Paul E. Johnson, Gary J. Miller, John H.
Aldrich (1994), American Government: People,
Institutions and Policies, Cengage Learning: Boston, MA.
Vicki L. Hesli (2007), Governments and Politics in Russia and the Post-Soviet Region, Houghton
Mifflin Company: Boston.
Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the
Examination Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 18: India’s Foreign Policy: Challenges and
Strategies
Credit distribution, Eligibility and Pre-requisites of the Course
Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-
Code course criteria requisite of
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ the course
Practice (if any)
India’s 4 3 1 - Passed Nil
Foreign Class XII
Policy:
Challenges
and
Strategies
DSC 18
Learning Objectives
This course seeks to equip students to engage with the key sources, theoretical underpinnings,
and the structural/functional dimensions of the foreign policymaking processes in India. Theoretical
grounding will apprise students about the shift in India’s identity as a postcolonial state to an
‘emerging power’ in the contemporary multipolar world. It will familiarize the students with the
domestic, regional and international drivers and constraints; how these intersect and have shaped
the evolution and practice of India’s foreign policy. Students will learn about critical issues and
developments of its foreign policy at the bilateral, regional, and global levels with a special focus
on India’s bargaining strategies and positioning in international climate change negotiations,
international economic governance and international security regimes. It will develop analytical
skills among the students to comprehend the impending foreign policy conundrums and give
students a basic yet nuanced understanding of India's opportunities and challenges in its foreign
policymaking in the contemporary world.
Learning outcomes
At the end of this course, the students would have acquired:
∉ basic knowledge of the sources, theoretical perspectives and key drivers of
India’s foreign policy.
∉ analyse the opportunities and challenges India faces in securing its interests as
an emerging global power.
∉ an insight about India’s position in changing global power equations particularly
its bilateral ties with powerful nations like the US and Russia along with India’s
largest neighbour, China.
∉ an enhanced understanding of India’s sub-regional, regional, and global issues
of concern.
138
∉ grasp of India’s negotiation strategies in dealing with global trade, environment,
and security regimes.
∉ recognise the ways in which India deploys its soft power in the world.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-18
UNIT – I (10 Hours)
India’s Foreign Policy: As a postcolonial state
a. Sources of India’s Foreign Policy
b. Theorizing India’s Foreign Policy
c. Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy: Domestic and International
d. From Non-Alignment to Strategic Engagements in a Multipolar World
UNIT – II (9 Hours)
India and the Changing Global Power Equations
a. India and the USA
b. India and Russia
c. India and China
UNIT – III (9 Hours)
India in South Asia: Issues and Challenges
a. Issues: Land and boundary, Migration, and Refugee crisis
b. Debating Regional Strategies: SAARC and BIMSTEC
UNIT – IV (10 Hours)
Challenges of India’s Foreign Policy in the Global Domain
a. Negotiating Styles and Strategies: Trade, Security and Climate Change
b. India’s Engagements in Multilateral Forums: BRICS
UNIT – V (7 Hours)
India as an Emerging Power
a. India in the Changing International Order
b. Soft power diplomacy
Essential/recommended readings
Unit 1: India’s Foreign Policy: As a postcolonial state
1.a. Sources of India’s Foreign Policy
Essential Readings
Shahi, D. (2019). Kautilya and Non-Western IR Theory. Switzerland: Palgrave Pivot, pp. 95-
126.
Rajagopalan, S. (2014). “Grand Strategic Thought” in the Ramayana and Mahabharata. In
Kanti Bajpai, Saira Basit and V. Krishnappa (eds.), India’s Grand Strategy: History, Theory,
Cases (1st ed.,) (pp. 31-62). New Delhi: Routledge.
Additional Readings
Jaishankar, S. (2021). The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World. New Delhi: Harper
Collins India, pp. 45-68.
139
Narlikar, A., & Narlikar, A. (2014). Bargaining with a Rising India: Lessons from the
Mahabharata. Oxford: OUP, pp. 1-23.
Dixit, J.N. (1998). Across Borders: Fifty Years of India’s Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Thomson
Press, pp. 1-13.
Menon, S. (2021). India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present. Penguin Random House.
pp. 11-36.
1.b. Theorizing India’s Foreign Policy
Essential Readings
Thakur, V. (2012). Indian Foreign Policy. In Bhupinder S. Chimni & Siddharth Mallavarapu
(eds.), International Relations: Perspectives for the Global South (1st ed., pp. 39-53). New
Delhi: Pearson.
Bajpai, K. (2015). Five Approaches to the Study of Indian Foreign Policy. In David M. Malone,
C. Raja Mohan, & S. Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy (pp.
21-34). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Additional Readings
Mallavarapu, Siddharth. (2015). Theorizing India's Foreign Relations, in David M. Malone and
C. Raja Mohan and S. Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy.
United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, pp. 35-48.
Chacko, Priya. 2019. Constructivism and Indian Foreign Policy. In Harsh Pant (ed.), New
Directions in India’s Foreign Policy: Theory and Praxis (pp. 48-66). Cambridge University
Press.
1.c. Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy: Domestic and International
Essential Readings
Raghavan, P.S. (2020). National Security Determinants of Foreign Policy. In Arvind Gupta &
Anil Wadhwa (eds.), India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World (pp. 34-44). New
Delhi: Sage Publications.
Bandyopadhyay, J. (2003) Making of India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, pp.
29-80.
Additional Readings
Appadorai, A. (1981). The Domestic Roots of India’s Foreign Policy. New Delhi: OUP, pp. 1-
26.
Zajaczkowski, J. (2014). India’s Foreign Policy Following the Cold War Year. In Jacub
Zajaczkowski, Jivanta Schottli, & Manish Thapa (eds.), India in the Contemporary World:
Polity, Economy, and International Relations (pp.265-308). New Delhi: Routledge.
Sahni, Varun. (2007). India's Foreign Policy: Key drivers. The South African Journal of
International Affairs,14 (2), 21-35.
1.d. From Non-Alignment to Strategic Engagements in a Multipolar World
Essential Readings
Mishra, K.P. (1981). Towards Understanding Non-alignment. International Studies, 20 (1-2),
23-37.
Pant, H.V., & Super, J.M. (2015). India’s ‘non-alignment’ conundrum: a twentieth- century
policy in a changing world. International Affairs, 91(4), 747-764.
Hall, Ian (2019). Modi and the Reinvention of Indian Foreign Policy. Bristol: Bristol University
Press, pp. 21-40.
Additional Readings
Kaura, V. (2021). Debating the Relevance of Non-alignment in Indian Diplomacy. India
Quarterly, 77 (3), 501-506.
Tripathi, S. (2020). India’s Foreign Policy Dilemma over Non-Alignment 2.0. Mathura Road:
Sage Publications, pp. 99-145.
140
Saran, S. (2015). India’s Contemporary Plurilateralism. In David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan,
& S. Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy (pp.623-635), Oxford:
OUP.
Roy, G. S. (2021). ASEAN in India's Act East Policy. In M. Mayilvaganan (ed.), ASEAN and
India–ASEAN Relations Navigating Shifting Geopolitics. London: Routledge, pp. 91-106.
Panda, J. P. (2021). India's Indo-Pacific Prism Finding Strategic Autonomy in the Face of
Chinese Adventurism. In Brendon J. Cannon & Kei Hakata (eds.), Indo-Pacific Strategies
Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age (pp.62-80). London: Routledge.
Unit 2: India and the Changing Global Power Equations
2.a. India and the USA
Essential Readings
Tellis, Ashley J. (2013). The Transforming US-Indian Relationship and Its Significance for
American Interests. In Kanti P. Bajpai and Harsh V. Pant (eds.), India's Foreign Policy: A
Reader (pp. 303-320). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Pande, Aparna. (2021). Natural Allies. In Shweta Dhaliwal (ed.) , Indo-US Relations: Steering
through the Changing World Order (pp. 10-35) . New York: Routledge.
Additional Readings
Hagerty, D. T. (2016). The Indo-US Entente: Committed Relationship or ‘Friends with
Benefits’? in Ganguly, Sumit (ed.), Engaging the World: Indian Foreign Policy Since 1947 (pp.
133-155), New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Madan, T. (2020). Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold
War. Washington D. C.: Brookings, pp. 1-13; 291-300.
Dhaliwal, S. (2021). Introduction. In Shweta Dhaliwal (ed.), Indo-US Relations: Steering
through the Changing World Order (pp. 1-9). New York: Routledge.
2.b. India and Russia
Essential Readings
Malhotra, A. (2020). India–Russia Ties: Exploring Convergences and Divergences. In Arvind
Gupta & Anil Wadhwa (eds.), India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World (pp. 266-
280). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Upadhyay, A. (2015). India and Russia in Changing World. Economic and Political Weekly,
50 (33). https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/33/commentary/india-and-russia-changing-
world.html
Tellis, A.J. (2022). “What is in Our Interest”: India and the Ukraine War. Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/25/what-is-in-our-interest-
india-and-ukraine-war-pub-86961
Additional Readings
Menon, R. (2015). India and Russia: The anatomy and Evolution of a Relationship. In David
M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, & S. Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign
Policy (pp.509-523). Oxford: OUP.
Kapoor, N. (2019). India-Russia ties in a changing world order: In pursuit of a Special Strategic
Partnership. ORF Occasional Paper. https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-russia-ties-in-
a-changing-world-order-in-pursuit-of-a-special-strategic-partnership-56877/
Ollapally, Deepa M. (2010). The Evolution of India’s Relations with Russia, In Sumit Ganguly
(ed.), India’s Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect (pp. 226-247). New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
Singh, A.I. (1995). India’s Relations with Russia and Central Asia. International Affairs, 71 (1),
pp. 69-81.
2.c. India and China
Essential Readings
141
Tellis A., & Mirski S. (2013). Introduction. In A. Tellis and S. Mirski (eds.), Crux of Asia: China,
India, and the Emerging Global Order, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, pp. 3-44.
Gokhale, V. (2021). The Road from Galwan: The Future of India-China Relations. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieindia.org/2021/03/10/road-from-galwan-
future-of-india-china-relations-pub-84019
Additional Readings
Mansingh, S. (2016). Rising China and Emergent India in the Twenty-first century Friends or
Rivals? In Kanti P. Bajpai & Harsh V Pant (eds.), India's Foreign Policy: A Reader (pp. 281-
302). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Pardesi, M.S. (2016). India's China Policy. In Sumit Ganguly (ed.), Engaging the World: India's
Foreign Policy Since 1947 (pp.167-189). New Delhi: OUP.
Swaran, S. ( 2021).COVID-19 and India-China Equations: Examining their Interface in the
Indian Ocean Region . Chinese Studies Journal, 15, 11-132.
https://jnu.ac.in/Faculty/ssingh/Singh_Covid19%20and%20India%20China%20Equations_C
SJ%20Vol%2015-2021.pdf
Unit 3: India in South Asia: Issues and Challenges
3.a. Land and Boundary, Migration, and Refugee crisis
Essential Readings
Muni, S.D. (2003). Problem Areas in India’s Neighbourhood Policy. South Asian Survey,10
(2),185-196.
Tripathi, D. & Chaturvedi, S. (2020) South Asia: Boundaries, Borders and Beyond, Journal of
Borderlands Studies, 35(2), 173-181. DOI: 10.1080/08865655.2019.1669483.
Shyam Saran, “Role of Border States in India’s Foreign Policy,” Speech at IIT Guwahati, 29
March 2016.
Chowdhory, N. Citizenship and Membership: Placing Refugees in India. In Nasir Uddin &
Nasreen Chowdhory (eds.), Deterritorialized Identity and Transborder Movementsin South
Asia (pp. 37-54). Singapore: Springer.
Ray Chaudhary, A.B., & Ghosh, A.K. (2021, April) Trans-Border Migration: Bridging the Gap
between State and Human Security. Observer Research Foundation.
https://www.orfonline.org/research/trans-border-migration-bridging-the-gap-between-state-
and-human-security/
Additional Readings
Dubey, Muchkund. (2016). Dealing with Neighbours in India's Foreign Policy: Coping with the
Changing World. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, pp.64-86.
Das, P. (2014). Issues in the Management of the Indo-Pakistan International border. Strategic
Analysis, 38 (3), pp.307-324.
Ranjan, A. (2018) India-Bangladesh Border Dispute: History and LBA Dynamics. Singapore:
Springer, pp. 65-88.
Sekhon, J.S., & Sharma, S. (2019). Involuntary Migration in the Border Belt of Indian Punjab.
In Nasir Uddin & Nasreen Chowdhory (eds.), Deterritorialized Identity and Transborder
Movements in South Asia (pp. 155-176). Singapore: Springer.
Chari, P.R. (2003). Missing Boundaries: Refugees, Migrants, Stateless and Internally
Displaced Persons in South Asia: An Overview. In P.R. Chari, Mallika Joseph, & Suba
Chandran (eds.), Missing Boundaries: Refugees, Migrants, Stateless and Internally Displaced
Persons in South Asia (pp. 17-38). New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.
3.b. Debating Regional Strategies: SAARC and BIMSTEC
Essential Readings
Chatterjee, S. (2019). India and the SAARC: Security, Commerce, and Community. In
Shibashis Chatterjee, Sumit Ganguly, & E. Sridharan (eds.), India’s Spatial Imaginations of
South Asia: Power, Commerce, and Community. Oxford Scholarship Online.
DOI:10.1093/oso/9780199489886.003.0004
142
Gul, N. (2015). SAARC and the Regional Integration in South Asia. In Rajiv Bhatia, Swaran
Singh, & Reena Marwah (eds.), Transforming South Asia: Imperatives for Action (pp. 159-
174). New Delhi: KW Publishers & Indian Council of World Affairs.
Chakravarty, P. R. (2021). BIMSTEC: India's Foreign Policy Fulcrum. In Aparna Pande (ed.),
Routledge Handbook on South Asian Foreign Policy (pp.183-201). New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429054808
Additional Readings
Parida, S.K. (2020). India, SAARC and the Covid-19 Pandemic. World Affairs, 24(4), 112-119.
Muni, S.D., & Jetley, R. (2010). SAARC Prospects: The Changing Dimensions. In S.D. Muni
(ed.), Emerging Dimensions of SAARC (pp. 1-31). New Delhi: Foundation Books.
Seema Narain (2010), SAARC and South Asia Economic Integration. In S.D. Muni (ed.),
Emerging Dimensions of SAARC (pp. 32-50). New Delhi: Foundation Books.
Omer, H. (2021). Perspective on BIMSTEC in transforming South Asia. In Adluri
Subramanyam Raju & Anasua Basu Ray Chaudhury (eds.), New Futures for BIMSTEC:
Connectivity, Commerce and Security. New York: Routledge.
Unit 4: Challenges of India’s Foreign Policy in the Global Domain (9 Lectures)
4.a. Negotiating Styles and Strategies: Trade, Security and Climate Change
Essential Readings
Trade:
Mehta, S. P., & Chatterjee, B. (2015). India in the International TradingSystem. In David M.
Malone, C. Raja Mohan & S. Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy
(pp. 636-649). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sharma, M. S., & Bhogal, P. (2022). India and Global Trade Governance: A Saga of Missed
Opportunities. In Harsh V Pant (ed.), India and Global Governance: A Rising Power and Its
Discontents (pp. 109-134). New York: Routledge.
Security
Narang, V. (2016). India’s Nuclear Weapon Policy. In Sumit Ganguly (ed.), Engaging the
World-India’s Foreign Policy Since 1947 (pp. 448-467). New Delhi: OUP.
Biswas, A. (2022). India’s Rise in the Global Nuclear Governance Architecture: Principles,
Exceptions, and Contradictions. In Harsh V Pant (ed.), India and Global Governance: A Rising
Power and Its Discontents ( pp. 17-27). New York: Routledge.
Climate Change
Dubash, K. N., & Rajamani, L. (2015). Multilateral Diplomacy on Climate Change. In David M.
Malone, C. Raja Mohan, & S. Raghavan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy
(pp. 663-677). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sengupta, S. (2013). Defending ‘Differentiation’: India’s Foreign Policy on Climate Change
from Rio to Copenhagen. In Kanti P. Bajpai & Harsh V Pant (eds.), India’s Foreign Policy:A
Reader (pp. 389-411).New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Additional Readings
Trade
Narlikar, A. (2021). India’s foreign economic policy under Modi: negotiations and narratives in
the WTO and beyond. International Politics, 59(1),148-166.
Mukherji, R. (2014). India and Global Economic Governance: From Structural Conflict to
Embedded Liberalism. International Studies Review, doi: 10.1111/misr.12155
Security
Karnad, B. (2021, October 28). Nuclear-wise, India is seriously handicapped (by govt!).
https://bharatkarnad.com/2021/10/28/nuclear-wise-india-is-seriously-handicapped-by-govt/
Rajagopalan, R. (2005) India's Nuclear Doctrine and The Nuclear Danger New Delhi: Penguin
Books India, pp. 67-88.
143
Sinha, U.K. (2020) Rebalancing Foreign Policy and Non-traditional Security Issues. In Arvind
Gupta & Anil Wadhwa (eds.), India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World (pp. 115-
130). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Climate Change
Nachiappan, K. (2019) Agenda-setting from behind: India and the Framework Convention on
climate change. India Review, 18(5), 552-567.
Negi, A. (2014) India and the Climate Change Regime. In Amitabh Mattoo & Happymon Jacob
(eds.), India and the International System: Theory, Policy and Structure (pp. 287-307). New
Delhi: Australia-India Institute Series in Foreign Policy and International Relations and
Manohar Publications.
Raghunandan, D. (2013). Rethinking India’s Climate Policy and the Global Negotiations.
Oxfam India. https://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/Raghu%27s%20paper.pdf
4.b. India’s Engagements in Multilateral Forums: BRICS
Essential Readings
Sharma, R. K. (2022). BRICS in India’s Vision for Global Governance. In Harsh V Pant (ed.),
India and Global Governance: A Rising Power and Its Discontents (pp. 135-145). New York:
Routledge.
Additional Readings
Sakhuja, V. (2014). BRICS: The Oceanic Connections. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies,
available at http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4594
Unit 5: India as an Emerging Power (5 Lectures)
5.a. India in the Changing International Order
Essential Readings
Saran, S. (2017). How India Sees the World: Kautilya to the 21st Century. Juggernaut Books.
pp. 258-275.
Menon, S. (2021). India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present. Penguin Random House.
pp.1-10, pp. 340-374.
Additional Readings
Rajgopalan, R., & Sahni, V. (2008). India and the Great Powers: Strategic Imperatives:
Normative Necessities. South Asian Survey, 15 (1), 5–32.
Kukreja, V. (2017). Dynamics of Change and Continuity in India’s Foreign Policy under Modi’s
Regime in Shantesh K Singh (ed.). India’s Foreign Policy Continuity with Difference Under
Modi Government, pp. 1-16). New Delhi: Manak Publications.
Raja Mohan, C. (2013). Changing Global Order: India’s Perspective. In A. Tellis & S. Mirski
(Eds.), Crux of Asia: China, India, and the Emerging Global Order (pp. 53-62). Washington:
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
5.b. Soft power diplomacy
Essential Readings
Kugiel, P. (2012). India’s Soft Power in South Asia. International Studies, 49 (3-4), 351-376.
Paul, T.V. (2014). Indian Soft Power in a Globalizing World. Current History, 113(762), 157-
162.
Mazumdar, A. (2018). India’s Soft Power Diplomacy under the Modi Administration:
Buddhism, Diaspora, and Yoga. Asian Affairs, 49 (3), 468-49.
Additional Readings
Gupta, A.K. (2008). Commentary on India’s Soft Power and Diaspora. International Journal
on World Peace, 25(3), 61-68.
Sikri, Veena (2020). Strategizing Soft Power Projection. In Arvind Gupta & Anil Wadhwa (ed.),
India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World (pp. 45-61). New Delhi: Sage
Publications.
144
Pathak, V. (2018). Indian Diaspora: A Strategic Asset for Indian Foreign Policy in the 21st
Century. In Sangit K. Ragi (ed.), Imagining India as a Global Power: Prospects and Challenges
(pp. 223-226). Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Reference Books/Literature
Malone, D. M. , & Raja Mohan, C. and Raghavan, S. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Indian
Foreign Policy. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Ganguly, S. (2016). Engaging the World-Indian Foreign Policy since 1947. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
Ragi, S. K. (2018). Imagining India as a Global Power: Prospects and Challenges. New York:
Routledge.
Malone, David M. (2011). Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy,
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Sikri, R. (2007). Challenge & Strategy in Rethinking India’s Foreign Policy. Sage Publications.
Khilani. S., Mehta, R.K., Mehta, P. B. (eds.). (2012). Non-Alignment 2.0.
https://cprindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/NonAlignment-2.pdf.
Dubey, M. (2015). India’s Foreign Policy: Coping with the Changing World. Hyderabad: Orient
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Ganguly, S. (2019). Indian Foreign Policy: Oxford India Short Introductions. Oxford University
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Gupta, A. (2018) How India manages its National Security. Penguin Random House.
Cohen, S. (2002) India: Emerging Power. Brookings Institution Press.
Hall, I.(ed.). (2014). The Engagement of India: Strategies and Responses. Washington DC:
Georgetown University Press.
Dutt, V.P. (1984) India’s Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Pande, A. (2020) India's Marathon: Reshaping the Post-Pandemic World Order. Takshashila
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Pande, A. (2017). From Chanakya to Modi: Evolution of India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi:
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ऑक्सफोडर् यू�नव�सर्ट� प्रेस।
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पंत, हषर् (2022) इस संकट म� चीन के हाथ� रूस को खो न द� हम!
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�दल्ल� �वश्व�वद्यालय।
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