – a SS
4
= SS]2 π – 0g – KK – OW
32 L 4 4 OPW
T X
4 4
62π – ]0 – 0g@
b –a
=
32
π 4
= ^b – a 4h
16
x2 y2
\ ## x + y2
2 dx dy =
π 4
16
^b – a 4h

4.4 triple integrals

Q56. Write a short note on tripe integrals.

Answer :

Triple Integrals
The generalized integration of a definite integral to three dimensions is known as triple integral. In this case, the definite
integral of a single variable function is extended to a function of three variables.
Explanation
Let,
V = 3 dimensional finite region
f(x, y, z) = Function which is defined over ‘V’
δV1, δV2, ...., δVn = ‘n’ elementary sub-divisions or volumes in V
(xr, yr, zr) = A point in rth sub division, δVr.
n
Consider the sum, ∑ f ( x , y , z )δV
r =1
r r r r ... (1)

The finite limit of the sum (equation (1)) for n → ∞ and δVr → 0 is termed as triple integral of f(x, y, z) over the region V.
It is represented by,

### f ^ x, y, z h dV .

e logy e x
Q57. evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ logz dz dx dy
1 1 1
Answer :
Given integral is,
e log y e x

∫ ∫ ∫ log z dz dx dy
1 1 1

The above integral can be evaluated as,

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.35
e log y e x e log y e x 
∫ ∫ ∫ log z dz dx dy = ∫ ∫ ∫  log z dz  dx dy
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 

e log y ex
 d 
= ∫∫
1 1
 ∫
log z 1dz − dz log z 1dz 
 ∫ ∫ dxdy

e log y ex
 1 
= ∫∫
1 1
 ∫
log z ( z ) − z × zdz  dx dy
1

∫ ∫ [log z( z) − ∫1.dz ]
e log y
ex
= dx dy
1
1 1

e log y

∫ ∫ [z log z − z ]1
x
e
= dx dy
1 1

e log y

∫ ∫ [e
x
= log e x − e x ] − [1 log1 − 1] dx dy
1 1

e log y

∫ ∫ [e
x
= log e x − e x ] − [0 − 1] dx dy
1 1

e log y

∫ ∫ [ xe
x
= − e x + 1] dx dy
1 1

e log y log y log y 

=  ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ 1dx  dy
x x
xe dx − e dx +
 
1 1 1 1 
e log y
 dx x  x 

1
∫ ∫
=   x e x dx −
 dx  ∫ ∫
e dx  − e + x 
1
dy

e
log y
= ∫
1
 xe x − e x − e x + x 
 1
dy

e
log y
∫  xe − 2e x + x 
x
= dy
1
1

e
log y
∫ e ( x − 2) + x 
x
= dy
1
1

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4.36 MatheMatics-i
e

∫ [e ]
log y
= (log y − 2) + log y − [e(1 − 2) + 1] dy
1

∫ [e ]
log y
= (log y − 2) + log y − [e(−1) + 1] dy
1

∫ [e ]
log y
= (log y − 2) + log y + e − 1 dy
1

e x
[ e loge = x]
= ∫ [ y log y − 2 y + log y + e − 1] dy
1

= ∫ [( y + 1) log y − 2 y + e − 1]dy
1

e
 d  
∫
=  log y ( y + 1)dy −
 dy ∫ ∫
log y ( y + 1)dy  − 2 ydy + e dy − dy 
 1
∫ ∫ ∫
e
  y2   y2  1  2y2 
=  
 
log y 

 2
+ y −


∫ 
 2

+ y  dy  −
y 
  2
+ ey − y 

1

e
  y2  y  
∫
2
= log y  + y  −  + 1dy − y + ey − y 
  2  2  1
e
  y2  y2 
= log y  + y  − − y − y 2 + ey − y 
  2  4 1
e
  y2  5y2 
= log y  + y  − − 2 y + ey 
  2  4 1

  e2  5e 2   1  5 
= log e  + e − − 2e + e.e − log1 + 1 − − 2 + e
  2  4    2  4 

  e2  5e 2   13   e2 e2   − 13 
= 1  + e  − + e 2 − 2e  −  0 − + e  =  + e − − 2e  −  + e
  2  4   4   2 4   4 

 2e 2 − e 2  13
=  − e + − e
 4  4

1 2
= (e − 8e + 13)
4
e log y e x
1
\ ∫ ∫ ∫ log z dz dx dy = 4 (e
1 1 1
2
− 8e + 13)

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Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.37
1 1− x 1− x − y 1
1  2 x 2 x 3 
Q58. evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
dx dy dz. = x −
2  2
+ 
3 
0
Answer :
1  2(1) 2 (1) 3 
Given integral is, = 1 − + − 0
2  2 3 
1 1− x 1− x − y

∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
dx dy dz
=
1  2 1
1 − + 
2  2 3
The above integral can be evaluated as,
1 1− x 1− x − y
1 1
1 1− x 1− x − y = 1 − 1 + 
∫ ∫ ∫ dx dy dz = ∫ ∫ ∫ dz dy dx
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1  1
=  =
1 1− x 1− x − y
2 3 6

 
= ∫∫ ∫  dz dy dx 1 1− x 1− x − y
1
0 0  0  \
∫ ∫ ∫ dx dy dz =
6
.
1 1− x 0 0 0

∫ ∫ {z}
1− x − y
= 0 dy dx a b c
0 0 Q59. evaluate # # # _x 2
+ y 2 + z 2i dx dy dz .
1 1− x 0 0 0
= ∫
0 0
∫ {1 − x − y − 0}dy dx Answer :

Given integral is,

1 1− x 

∫  ∫
a b c
(1 − x − y )dy  dx
=
0  0  # # # _x 2
+ y 2 + z 2i dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 1− x
 y 2  The above integral can be evaluated as,

0
∫
=  y − xy −

 2 
 dx
0
a b c

1
# # # _x 2
+ y 2 + z 2i dx dy dz
 2
(1 − x) 
∫ (1 − x) − x(1 − x) −
0 0 0
− 0 dx
bR VW
= S c
2  a
SS W
0

1
= # # # SS _ x + y + z i dzWWW dx dy
SS
2 2 2
WW
  1 + x − 2 x 
2 0 0 0
T X
∫ 1 − x − x + x −  dx
2
=   bR
 2 
a
SS Vc
3W
0
= # # SSx 2 z + y 2 z + WWW dx dy
z
3 0
1
  2 0 0 T X
1 x
∫
2
= 1 − x − x + x − − + x  dx a bR V
  S c3 WW
0
2 2
= # dx # SSScx 2
+ cy 2 +
3
WW dy
1 0 0 T X
 1 x 2 
∫
2
= 1 − x + x − −  dx a b
J c3 NOO
0
 2 2 
= # dx # KKKcx 2
+ cy 2 +
3 OP
dy
0 0 L
1
 2 − 2 x + 2 x 2 − 1 − x 2 
=  ∫

 2
 dx
 =
aR
S
# SSScx y + cy3 2
3
+
Vb
c3 y WW
W dx
0
3 W0
0 T X
1
1 − 2 x + x 2  aR
3V
= 
0
∫

 2
 dx
 =
S
# SSSx bc + b3c + bc3 WWWdx
2
3 W

0 T X
1 
1  a
2  J 3N
∫ # KKK x bc + b3c + bc3 OOOdx
3
=  (1 − 2 x + x )dx = 2
2 
0 0 L P
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4.38 MatheMatics-i
RS 3 Va
xb3 c xbc3 WW 1 RS 2h2 V
W
= SSS bc +
x
#
1 ^ 2h2 ^
3 3
+ W
3 W0 = x SSS 1 – x – 1 – x WWW dx
T X 2 2 4
0 T X
a3 bc ab3 c abc3
= + + 1
3 3 3 1
=
8
# x^1 –x h dx 2 2

6a + b 2 + c 2@
abc 2 0
=
3 1
1
a b c

6a + b 2 + c 2@ .
abc 2 = # x^ x 4
– 2x 2 + 1h dx
\ # # # _ x + y + z dx dy dz =
2 2
3
2i 8
0
0 0 0
1
1
1 1 – x2 `1 – x 2 – y2i
=
8
# ^x 5
– 2x3 + xh dx
Q60. evaluate # # # xyz dx dy dz . 0

1 RSS x6 2x 4 x 2 VWW1
0 0 0

= S W
Answer :
8 S 6 – 4 + 2 W0
T X
Given integral is,
1 SS 1 1 1 W VW
R R V
1 – x2 `1 – x 2 – y 2j = SSSSSS – + WWW – 0WWW
1 8 6 2 2
TT X X
# # # xyz dx dy dz
1 1
0 0 0 = .
8 6
The above integral can be evaluated as,
1
`1 – x 2 – y 2j
=
1 1 – x2 48
# # # xyz dx dy dz
1 1 – x2 `1 – x 2 – y 2j
0 0 0 1
1 – x2 `1 – x 2 – y 2j
\ # # # xyz dx dy dz =
48
1
0 0 0
= # x dx # y dy # z dz
0 0 0 Q61. evaluate yyy xy2 zdxdydz taken through the
1 – x2
1 RS 2 VW `1 – x2 – y2j
= # x dx # SS z WW
S 2 W0 y dy positive octant of the sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.
0 0 T X Answer :
_1 – x 2i
1 RS V
0 WWW
2 i2 Given integral is,
# x dx # S_ 2
= y dy SS 1 – x – y – WW
S
0 0 T
2 2
X # # # xy2 zdxdydz
_1 – x 2i
1 RS 2V Equation of sphere is,
# x dx # SS1 – x – y WWW y dy
2
= S W
2 x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
0 0 T X
1 _1 – x 2i Þ z2 = a2 – x2 – y2
= # x dx # _ y ^1 – x 2h – y3i dy Þ z = a2 – x2 – y2
0 0
The limits of z are 0 to a 2 – x 2 – y 2
1 RS V _ 2i
y 2 y 4 WW 1 – x
=
1
2
# x SS^1 – x h
S 2
2
– WW
4 0
dx The projection of sphere on XY-plane is a circle x2 + y2
0 T X = a2
RS1 4V
_ 1 – x2 i _ 1 – x 2 i WWW
2 y2 = a2 – x2
#
1 SS Þ
= x S^1 – x h 2
– WW dx
2 S 2 4
0 T X y= a2 – x2
1 R
S 2h2 V
W y varies from 0 to a 2 – x 2
#
1 ^ 2h ^ \
= x SSS^1 – x 2h 1 – x – 1 – x WWW dx
2 2 4
0 T X x varies from 0 to a
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.39
2 2
a a –x a2 – x2 – y2

# # # xy 2
zdxdydz = # # # xy 2 zdxdydz
0 0 0
2 2
a a –x
a2 – x2 – y2
xy 2 ; z E
2
= # # 2 0
dxdy
0 0
2 2
a a –x
xy 2 < – 0F dxdy
a 2 –x 2 –y 2
= # # 2
0 0
2 2
a a –x
1
= 2 # # (xy 2 a 2 – x3 y 2 –xy 4) dxdy
0 0
RS a2 –x2 VW
SS
a
WW
1
= 2 x SS#SS
#
#(a 2 – x 2) y 2 –y 4) - dyWW dx
WW
0 0
T X
a 2 2

= 2 x <(a 2 – x 2) – F
3 5 a –x
1
# y
3
y
5 0
dx
0
a 5
x > a –x (a 2 – x 2) 32 – (a – x ) 2 – 0 H dx
1 2 2
= 2 # 2
3
2
5
0
a a
x > (a – x ) 2 – (a – x ) 2 H dx = 2 x (a 2 –x 2) 2 : 3 – 5 D dx
5 5 5 1
1 2 2 2 2 1 1
= 2 # 3 5
#
0 0
a a
1 5 2 1 5
= 2 # x (a 2 – x 2) 2 b 15 l dx = 15 # x (a 2 –x 2) 2 dx
0 0
2 2
Let, a – x = t
Þ –2x dx = dt
–dt
Þ xdx = 2
x = 0 Þ t = a2
x = a2 Þ t = 0
\ t varies from 0 to a2
a 0
# # # xy2 zdxdydz = 151 # x (a – x ) 2
5
2 2
dx
1
= 15 # (t) 52 b –2dt l
0 a2
0
–1
= 30 # t 52 dt
a2
5 0

= 30 > 5
–1 t 2 H
+1

2 + 1 a2
7 0

= – 30 > 7 H
1 t2
2 a2

= – 30 × 7 90 – (a 2) 2 C
1 2 7

1 a7
= – 105 [– a7] = 105
7
\ # # # xy2 zdxdydz = 105
a

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4.40 MatheMatics-i
dzdydx
Q62. evaluate # ## (x + y + z + 1) 3
where V is the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y + z = 1.
V
Answer :
Given integral is,
dz dydx
# ## ( x + y + z + 1) 3
V

Here, V is region bounded by the planes

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1
If y = 0, z = 0
Þ x=1
\ x varies from 0 to 1
If z = 0
Þ x+y=1
Þ y=1–x
\ y varies from 0 to 1 – x.
\ x+y+z=1
Þ z=1–x–y
\ z varies from 0 to 1 – x – y.
1 1–x 1–x–y
1
\ # ## ( x + y + z + 1) 3
dz dy dx = # # # 1
dz dy dx
V
( x + y + z + 1) 3
x=0 y=0 z=0

1 1–x R
S1–x–y VW
SS WW
= # # # SS
SS0
(x + y + z + 1) dzWW dy dx
–3
WW
0 0
T X
1 1 –x
< (x + y + z + 1) F
–2 1–x–y
= # # –2 0
dy dx
0 0

1 1 –x
1
=– 2 # # 7x + y + (1 – x – y) + 1] – 2 – [x + y + 0 + 1] –2A dy dx
0 0

1–x
1
=– 2 # _(2) –2 – (x + y + 1) –2 i dy dx
0

1 1– x
1
=– 2 # ># : 1 – (x + y + 1) –2D dyH
4
0 0

= – 2 = 14 [y]10–x – < (x + y + 1) F G dy dx
–2 + 1 1– x
1
– 2+1 0

1
# = 14 [1 – x] – < (x + y–+1 1) F G dx
–1 1 –x
=– 1
2 0
0
1
1
=– 2 # : 14 (1 – x) + [(x + (1 – x) + 1) –1 – (x + 0 + 1) –1Ddx
0

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.41
1
1
=– 2 # b 14 – 14 x + [2] –1 – (x + 1) –1 ldx
0

1 1 1 1
=–1> (x + 1) dxH
1 1 1 1
2
# 4 dx – # 4 xdx + # 2 dx – #
0 0 0 0

= – 2 < 14 [x]10 – 14 ; x E + 12 5x?10 – 6log (x + 1)@10F

1 2 1
2 0

= – 2 : 4 [1 – 0] – 8 [1 – 0] + 2 [1 – 0] – 6log (1 + 1) – log (1 + 0)@D

1 1 1 1

= – 2 : 4 – 8 + 2 – log 2 + log 1D
1 1 1 1

= – 2 :16 – log 2D
1 10

5 1
= – 16 + 2 log 2

1 5
= 2 log 2 – 16

1 1 5
\ # ## (x + y + z + 1) 3
dz dy dx = 2 log 2 – 16
V

Q63. evaluate ### ^xyzhdz dy dz over the first octant of x 2

+ y2 + z2 = a2.

or

Find the value of # # # (x y z) dx dy dz through the positive spherical octant for which x 2
+ y2 + z2 £
a2

Answer :
Given integral is,

# # # xyz dx dy dz
Equation of sphere is,

x2 + y2 + z2 = a2

Þ z2 = a2 – x2 – y2

Þ z= a 2 – x 2 –y 2

\ z varies from 0 to a 2 – x 2 –y 2

Since, the given integral is on the positive octant of sphere

Þ Equation of circle is x2 + y2 = a2

Þ y2 = a2 – x2

Þ y= a2 – x2

\ y varies from 0 to a 2 – x 2

y=0Þx=0

and x varies from 0 to a

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4.42 MatheMatics-i
a a 2 –x 2 a 2 –x 2 –y 2

\ # # # xyz dx dy dz = # # # xyz dx dy dz
x=0 y=0 z=0

2R VW
a a –x S
2 2 2 2
S a –x –y SS WW
= # # SS # z dzWW xy dx dy
WW
0 0 S 0
T X
2 2
a a –x
a 2 –x 2 –y 2
;z E
2
= # # 2 0
xy dx dy
0 0
2 2
a a –x
< a –x –y – 0F xy dx dy
2 2 2
= # # 2
0 0
2 2
a a –x
1
= 2 # # 7(a 2 –x 2 –y 2) y dyA x dx
0 0
2 2
a a –x
1
= 2 # # 7(a 2 y – x 2 y – y3) dyA x dx
0 0
a a2 – x2
<a y – x y – y F
2 2 2 2 4
1
= 2 # 2 2 4 0
x dx
0
a
# <a – 2 (a – x 2) – 4 (a 2 – x 2) 2 – 0F x dx
2
1 (a 2 – x 2) x 2 2 1
= 2
2
0
a
# <a – 4 (a + x –2a 2 x 2)F x dx
4
1 – a 2 x 2) (a 2 x 2 –x 4) 1 4 4
= 2 –
2 2
0
a
# <2 (a –a 2 x 2 – a 2 x 2 + x 4 ) – ( a 4 + x 4 – 2 a 2 x 2 ) F
4
1
= 2 x dx
4
0
a
1
= 8 # (2a4 x – 2a2 x3 –2a2 x3 + 2x5 – a4 x + x5 + 2a2 x3) dx
0
a
1
= 8 # (a4 x – 2a2 x3 + x5) dx
0

= 8 >a 4 x5 dxH
a a a
1 # xdx – 2a 2
# 3
x dx + #
0 0 0

= 8 <a 4 ; x E – 2a 2 ; x E + ; x E F
1 2 a 4 a 6 a
2 0 4 0 6 0

= 8 ; a [a 2 – 0] – a [a 4 –0] + 1 [a6 – 0]E

1 4 2
2 2 6

= 8 ;a – a + a E
1 6 6 6
2 2 6

= 8 ;a E
1 6
6
a6
= 48
6
\ # # # xyz dx dy dz = 48
a

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.43
2 2
Q64. Find the volume of the cylinder x + y = 25 bounded by the planes z = 1 and x + z = 10.
Answer :
Given that,
Cylinder, x2 + y2 = 25 ... (1)
Planes, z = 1
x + z = 10 ... (2)
Volume of the cylinder is given as

V= # # # dx dy dz ... (3)
V

From equation (2)

z = 10 – x
\ z varies from 1 to 10 – x
From equation (1),
x2 = 25 – y2

Þ x = ± 25 – y 2

\ x varies from – 25 – y 2 to 25 – y 2
y varies from – 5 to 5
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3)
5 25 – y 2 10 – x

V= # # # dx dy dz
–5 – 25 – y 2 1

5 25 – y 2

= # # 5 z?10
1
–x
dy dx
–5 – 25 – y 2

5 25 – y 2

= # # 510 – x – 1? dy dx
–5 – 25 – y 2

5 25 – y 2

= # # 59 – x?dy dx
–5 – 25 – y 2

5
25 – y 2
# ;9x – x2 E–
2
= dy
25 – y 2
–5
5
= # $9 7 25 – y 2 – _ – 25 – y 2 iA – 8_ 25 – y 2 i – _ – 25 – y 2 i B. dy
2 2

–5
5
= # <9.2 25 – y 2 –
(25 – y 2) – (25 – y 2) F
2
dy
–5
5
= 18 #_ 25 – y 2 i dy
–5

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

4.44 MatheMatics-i
As 25 – y 2 is an even function, \ x varies from – 2 to + 2
5 y = ± 4 – x2
V = 18 × 2 #_ 25 – y dy2i

0 \ y varies from – 4 – x 2 to 4 – x2
5
= 36 < y 25 – y + 25 sin –1 y F
2 The volume of the region is given as,

RS
2 2 5 0
V
V= # # # dz dy dx
SS x a2 – x2 a2 x WWW
#
V
2 2
SS a a – x dx = 2 + 2 sin –1 a WW 2 4–x 2 4
SS Here, a = 5 WW
T X = # # # dz dy dx

= 36 << 5 25 – 5 + 25 sin –1 b 5 l – 0FF

2 –2 – 4–x 2 x 2 + y 2

2 2 5 2 4 – x2

# # 5 z?42
= 36 :0 + 2 sin –1 (1)D
25 = dy dx
x + y2
–2 – 4–x 2

25 p
= 36. 2 . 2 2 4 – x2

= 225p = # # 74 – (x 2 + y 2)A dy dx
–2 – 4–x 2
\ Volume of the cylinder = 225p cubic units.
The integrand i.e., 4 – (x2 + y2) is even with respect to
Q65. Find the volume of the region bounded by the
both x and y.
paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4.
2 4 – x2
Answer : \ V = 2× # 2× # (4 – (x 2 + y 2) dy dx
Given that, 0 0
2
2 4–x
Paraboloid, z = x2 + y2 ... (1)
= 4 # # [4 – x 2 – y 2] dy dx
Plane z = 4 ... (2) 0 0

\ 2
z varies from x + y to 4 2 2 4 – x2
<(4 – x 2) y – y F
3

Comparing equations (1) and (2).

= 4 # 3 0
dx
0
x2 + y2 = 4 2
# =4 – x2 7 – 0G dx
3
_ 4 – x2 i
The above equation represents a circle with center at =4 4 – x – 0A –
2
3
0
origin and radius 2 units. 2

Figure illustrates the paraboloid. =4 # <(4 – x2 4 – x2 –

(4 – x 2) ( 4 – x 2 F dx
3
0
z
2
4 –x 2 <4 – x 2 –
( 4 – x 2) F
=4 # 3
dx
0

2
2
=4 # 4 – x 2 3 (4 – x 2) dx
0
2 3
8
y V = 3 # (4 – x2) 2 dx ... (3)
0
x Let,

Figure x = 2sinq
The projection of region on xy plane gives the area of Þ dx = 2cosq dq
the circle x2 + y2 = 4
x=0 Þ q=0
y2 = 4 – x2
p
x=2 Þ q= 2
y=0 Þ x2 = 4
Þ x=±2 \ q varies from 0 to p
2
SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.
Unit-4 Multivariable Calculus (Integration) 4.45
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (3), z
p
2
3
C
8
V = 3 # _ 4 – (2 sin q) 2 i2 2 cos qdq
z = C ;1 – xa – E
0
y
p b
2 3
16
= 3 # ^4 – 4 sin 2 qh 2 cos q dq O
B y
0
A x+y =
a b 1
p
2 3
16
= 3 # 2
4 ^1 – sin 2 qh cos q dq x
0
p Figure
2 3
16 From equation (1)
= 3 # 2
^4 cos 2 qh cos q dq
z x y
c = 1– a – b
0
p
2
Þ z = c c1 – ax – m
16
3 y
= 3 # ^2 2h 2 (cos 2 q) cos q dq b
0
z varies from 0 to c c1 – ax – m
y
p \
2 b
16
= 3 # 8. cos3 q cos q dq Consider xy plane.
0
p Substituting z = 0 in equation (1),
2
128 x y
= 3 # cos 4 q dq a + b =1 ... (2)
0
y x
128 4 – 1 4 – 3 p Þ b = 1– a
= 3 . 4 .4–2.2
R VW Þ y = b b1 – ax l
SSS
p
2 WW
SS W
SSa
n
# n – 1 n – 3 1 p
cos qdq = n . n – 2 .... 2 2 WW
WW
\ y varies from 0 to b b1 – ax l
S 0
T X The projection of tetrahedron in xy plane is the triangle
128 3 1 p x y
= 3 .4.2.2 OAB bounded by x = 0, y = 0, a + b = 1
= 8p cubic units Volume of the tetrahedron is given as,
\ Volume of the region is 8p cubic units. V= # # # dx dy dz
Q66. Find by using triple integrals, the volume of the D
tetrahedron bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, bb1– ax l cc1– a – b m
x y
z = 0 and x + y + z = a. a

or
= # # # dz dy dx
0 0 0

Find the volume the tetrahedron bounded by bb1– ax l

a
5 z?0
x y z cc1 – ax – m
y
the coordinate planes and a + b + c = 1 . = # # b dydx

0 0
Answer :
bb1– ax l
Given planes are, a
;c c1 – x – m – 0E dy dx
y
x y z = # # a b
a +b +c =1 ... (1) 0 0

x=0 bb1– ax l
a
;b1 – x l – E dy dx
y
y=0 =c # # a b
0 0
The region of integration is bounded by the planes
2 bb1 – a l
x
x+ y+z = a
a b c 1 , x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0. =c # <b1 – ax l(y) – 2yb F0
Figure represents the plane OABC. 0

SIA PUblishers AND DistribUtors PVt. ltD.

4.46 MatheMatics-i
a
# <b1– ax lbbb1 – ax ll–:bb1 – ax lD Fdx
3 2
2
y z
=c = ∫ ∫  + yz +  dydz
0 z =0 y =0  2 2

>b b x l – a Hdx
a 2
2
b1 – x l
=c # 1– 2
b 2
= ∫ ∫
3 2
y + 2 yz + z
dydz
0 2b z =0 y =0 2
a
>b1 – ax l – f 1– a p Hdx
2
2 x  2 
= cb # ⇒ I =
1 3
∫  ∫ ( y + 2 yz + z )dy  dz
2 2  y =0
0 z =0  
a
2
bc
= 2 # b1 – ax l dx 1 3 y2 y2 
2

0 = ∫  + 2z + yz  dz
2 z =0 
 2 2  0
RS 2+1 V WWa
SS b1– x l WW
= bc SSS a  22 
3
W 1
2 S 1 W ∫  + z (2) 2 + 2 z  dz
S 2 + 1 b – a l WW0
=
2 z =0  2
 
T X
; E
abc 3 a
6 b1 – a l 0
=– x 1 3
= ∫ (2 + 4z + 2z) dz
2 z =0

= – 6 ;b1 – a l – (1 – 0) 3E
abc 3
3
a 1
abc
=
2 z =0 ∫
(2 + 6 z ) dz
= – 6 (0 – 1)
abc 1  3 
= 6 cubic units ⇒ ∫ (2 + 6 z )dz 
2  z =0
I =
 
\ Volume of the tetrahedron is abc cubic units.
6 3
1  6z 2 
2 z + 
∫∫∫ (xy + yz + zx) dx dy dz, where V is
Q67. evaluate =
2  2 
0
V
1
the region of space bounded by planes by x = 0, = [ 2(3) + 3(3)2]
x = 1, y = 0, y = 2 and z = 0, z = 3. 2
1 33
Answer : = (6 + 27) =
2 2
Given integral is,

∫∫∫ ( xy + yz + zx) dx dy dz
V
Limits
x varies from 0 to 1
y varies from 0 to 2
z varies from 0 to 3.
3 2 1
\ I = ∫ ∫ ∫ (xy + yz + zx) dxdydz
z =0 y =0 x =0

3 2  1 
= ∫ ∫  ∫ ( xy + yz + zx)dx  dydz
z =0 y =0 
 x =0 
1
3  x2
2
x2 
= ∫ ∫ y + xyz + z  dydz
z =0 y =0 
 2 2 
0

3 2  12 12 
= ∫ ∫  y. + (1) yz + z  dydz
z =0 y =0  
 2 2 

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