PHILOSOPY LESSON 2 ST AQUINAS

FREEDOM
LESSON 1 FREEDOM
ARISTOTLE
“ Humans are
reason, will, both material and
and action spiritual (body)
drives each (conscience
other
“ A human being,
For Aristotle
therefore, has a
“Reason is a Divine
supernatural,
Characteristic”
transcendental
* The task of practical intellect is
destiny”
to guide will by enlightening it
Transcend means… Can
“ The imperative quality of a
rise above his ordinary
judgment of practical intellect is
being or self to a highest
meaningless, apart from WILL ”
being of self
ØHumans have the spark of the
divine In the plan of god, a
human being has to
* It is within the power of everyone to develop perfect himself
be good or bad, worthy or worthless by doing his daily tasks.

1.Our inner awareness of an aptitude If a human being

to do right or wrong perseveringly lives righteous
2.The common testimony of all and virtous life, he
human beings transcends his MORTAL state
3.The rewards and punishment of of life and soars to an
rulers IMMORTAL state of life
4.The general employment of praise
The power to change cannot
and blame
be done by human beings
alone, but is achieved
through cooperation with
GOD
 for LOVE is in consonance with humanity’s free
Aquinas’ fourfold nature,
classification of law: For LAW commands and complete;

ETERNAL LAW St. Thomas Aquinas

– is the law of the Supreme emphasizes the FREEDOM OF HUMANITY but
chooses LOVE in GOVERNING HUMANITY’S LIFE
Reason
the mind of God which humans cannot know. LOVE is the guiding principle of humanity
Contained within it are the laws which govern toward his self-perception and happiness – his
the creation of the universe and control the life ultimate destiny…
cycle of everything in existence. Although
humans cannot fully know the Eternal Law, they
can occasionally glimpse reflections of it, for INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
example, through scientific knowledge of
jean paul sartre
aspects of the natural world.
To be human is characterized by an

DIVINE LAW
“ Existence precedes essence
– this law is divided into old and new
testament. Jean Paul Sartre
bible Does not believe that any essence or substance
can be attributed to individuals prior to their
NATURAL LAW
existence
– this law’s principle is the desire to self-
q No design for human being
preservation, sought for good and avoid evil.
q No God to create a purpose
_ is the law that govern natural phenomena in
for us
nature like the weather, the elements and
q No human nature to fix how
gravity.
we should live
HUMAN LAW
– this law was created to obeyed voluntarily and “Everyone always has a choice, and every act is
with understanding by human beings. a free act”
-”DONT WALK ON GRASS” a representative of existentialism. For Sartre,
the human person is the desire to be God; the
“ Of all God’s creation, human desire to exist as being which has its sufficient
beings have the power to ground in itself
changethemselves and things
aroundthem for the better ” Sartre’s Existentialism stem from this principle
considers the “ The person is nothing else but that what he
human being as a makes of himself.”
“ MORAL AGENT
The person is provided with a supreme
proposed LOVE opportunity to give meaning to one’s life.
rather than
LAW Freedom is therefore, the very core and the
door to authentic existence
to bring TRANSFORMATION Authentic existence is realized only when deeds
OF that are committed alone is the character of
HUMANITY. true creation.
The person is what one has done and is doing. People surrender some basic rights to a
SOVEREIGN ENTITY which they called
The human person who tries to escape LEVIATHAN
obligations and strives to make excuses (en-soi) A Law of Nature
such as: (lex naturalis)
“I was born this way”
“I grew up in a bad environment” - is a rule established by reason, by which a
is acting on bad faith (mauvais foi) person is forbidden to do that which is
To be human is, destructive of his life or takes away the means of
to be free to imagine, free to choose and preserving the same
be responsible for one’s life —First law of nature : we should seek peace
—Second Law of Nature : we mutually DIVEST
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY ourselves of certain rights

CONTRACT
THOMAS HOBBES
The mutual transferring of rights and the basis
English Philosopher (1588-1679) of the notion of moral obligation and duty
Lived in a period of a greatpolitical turmoil. The
English Civil War (1642-1651) Third law of nature is that human beings
State of Nature: perform their covenant made
üWorn of fear and selfishness üSolitary
man did not surrender ALL of their rights to one
üPoor üNasty üBrutish üShort
single individual but they surrender only * the
He create his own view that would promise a
right to maintain and preserve order and
“lovable condition” for having one ruler
enforce the laws of nature
Ideal Government: Absolute MONARCHY
People make a Social Contract with their King .
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
They agree to give up their rights in order to
receive his protection
Swiss Philosopher (1712-1778)
Principle of the Conservation of Motion Was actually the first to use the term Social
principle states that objects will continue to Contract
travel at a constant motion until it acts it on by State of Nature:
another force. -Believe that life was HAPPY and there was
equality amongst man
All of mankind has a perpetual and RESTLESS
ü FREEDOM ü HAPPINESS
DESIRE OF POWER AFTER POWER, that CEASETH
ü EQUALITY ü LIBERTY ü NOBLE SAVAGE
only in DEATH
Human Nature: Good except when
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
society corrupts it.
-Is the idea that man decided to enter an
- The real change occurred as the sizwe
agreement because life in state of nature
size of population increased creating
without LAWS and regulations would be
division of labor and small
intolerable.
communities
-This idea mean that people had to respect each
Ideal Government:
other to live in PEACE and HARMONY.
Direct Democracy Direct Democracy /
Absolute Individualism
individual poweR no representative
SOCIAL CONTRACT just the people
The people are united together to pledge to - He interpreted social contract on the
obey in authority and surrender PARTS or ALL of context of INDIVIDUAL POWER
their FREEDOM and RIGHTS to a higher and DEMOCRACY
authority or SOVEREIGNTY
Commonwealth by institution and by acquisition —Utang na loob– repaying those who have
helped us
. A commonwealth is said to exist by institution
—Loob – sakop—harmony with others, God and
when it has been established through the
nature
covenant of every member of a multitude with
—Loob prioritized family, relatives, and even
every other member
non-kinsmen
A commonwealth is said to exist by acquisition —It bridges individual differences and is the
when the sovereign power has been acquired by common factor among human beings
force
Individualism, thus, should not be seen as
—Rousseau believes that a human being is born
selfishness but an affirmation of a truly human
free and good
self that
—Social Contact is a philosophical fiction, a
metaphor, and a certain way of looking at a —TAYO-TAYO” , “KAMI-KAMI”
society of voluntary collection of agreeable —“loob” does not only develop the self of an
individuals individual but the welfare of others
—1986 EDSA people Power —“loob” is the only identical factor among
—B.F. Skinner, a renowned psychologist— people’s diversity in creed, color, and status in
maintained that behavior is shaped and the society.
maintained by its consequences
—Operant conditioning can be studied by
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
arranging environments in which specific
consequences are contingent upon it
- It is a term used to representpsychological
relation between people
Can an individual be free?

—According to Skinner, our struggle for freedom - refers to the relation with people emphasizing
is not due to a will to be free– it has to undergo not individual experience but social being.
behavioral processes
coined word from the prefix “inter” which
—Control becomes necessary in the issue of
connotes “among and between” and the
freedom
philosophical term “subject” that is equivalent
—The issue is controllability
to a conscious being
Skinner thinks that the problem is to free human
beings not from control but from certain kinds
1.CONFUCIUS
of control,
(551-479 B.C.E.)
Skinner proposed that to make the social
vOne of the main ideas of Confucianism is Ren
environment as free as possible of aversive
or “human-heartedness.”
stimuli
vConfucius stresses order and harmony in the
world.
This means Confucian thinking on
—The Filipino and Chinese stress human intersubjectivity is practical humanism. There is
relationships that emphasize that the person is an emphasis on human actions in society. He
not necessarily an independent entity calls every man to love the other through
—Filipinos’ loob believes that the individual is actions, not through thoughts
the captain of his own ship
—Loob touches the daily human aspect of the
Filipinos
MARTIN BUBER
Jewish Philosopher
who introduced the “I-Thou” and “I-It”
relationships to embody his philosophy of
intersubjectivity.

I-YOU relation
-intersubjectivity
I-THOU relationship
- a relationship that treats a human person as a
subject
- a human person is a complete being compared
to other object

I-IT relationship
- a human being is perceived as an OBJECT
rather than as human being.
ØProstitution
ØCybersex and pornography

WE relation -Social dimension

- is oriented towards relation and sharing in the
communal life for the common good.
PARTICIPATION is the essence of human
person

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

“No human being should become an end to
herself; we are responsible to our neighbors as
are to our own actions...”
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Means that we all INFLUENCE and are all
INFLUENCED BY others

APPRECIATION OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Person with disabilities(pwds)
-person who has a physical mental impairment

Blind massagefor giving

oppurtunities tothe blind community

Personalzied Cr PWDS comfort rooms are

noticeable to give prior significance to them
Forgottenn - some p[eople forget who they are
and how important them in the community
discrimination
Mary Wollstonecraft HUMAN ACTS DISTINCTION by; Aristotle
(1782) – reacted to Rousseau’s philosophy on 1. VOLUNTARY ACTIONS – these are acts
women and argued that such education would originating from the individual performing the
produce women who were propagators of fools. act using knowledge about
She believes that women must be united to men
in wisdom and rationality 2. INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS – these are acts
Society should allow women to attain equal done under a. force or coercion b. ignorance
rights to philosophy and education given to men where the doer failed to understand the effect
and feels sorry on the result

FREEDOM Freedom is understood to be present when

choosing a course of action
The power or right to act, speak, or think as you
want without hindrance or restraint. üFreedom can be said to be present if the
human person is free in making choices in the
Freedom of choice
The ability to exercise one’s freedom in any realm of morality – ”Buntot mo, hila mo!”
manner. INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS PRACTICAL CHOICE
CHOICE is our Freedom
CONSEQUENCES is our Responsibility
CHOICE SOCIETY
•The ability to voluntarily decide to perform one A society is a group of people participating in
of several possible acts or to avoid action continuous social connection, or a broad social
entirely group occupying the same social or spatial
territory
CONSEQUENCE
•The outcome derived from a choice. Socius
•The natural result of an action companion, associate, comrade
Societas
Acts of Man are actions shared by humans and friendly association with others
other animals e.g., vegetative acts and acts of Société -FRENCH
perception and emotions. These are action that The term "society" came from the Latin word
man perform but does not consciously or societas, which means comrade, friend or ally.
deliberately control. It is used to describe a bond or interaction
The human person exists to relate with others.
Human acts are actions that done consciously
The person is by nature a social being because
and deliberately making a man a master of these
he or she has the tendency to go out of himself
actions and consequently responsible for them.
or herself to form bonds and relationship with
Human Acts refer to the appropriate actions of
others
human beings.
The Social Contract Theory:
ACTS OF MAN •It emerged during the Enlightenment Period of
vActs that performs without being mastered of human history.
through his intellect and will. •Philosopher living during this time are called
vA person who lacks the use of reason. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHERS.
vQuick, nearly automatic reactions They pondered on the natural laws that govern
vActs performed under violence or threat of human societies, and their mostly revolved on
violence the formation of societies

HUMAN ACTS
vActs that man does which is properly mastered because he
does them with full knowledge and will.
vIntrinsic causes that produces it, are the intellect and will
 Jean Jacques Rousseau
•Lack of centralized government
General will - even if the people are the ones who organized
led to kings and lords granting land
the society, in extreme cases, the government is able to
and protection to vassals.
impose its will on the people
•Vassals swore oaths of loyalty
Thomas Hobbes and military service to their lords.
agreement where individuals sacrifice an amount of their •Peasants, known as serfs, were
freedom and submit to a higher authority bound to the land and subject to
John Locke the will of lords.
Locke considered persons in their natural state as more Medieval Economy
Cooperative and reasonable, and that society is formed is known for its traditional land
through the consent economy and military service, and
individuals an urban society. These led to a
David Gauthier feudal-based social-class system
Described people's self- interest as an important factor in and trade
building and maintaining societies. •Core of urban society comprised
merchants, artisans, and
John Rawls customers.
Original position of Common Good •Manufacturing considered
"certain general conditions that are ... equally to everyone's essential for local market
advantage" participation

COMMON GOOD Industrial Society

Refers to social conditions which enable persons and
•Utilizes advanced technology for
groups to fulfill their goals and achieve well-being.
massive production, supporting a
large population.
Pre-industrial Societies
C. Post-industrial society
Tribal Society
•Often associated with terms like "primitive society" or •Transition from a manufacturing-
"preliterate society." based to a service-based
Rooted in Latin, related to political divisions of the Roman economy.
empire. •Evident in countries that
•Small scale, limited spatial and temporal range in society, experienced the Industrial
law, and politics. Revolution early, like the United
•Possess a moral code, cult, and diverse belief system. States, western Europe, and
Unwritten language systems, limiting communication Japan.

•Self-sustaining structure absent in modern society. •Coined by American sociologist

•Close connections within tribal organizations. Daniel Bell in 1973 in his book "The
Leaders play multiple roles, contributing to unity and Coming of Post-Industrial Society:
coherence A Venture in Social Forecasting."
which describes several features
Feudal Society
of this kind of society.
Feudalism refers to the economic, political, and social
system that prevailed in Europe from about the ninth to the
fifteenth century

Land Distribution and Vassals

Phenomenological
TAKING CARE of YOURSELF as you
Notion of Death
GRIEVE
DEATH IS CERTAIN
1.Express your feelings in a tangible or creative ways
Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our2.Try to maintain your hobbies and interests.
existence. Whether we like it or not, we will die. 3.Don’t let anyone tell you how to feel, and don’t tell
yourself how to feel either.
4.Look after your physical health.
DEATH IS INDEFINITE Plan ahead for grief “triggers.”
it can happen anytime. We do not know exactly when

DEATH IS ONE’S PROPERTY

Nobody can experience his death except himself

DEATH IS NON-RELATIONAL
This means that when we die, we die alone

DEATH IS NOT TO BE OUTSTRIPPED

Death cannot be taken away from a person

The Grieving Process

Healing happens gradually; it can’t be forced or hurried—
and there is no “normal” timetable for grieving. Some
people start to feel better in weeks or months.
How to deal with the grieving
•Acknowledge your pain.
•Accept that grief can trigger many different and
unexpected emotions.
•Understand that your grieving process will be unique to
you.
•Seek out face-to-face support from people who care about
you.
•Support yourself emotionally by taking care of yourself
physically.
•Recognize the difference between grief and depression.

The Stages of Grief

1. Denial: “This can’t be happening to me.”
2. Anger: “Why is this happening? Who is to blame?”
3. Bargaining: “Make this not happen, and in return I will _.”
4. Depression: “I’m too sad to do anything.”
5. Acceptance: “I’m at peace with what happened.”
Symptoms of Grief
1.Emotional symptoms
Shock and Disbelief
Sadness
Guilt
Fear
Anger

Physical symptoms
Fatigue
Nausea
Lowered Immunity
Weight Loss/Weight Gain
Aches and Pain
Insomia