Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE)

Approximation using Split-Step Fourier (SSF)

Muhammad Ananda Riskillah, Trengginas Eka Putra Sutantyo∗
Theoretical physics laboratory,Department of Physics, Faculty of Math and Natural Science,
Andalas University, Kampus UNAND Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. This study investigates the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE) through a
combination of analytical and numerical approaches to understand soliton dynamics in nonlinear
media. The analytical methods involve the use of the Ansatz technique to derive exact solutions
of the NLSE, emphasizing the role of nonlinearity in modulating wave propagation. These
solutions illustrate the interplay between dispersive and nonlinear effects essential for soliton
formation and stability. Numerical simulations are conducted using the Split Step Fourier
method, which effectively handles the temporal evolution of solitons under various initial
conditions. The numerical results highlight the stability and robustness of solitons, confirming
the analytical predictions. Additionally, the error analysis between analytical and numerical
solutions underscores the importance of accurate initial conditions, revealing consistent error
patterns attributable to initial guess discrepancies. The comprehensive analysis provided by
both methods demonstrates the NLSE’s capability to model intricate wave phenomena, making
it applicable to diverse physical systems, including optical fibers and Bose-Einstein condensates.
This combined approach offers valuable insights into the fundamental characteristics of solitons
and their stability criteria, enhancing our understanding of nonlinear wave dynamics.

1. Introduction
The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE) is a very important equation in the field of
mathematical physics, which extends the classical Schrödinger equation to include nonlinear
effects. This equation describes the evolution of complex wave fields in various nonlinear media,
accounting for intensity-dependent modifications of wave properties [1] [2]. The NLSE is essential
for modeling phenomena where linear approximations are inadequate, such as in systems where
the wave amplitude significantly affects the response of the medium. Its formulation includes
nonlinear terms that typically arise from interactions within the medium, making it a versatile
tool in studying a wide spectrum of physical systems[3].
One of the most significant applications of NLSE is in the field of nonlinear optics, specifically
in describing light propagation in nonlinear media such as optical fibers. In this context,
NLSE effectively models the formation and dynamics of optical solitons-stable, localized wave
packets that can travel long distances without changing shape, thanks to the balance between
dispersion and nonlinearity [4] [5]. These solitons are crucial to modern optical communication
systems, as they enable the transmission of information over very long distances with minimal
signal degradation. In addition, NLSE helps in understanding complex phenomena such as
supercontinuum generation and modulation instability in optical systems [6].
 Outside of optics, NLSE plays an important role in the study of Bose-Einstein condensates
(BEC) [7], where it is often referred to as the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. In this domain, this
equation describes the macroscopic wave function of the condensate, which captures the intri-
cate interplay between nonlinearity and quantum coherence at ultracold temperatures. This
application is crucial for exploring the dynamics of BECs, including vortex formation, solitonic
excitations, and the collective behavior of atoms in condensates [8]. NLSE can also be used in
plasma physics, fluid dynamics, and even financial modeling, underscoring its broad applicabil-
ity and importance in capturing nonlinear phenomena across multiple disciplines. [1]. In this
article we will discuss solving NLS using analytical methods and numerical methods, where the
nonlinear Scroodinger equation generally follows the equation (1) [9][10].

∂ϕ ∂2ϕ
ih + J 2 + C|ϕ|2 ϕ = 0 (1)
∂t ∂ x
Equation (1) illustrates that the first part and the second part are hamiltonian systems with
the first term being the total energy term and the second term being the kinetic energy term,
the constant part being the potential energy term where this term is the term that makes the
equation a nonlinear equation or nonlinear term [11].

2. Analitycal Methods
2.1. Formula of Analitycal Methods
The Ansatz method is a general approach to solving the nonlinear Schrodinger equation that in-
volves proposing a sought-after solution form for a differential equation or other problem. Once
this form of solution is proposed, the unknown parameters in the ansatz are then determined
by inserting them into the original equation and solving the resulting equation [12].

ϕ = α(x, t) exp{i[θ(x, t) + nt]} (2)

The solution of this equation can be determined by the ansatz method where we will use the
parameters α and θ which are real functions and the constant C which is also a real function
[13]. To solve the above equation, substitute equation (1) and equation (2) to get the complex
solution where the complex solution will be separated into real and imaginary solutions of the
function [42][43].

i exp{i(θ + nt)}(h̄at +2Jax θx +Jaθxx )+exp{i(θ + nt)}(−h̄a(θt +n)+Jaxx −Jaθx2 +ca3 ) = (3)
By considering a soliton traveling from x with velocity v, we will get the equation of traveling
moving soliton and will simplify equation (3).

a(x, t) = a(x − vt) = a(ξ) (4)

θ(x, t) = θ(x − vt) = θ(ξ) (5)
∂q ∂a ∂ξ
= = aξ (6)
∂x ∂ξ ∂x
∂2a ∂aξ
2
= = aξξ (7)
∂ x ∂x
The same in equations 5 and 6 can be done to get θξ and θξξ . By simplifying equation (3) using
equations (6) and (7) as well as the obtained θ equation, the new NLSE soliton equation can be
written into real and imaginary parts.
Real part:
Jaξξ + a(h̄vθx i − h̄n − Jθx2 i) + ca3 = 0 (8)
Imaginary part:
Jaθξξ − h̄vaξ + 2Jaξ θξ = 0 (9)
Consider the equation (8) on the real part of the solution of the NLSE equation. To get the
simple equation in the real part, we need to define a new equation which is a simplification of
the constants and variables in equation (3).

A1 h̄v
θξ = 2
+ (10)
2Ja 2J

The equation (10) that has been obtained is then subsumed into the equation (8) to get a simpler
solution to the equation where we recognize the new symbol A1 which is a free constant.

h̄2 v 2 A2
Jaξξ = (nh̄ − )a + ( 1 3 − ca3 ) (11)
4J 4Ja

By multiplying both segments by 2aξ , the equation (11) can be written as:

h̄2 v 2 A2 aξ
2Jaξ aξξ = (nh̄ − )2aaξ + 1 3 − ca3 aξ (12)
4J 2Ja

Or in differential notation as:

d h̄2 v 2 d 2 A2 d c d 4
(Ja2ξ ) = (nh̄ − ) (a ) − 1 (a−2 ) − (a ) (13)
dξ 4J dξ 4 dξ 2 dξ

By moving all the variables of equation (13) to the left-hand side then multiply the segment by
4a2 and integrating both segments over ξ, we get a new equation with the right-hand side =0.

h̄2 v 2 2 2
4Ja2 a2ξ − (nh̄ − )(a ) + A21 + 2c(a2 )3 − 4a2 k = 0 (14)
4J

With k being a constant of free integration. By defining the value of a2 ≡ S then Sξ = 2aaξ ,
thus equation (14) becomes:

h̄2 v 2 2 2
J(2aaξ )2 − 4(nh̄ − )(a ) + A21 + 2c(a2 )3 − 4ka2 = 0 (15)
4J
h̄2 v 2 2
JSξ2 − 4(nh̄ − )S + A21 + 2cS 3 − 4kS = 0 (16)
4J
Equation (16) is a simpler result of equation (14) which if you multiply both segments by 2c
2 2 A2
and suppose that A2 ≡ 2c (nh̄ − h̄4Jv ), −B1 ≡ 2c1 , and B2 ≡ 2k c so that a new form is obtained:

JSξ2
= A2 S 2 + B1 − S 3 + B2 S (17)
2c

Or in differential form it can be written as:

r
∂S 2c 2 2
= (A S + B1 − S 3 + B2 S) (18)
∂ξ J
 We will find the solution of equation (18) by defining a localized soliton where S(−∞) and
S(∞) =0. These two definitions will make the constants B0 = B1 = B2 = 0.

dS 1 dS
dξ = q =q q (19)
2c 2 2 2CA2 S 2 S
j (A S − S3) J
1− A2

Equation (19) can be continued by integrating the two segments, before that we will simplify the
equation into AS2 ≡ ω 2 then A
dS dS q1
2 = 2ωdω and dω = A2 ( S
) so the simpler equation becomes:
2
A2

r
2J 1 dω
dξ = √ (20)
C A ω 1 − ω2

√dx
R
By integrating the equation (20) and taking the integral property of x 1−x2
= arcsech (x),
the equation can be rewritten as:
Z r Z
2J 1 dω
dξ = √ (21)
C A ω 1 − ω2
r
2J 1
ξ= arcsech(ω) (22)
A A
Thus we get the form:
r
2 2 C
ω = sech ( Aξ) (23)
2J
S
And by using the initial statement that ω 2 = and S = α2 then we will get the solution for
A2
α in NLSE. r
C
α = A sech ( Aξ) (24)
2J
After obtaining the equation for α, we will subsitute equation (24) to equation (1) and get the
full form of the unnormalized NLSE solution.
r
C
ψ(x, t) = A sech ( Aξ) exp{i(θ(x, t) + nt)} (25)
2J

A1 h̄v
Since the equation is still in terms of θ we will convert it using the θξ = 2JA2
+ 2J with A1 = 0
h̄v
then θξ = 2J property and integrate it to get it:

h̄v
θ(ξ) = vξ (26)
2J

so the complete solution of NLSE is:

r
h̄v 2
 
C h̄v
ϕ(x, t) = A sech ( Aξ) exp i( x − ( )t (27)
2J 2J 2J − n

The simple complete solution of the above equation can be simplified by using the terms
 q
C 2 2 h̄2 v 2 h̄v h̄v 2
Λ = 2J A, A = c (nh̄ − 4J ), k = 2J , and ω = 2J − n. The above equation is a one-
dimensional soliton motion trajectory equation that moves along the x-axis with the constant
Λ which is the soliton wave constant. This equation can be used to get an overview of the
movement and intensity graph of the soliton [14].

ϕ(x, t) = A sech(Λ(x − vt)) exp{i(kx − wt} (28)

Where A is a real function indicating the amplitude of the waveform, v is the speed of wave
propagation where is an arbitrary non-zero constant, k is a constant indicating nonlinear re-
fractive index saturation, ω is the angular frequency of the wave and t is the time of wave
propagation [15].Equation (28) is the unnormalized NLSE solution. Take the range for solitons
with x = −∞ and x = ∞. so we can normalize the NLSE by integrating the compressive
function ϕ over the whole space.

Z ∞
ϕ(x, t)ϕ∗ (x, t) = 1 (29)
−∞
Z ∞
A2 sech2 (Λ(x − vt)) = 1 (30)
∞
r
Λ
A= (31)
2

Substitute equation (31) into equation (28) to get the normalized complete solution.

r
Λ
ϕ(x, t) = sech(Λ(x − vt)) exp{i(kx − wt)} (32)
2

2.2. Result of Analytical Methods

Equation (32)√ can be done analytical calculations by taking the constant value ω = 0.3 rad/s,
k = 1, Λ = 2, v = 2 m/s, t = 10s, and bandwidth x = 25m with iteration pause is 2, the
calculation results are obtained as in table (1).

Table 1. Analitycal Methods Approximation of Intensity.

Time (s) Intensity(Max) Intensity(Min)
0 0.8408085 -0.0440028
0.5 0.6570396 -0.1435100
1 0.305987 -0.4066295
1.5 0.1007026 -0.746995
2 0.0632836 -0.821916
Table (1) which contains the maximum and minimum values of the intensity can be plotted
on the graph of the intensity curve against x at each time and Equation (32) is the complete
analytical solution of NLSE which can be used to find the numerical solution, we can plot the
complete solution on the graph of the relationship of ϕ(x, t) against x.

Figure 1. Soliton Intensity Graph.

Figure 1 shows that the soliton at x = 0 soliton intensity changes to 0. The maximum amplitude
or minimum intensity is after x = 0 or called Kink. The minimum amplitude or minimum
intensity is at the time before x = 0 or called Anti-Kink [37]-[39].
3. Numerical Methods
The Split Step Fourier (SSF) method is a numerical technique often used in signal processing
and wave modeling to solve nonlinear partial differential equations. The method splits the cal-
culation steps into two main stages: a linear step that uses the Fourier transform to handle the
linear part of the equation, and a nonlinear step that uses an iterative approach to handle the
nonlinear part. By separating these steps, the Split Step Fourier method enables efficient and
numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations, often used in various applications
such as optical, acoustic, and quantum wave modeling [20]-[25].

The NLSE equation with SSF method in this NLSE divides the wave evolution into two main
steps: a linear step that uses the Fourier transform to handle the linear part of the equation, and
a nonlinear step that processes the interactions between waves iteratively in the spatial domain
[21][22].

3.1. Non-linear Scrodinger equations transform

The SSF method on nonlinear partial differential equations starts from examining the solution
of nonlinear partial differential equations with the general equation can be written as:
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
2
= −iJ/(h̄) − C|ϕ|2 ϕ = (L̂ + N̂ )ϕ (33)
∂x ∂t

Equation (33) can be written in linear and nonlinear terms where L̂ is the linear NLSE term
and N̂ is the nonlinear NLSE term which we can write as:
∂ 2 ϕL J ∂ϕ
2
= −i = L̂ϕ (34)
∂x h̄ ∂t
∂ 2 ϕN C
2
= −i |ϕ|2 ϕ = N̂ ϕ (35)
∂x h̄
Equations (34) and (35) are equations that express the linear operator L̂ and the nonlinear
operator N̂ with both operators can be applied to the NLSE solution [28].The initial NLSE
solution where the time t = 0 is set, ϕ(x, 0) is given by Equations:

ϕ(x, 0) = exp (−x2 ) exp{(i ∗ 2x)}


(36)

We will apply the linear operator L̂ in the fourier domain using the fourier transform of ϕ(x, t).
 
J 2
L̂ = ϕL (k, t + ∆t) = ϕ(k, t) exp (i k ∆t) (37)
h̄

Or in the matrix index equation given by:

m X
n m X
n  
X X J 2
ϕL (ki , t + ∆tj ) = ϕ(ki , tj ) exp (i k ∆tj ) (38)
h̄
j=0 i=0 j=0 i=0

Meanwhile, we can also solve the linear operator by applying the solution of the partial differ-
ential equation of order 2 so that the equation (35) can be written as:
 
C
N̂ = ϕN (x, t) = ϕ(x, 0) exp (−i |ϕ|2 )t (39)
h̄
The N̂ operator in equation (39) can be applied to the fourier domain and add iteration steps
with i and j being the matrix iteration steps using t = t + .∆t so that the new Fourier transform
can be written as:
m X
n m n
X ∆tj XX ∆tj
ϕN (ki , t + )= F(ϕ(xi , t + )) (40)
2 2
j=0 k=0 j=0 k=0

To obtain the complete numerical solution we need to inverse the Fourier transform to obtain
the equation for the non-linear operator and implement it into NLSE.

ϕN (x, t + ∆t) = F −1 (ϕN (k, t + ∆t)) (41)

Next we substitute the inverse Fourier transform result in equation (41) into the initial non-
linear operator equation (39) at any time t.

 
C ∆t 2 ∆t
ϕ(x, t + ∆t) = ϕ(x, t + ∆t) exp (−i |ϕ(x, t + )| ) (42)
h̄ 2 2

or in numerical iteration this equation becomes:

m X
n m X
n  
X X C ∆tj 2 ∆tj
ϕ(xi , t + ∆tj ) = ϕ(xi , t + ∆tj ) exp (−i |ϕ(xi , t + )| ) (43)
h̄ 2 2
j=0 i=0 j=0 i=0

Equation (43) is the final equation of the numerical solution for the operator N̂ and both
numerical solutions of this operator can be described by Fourier steps with t increments every
1
2 t.Where, the non-linear operator that depends on the function ϕ is calculated on the resulting
ϕ resulting from the previous operator step [40].

Figure 2. Time and position grid.

Figure 2 illustrates the iteration scheme of each grid of position and time grids incremented
every ∆t
2 which means the iteration will be updated every half unit of time.
3.2. Iteration Flowchart and Pseudocode
The flowchart will simply display the iteration scheme for each time of the SSF method that we
use. The flowchart will start with the user’s initial input of constants and will simply be included
in the program. The program will calculate itself how to calculate the SSF method applied in
NLSE where the user will input the iteration scheme and the numpy module to convert the
initial domain to the Fourier domain.

Figure 3. SSF Methods Flowchart

The algorithm in the flowchart figure 3 can be done easily using the open-source python pro-
gramming language by using 2 external modules, namely matplotlib and numpy.
 Pseudocode of the numerical solution of NLSE using Split-Step Fourier with the open-source
programming language python and using the numpy and matplotlib modules with an iteration
rate every time ∆t
2 .
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#Constant
hbar,J,C,L = (1.0545718*10**(-34))/2*np.pi,1.0,1.0,10.0
N = 1000
dx = L / N
dt = 0.01 #Time Approx
T = 2 #Total Time
x = np.linspace(-L/2, L/2, N)
k = 2 * np.pi * np.fft.fftfreq(N, d=dx) #frequency
def initial_condition(x):
return np.exp(-x**2) * np.exp(1j * 2 * x)
#Nonlinear-Step
def nonlinear_step(psi, dt):
return psi * np.exp(-1j * C * (psi)**2 * dt)
#Linear Step
def linear_step(psi, dt):
psi_k = np.fft.fft(psi)
psi_k *= np.exp(-1j * J * (k**2) * dt)
return np.fft.ifft(psi_k)
psi = initial_condition(x)
intensity = np.zeros((int(T/dt), N))
#Iteration
for i in range(int(T/dt)):
psi = nonlinear_step(psi, dt/2)
psi = linear_step(psi, dt)
psi = nonlinear_step(psi, dt/2)
intensity[i, :] = (psi)**2
times_to_plot = [0, int(0.5/dt), int(1.0/dt), int(1.5/dt), int(T/dt) - 1] # Time Index
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
for t in times_to_plot:
plt.plot(x, intensity[t, :], label=f’t = {t*dt:.2f}’)
plt.xlabel(’Position x’)
plt.ylabel(’Intensity |psi|^2’)
plt.title(’Soliton Intensity Graph’)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
This program can easily calculate the intensity value of ϕ against time where the time range can
be taken from 0 to 2 seconds. This program will divide the position grid as many as 1000 grids
with the distance between the grids given is 0.01 m whose schematic can be seen in the figure 2

3.3. Result of Numerical Methods

After the analytical calculation by the computer, we will get the maximum and minimum
intensity at each time which is shown in Table 2.
 Table 2. Numerical Methods Approximation of Intensity.
Time (s) Intensity(Max) Intensity(Min)
0 0.997152 -0.390213
0.5 0.383858 -0.473498
1 0.251434 -0.241790
1.5 0.218675 -0.180064
2 0.275370 -0.221719

The results from Table (2) can be plotted on the graph of the soliton intensity relationship at
each time with the input constants being J and C with each value being 1. and the value of h̄
is 1.0545718 ∗ 10−34 /2π which is shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. Soliton Intensity Graph.

The graph in figure 4 shows that the soliton has the highest intensity value at x = 0 and t = 0
which is the embodiment of the kink soliton, and will decrease exponentially until 0 < x < 0
and will increase again at a certain value of x. When the time value t is increased by 0.5 s, the
soliton will have a value in the range x > 0 and so on.

4. Analysis
Figures 1 and 4 are found to have similarities when the time value t = 0 and position value
x = 0 where at these values the graph shows that the soliton will tend to form kink solitons,
and anti-kink solitons with maximum values almost reaching 1 and minimum values above -0.4.

A kink soliton is a stable solution of a non-linear differential equation that describes a wave
or disturbance that maintains its shape while moving at a constant velocity. These phenomena
arise in various fields of physics especially non-linear optics where they can describe sharp tran-
sitions or changes in the field structure or system variables [25]-[27].

Figure 4 shows irregular results for time t > 0s where when t = 0.5s the intensity value
has the highest minimum value at x = 2. The change for t = 1s the value of t becomes more
unstable, The comparison of soliton intensity values for time t = 0 and x values ranging from
−5 to 5 can be shown by the following table.

Table 3. comparison of soliton intensity of the two methods at t = 0.

x Intensity(Analitical) Intensity(Numerical)
-5 0.0004051 0.000000
-4 -0.003840 0.000000
-3 -0.023919 0.000000
-2 -0.04122 0.000020
-1 0.20858 -0.075163
0 0.840896 0.977777
1 0.208585 -0.112144
2 -0.04122 -0.000150
3 -0.023919 0.000000
4 -0.003840 0.000000
5 0.0004051 0.000000

It can be seen in table (3) that the intensity value at a predetermined time at t = 0 has a clear
difference for the intensity before x = −2 to after x = 2 where the maximum intensity value of
the soliton in both solutions is the same at x = 0 with an error difference between data of about
16.3%, this difference is due to the value of the soliton constants entered, there are differences
in the value of the diffusion coefficient and other coefficients. Other differences are also related
to the provision of initial values and boundary conditions between the two [41][36].

The nonlinear effect of the equation makes the graph 1 of the maximum value shrink over
time, in contrast to the minimum value where the minimum value increases over time according
to the observations in table 1. This nonlinear effect will repeat periodically where when t > 2
will also impact the same graph periodically. For the graph in figure 4, the nonlinear effect
is much greater than before, where at t > 0.5s the nonlinear effect is very clearly visible, this
can occur due to differences in input constants in analytical results and numerical results[28]-[31].

Research conducted by Weizhu Bao (2012) [34], using the nonlinear Schrodinger equation
by giving different initial values and constants, obtained the graph in fig (5.3) that this graph
shows the temporal evolution of the solution amplitude, which gradually reaches a stationary
state after some time. The initial value given affects the initial shape of the solution, while the
time evolution shows how the solution changes and eventually reaches a stable state. [32]-[34]

In this study, it is found that the initial value also affects the initial shape of the solution,
as evidenced by the difference in the initial value for the analytical solution in Figure 1 and
the simplified analytical solution in Figure 4 in Table (2), it is also found that the initial value
affects the initial shape of the graph, both graphs also show the time evolution until they reach
a stationary state.

The research conducted by Weizhu Bao (2012) [34] in Figure (5.3) and Figure (5.4) discusses
the temporal evolution of two type II dark solitons (D2-D2) in the nonlinear Schrödinger equa-
tion. Whereas in figures 1 and 4 generate the time evolution of kink solitons and anti-kink
solitons. Both solitons have different shapes where the bright and dark solitons are usually
”bell” shaped, while the kink soliton can be ”ladder” or transition shaped.[30]

As seen above, the choice of step size and temporal/spectral window depends on the Nyquist
Theorem, specific pulse propagation conditions, and the amount of error that can be tolerated,
errors in the numerical results may occur if the nonlinear iterations are different from what they
should be. In addition, the numerical error is also similar to the analytical error, which is when
taking an initial guess of the value. The same error in analytics can occur if we take an erroneous
initial guess, here we use the ansatz principle where the initial guess condition greatly affects
the final result in the calculation[31]-[33].

5. Conclution
In this study, we explore the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE) by using analytical and
numerical methods. The NLSE extends the classical Schrödinger equation by incorporating
nonlinear effects, making it a versatile tool for modeling various physical systems where linear
approximations are inadequate. Through the Ansatz method, we derive solution forms for the
NLSE, demonstrating the applicability of the equation in describing complex wave phenomena,
such as solitons in optical fibers.

Our analysis reveals the significant impact of nonlinearity on wave propagation, highlighting
the balance between dispersion and nonlinearity that is essential for soliton stability. Numerical
simulations further illustrate the periodic nature of nonlinear effects and the importance of ac-
curate initial conditions in predicting system behavior. These findings underscore the important
role of NLSE in advancing our understanding of nonlinear systems across multiple disciplines,
including optics, quantum mechanics, and plasma physics.

6. References
[1] Kruglov, V.I., Peacock, A.C. and Harvey, J.D., 2003. Exact self-similar solutions of the generalized nonlinear
Schrodinger equation with distributed coefficients. Physical Review Letters, 90(11), pp.113902-113902.
[2] Kartashov, Y.V., Malomed, B.A. and Torner, L., 2011. Solitons in nonlinear lattices. Reviews of Modern
Physics, 83(1), pp.247-305.
[3] Seadawy, A.R., Rizvi, S.T. and Ahmed, S., 2023. Solitons collision and multi-peak solutions for a new (3+ 1)-
dimensional NLSE describing pulse propagation in optical fibers. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55(5),
p.467.
[4] Aslan, E.C. and Mustafa Inc, 2017. Soliton solutions of NLSE with quadratic-cubic nonlinearity and stability
analysis. Waves in Random and Complex Media, 27(4), pp.594-601.
[5] Yin, Y.H. and Lü, X., 2023. Dynamic analysis on optical pulses via modified PINNs: Soliton solutions, rogue
waves and parameter discovery of the CQ-NLSE. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical
Simulation, 126, p.107441.
[6] Arora, G., Rani, R. and Emadifar, H., 2022. Numerical solutions of nonlinear Schrodinger equation with
applications in optical fiber communication. Optik, 266, p.169661.
[7] Ozisik, M., 2022. On the optical soliton solution of the ((1+1)) dimensional perturbed NLSE in optical nano-
fibers. Optik, 250, p.168233.
[8] Radhakrishnan, R. and Lakshmanan, M., 1995. Bright and dark soliton solutions to coupled nonlinear
Schrodinger equations. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 28(9), p.2683.
[9] Kuksin, S. and Poschel, J., 1996. Invariant Cantor manifolds of quasi-periodic oscillations for a nonlinear
Schrodinger equation. Annals of Mathematics, 143(1), pp.149-179.
[10] Bishop, A.R. and Schneider, T. eds., 2012. Solitons and Condensed Matter Physics: Proceedings of the
Symposium on Nonlinear (Soliton) Structure and Dynamics in Condensed Matter, Oxford, England, June
27–29, 1978 (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.
[11] Kamvissis, S., McLaughlin, K.D.R., Miller, P.D. and Miller, P.D., 2003. Semiclassical Soliton Ensembles for
the Focusing Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (AM-154) (No. 154). Princeton University Press.
[12] Nuruddeen, R.I., 2017. Elzaki decomposition method and its applications in solving linear and nonlinear
Schrodinger equations. Sohag Journal of Mathematics, 4(2), pp.1-5.
[13] Herzallah, M.A. and Gepreel, K.A., 2012. Approximate solution to the time–space fractional cubic nonlinear
Schrodinger equation. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(11), pp.5678-5685.
[14] Kato, T., 1987. On nonlinear Schrödinger equations. In Annales de l’IHP Physique théorique (Vol. 46, No.
1, pp. 113-129).
[15] Hasegawa, A., 2000. Soliton-based optical communications: An overview. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics
in Quantum Electronics, 6(6), pp.1161-1172.
[16] Tzvetkov, N., 2006. Invariant measures for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation on the disc. arXiv preprint
math/0603112.
[17] Jones, C.A., Putterman, S.J. and Roberts, P.H., 1986. Motions in a bose condensate. v. stability of solitary
wave solutions of non-linear schrodinger equations in two and three dimensions. Journal of Physics A:
Mathematical and General, 19(15), p.2991.
[18] Maimistov, A.I., 2010. Solitons in nonlinear optics. Quantum electronics, 40(9), p.756.
[19] Kenig, C.E. and Merle, F., 2006. Global well-posedness, scattering and blow-up for the energy-critical,
focusing, non-linear Schrodinger equation in the radial case. arXiv preprint math/0610266.
[20] Wazwaz, A.M., 2006. Exact solutions for the fourth order nonlinear Schrodinger equations with cubic and
power law nonlinearities. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 43(7-8), pp.802-808.
[21] Tian, F., Wang, Y. and Li, Z., 2024. Numerical Simulation of Soliton Propagation Behavior for the Fractional-
in-Space NLSE with Variable Coefficients on Unbounded Domain. Fractal and Fractional, 8(3), p.163.
[22] Helgason, Ó.B., Girardi, M., Ye, Z., Lei, F., Schröder, J. and Torres-Company, V., 2023. Surpassing the
nonlinear conversion efficiency of soliton microcombs. Nature Photonics, 17(11), pp.992-999.
[23] Popov, S.P., 2015. Numerical analysis of soliton solutions of the modified Korteweg-de Vries-sine-Gordon
equation. Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 55, pp.437-446.
[24] Serkin, V.N. and Hasegawa, A., 2002. Exactly integrable nonlinear Schrodinger equation models with varying
dispersion, nonlinearity and gain: application for soliton dispersion. IEEE Journal of selected topics in
Quantum Electronics, 8(3), pp.418-431.
[25] Muramatsu, M. and Nagatani, T., 1999. Soliton and kink jams in traffic flow with open boundaries. Physical
Review E, 60(1), p.180.
[26] Rashedi, K.A., Noor, S., Alshammari, T.S. and Khan, I., 2024. Lump and kink soliton phenomena of
Vakhnenko equation. AIMS Mathematics, 9(8), pp.21079-21093.
[27] Farag, N.G., Eltanboly, A.H., El-Azab, M.S. and Obayya, S.S.A., 2021. On the Analytical and Numerical
Solutions of the One-Dimensional Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation. Mathematical Problems in Engineering,
2021(1), p.3094011.
[28] Amiranashvili, S., Čiegis, R. and Radziunas, M., 2015. NUMERICAL METHODS FOR A CLASS OF
GENERALIZED NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS. Kinetic & Related Models, 8(2).
[29] El-Tantawy, S.A., Salas, A.H. and Alharthi, M.R., 2021. On the analytical and numerical solutions of
the linear damped NLSE for modeling dissipative freak waves and breathers in nonlinear and dispersive
mediums: An application to a pair-ion plasma. Frontiers in Physics, 9, p.580224.
[30] Antoine, X., Bao, W. and Besse, C., 2013. Computational methods for the dynamics of the nonlinear
Schrödinger/Gross–Pitaevskii equations. Computer Physics Communications, 184(12), pp.2621-2633.
[31] Alanazi, A.A.K., 2022. Numerical simulation of the nonlinear schrodinger equation using stable implicit finite
difference methods (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).
[32] Bao, W., Cai, Y., Jia, X. and Yin, J., 2016. Error estimates of numerical methods for the nonlinear Dirac
equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime. Science China Mathematics, 59, pp.1461-1494.
[33] Bao, W. and Zhao, X., 2019. Comparison of numerical methods for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in
the nonrelativistic limit regime. Journal of Computational Physics, 398, p.108886.
[34] Bao, W., Tang, Q. and Xu, Z., 2013. Numerical methods and comparison for computing dark and bright
solitons in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 235, pp.423-445.
[35] Semenova, A., Dyachenko, S.A., Korotkevich, A.O. and Lushnikov, P.M., 2021. Comparison of split-step and
Hamiltonian integration methods for simulation of the nonlinear Schrödinger type equations. Journal of
Computational Physics, 427, p.110061.
[36] Taha, T.R. and Ablowitz, M.I., 1984. Analytical and numerical aspects of certain nonlinear evolution
equations. II. Numerical, nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Journal of computational physics, 55(2), pp.203-
230.
[37] Abdullah, Z., Ripai, A., Musyayyadah, H.A., Sutantyo, T.E.P., Syafwan, M., Hidayat, W., Halif, M.N.A.
and Katti, A., 2024. Temporal behavior of diffusion-trapped Airy beams in photorefractive media. Optics
Communications, 550, p.129930.
[38] Abdullah, Z., Ripai, A., Musyayyadah, H.A., Sutantyo, T.E.P., Syafwan, M., Hidayat, W., Katti, A. and
Halif, M.N.A., 2023. Temporal behavior of bright and dark spatial solitons in photorefractive crystals
having both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects based on low amplitude approximations. Optik,
284, p.170871.
[39] Abdullah, Z., Sutantyo, T.E.P., Syafwan, M., Ripai, A., Musyayyadah, H.A. and Halif, M.N.A., 2023. An
Exact Solution of Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation in a Lossy Fiber System Using Direct Solution Method.
Jurnal Ilmu Fisika, 15(1), pp.13-21.
[40] Ripai, A., Sutantyo, T.E., Abdullah, Z., Syafwan, M. and Hidayat, W., 2021, April. Effect of ansatz on
soliton propagation pattern in photorefractive crystals. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1876,
No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing.
[41] Ripai, A., Abdullah, Z., Syafwan, M. and Hidayat, W., 2021, April. Application of the split-step Fourier
method in investigating a bright soliton solution in a photorefractive crystal. In AIP Conference Proceedings
(Vol. 2331, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
[42] Sutantyo, T.E., Ripai, A., Abdullah, Z. and Hidayat, W., 2021, April. Nonlinear dynamics of modified
peyrard-bishop DNA model in nosé-hoover thermostat. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1876,
No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.
[43] Abdullah, Z., Ripai, A., Syafwan, M. and Hidayat, W., 2023. Traveling wave solutions for explicit-time
nonlinear photorefractive dynamics equation. Nonlinear Dynamics, 111(17), pp.16515-16526.