Cambridge IGCSE™

BIOLOGY
Paper 2 Multiple Choice (Extended)

You must answer on the multiple choice answer sheet.

*2838750896*

You will need: Multiple choice answer sheet

Soft clean eraser
Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)

INSTRUCTIONS
 There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions.
 For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct
and record your choice in soft pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet.
 Follow the instructions on the multiple choice answer sheet.
 Write in soft pencil.
 Write your name, centre number and candidate number on the multiple choice answer sheet in the
spaces provided unless this has been done for you.
 Do not use correction fluid.
 Do not write on any bar codes.
 You may use a calculator.

INFORMATION
 The total mark for this paper is 40.
 Each correct answer will score one mark.
 Any rough working should be done on this question paper.

This document has 16 pages.

[Turn over
 2

1 Some processes carried out by living organisms are listed.

1 egestion
2 excretion
3 reproduction
4 respiration

Which processes are carried out by all living organisms?

A 1, 2, 3 and 4
B 1, 2 and 3 only
C 2, 3 and 4 only
D 3 and 4 only

2 The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens.

What does Homo refer to?

A mammal
B genus
C kingdom
D species

3 Some structures found in cells are listed.

1 cell membrane
2 cell wall
3 mitochondria
4 nucleus

Which structures are found in prokaryotic cells?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

4 In a mesophyll cell, where are chloroplasts found?

A between the cell wall and the cell membrane

B in the cytoplasm
C in the nucleus
D in the vacuole

© UCLES 2023
 3

5 The diagram shows a flatworm. The flatworm has been magnified by 100.

50 mm

What is the actual size of the flatworm?

A 0.5 m B 5 m C 50 m D 500 m

6 The diagrams show how a cell appears under the microscope at the start of an experiment and
after it has been placed in a dilute solution of salts for 5 minutes.

start of the after placing in a

experiment dilute solution of salts

Which statement explains what happens?

A Dissolved salts enter the cell by diffusion.

B Dissolved salts leave the cell by diffusion.
C Water enters the cell by osmosis.
D Water leaves the cell by osmosis.

7 The concentration of nitrate ions is higher inside a root hair cell than in the soil.

What would be required for the absorption of nitrate ions into the root hair cell?

1 mitochondria
2 oxygen
3 membrane proteins
4 cell wall

A 1, 2, 3 and 4
B 1, 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 1 only

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8 What is the colour change shown by Benedict’s solution when heated with a reducing sugar?

A blue to purple
B blue to red
C brown to blue-black
D red to yellow

9 The diagram shows the digestive system.

Which part absorbs the most water?

D
B

10 Which statement is correct?

A The active site of an enzyme has the same shape as the substrate.
B The active site is not affected by changes in temperature.
C The shape of the active site of an enzyme is complementary to its substrate.
D The substrate and product combine at the active site.
 5

11 The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis of a plant changes with light intensity, at three
different carbon dioxide concentrations. In each case the temperature is 15 C.

0.10% carbon dioxide

X
rate of 0.04% carbon dioxide
photosynthesis
0.02% carbon dioxide

light intensity

What is the limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis at point X on the graph?

A carbon dioxide concentration

B light intensity
C surface area of the plant
D temperature

12 The diagram shows a test-tube at the start and at the end of an enzyme experiment.

enzyme + enzyme +
substrate 10 minutes products
temperature
35 °C

At the end of the experiment, the mixture in the test-tube contains glycerol.

Which row correctly identifies the enzyme and the substrate it acts on?

substrate it
enzyme
acts on

A amylase fat
B amylase glucose
C lipase fat
D lipase glucose

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13 The diagram shows the teeth in the lower jaw of a human.

Which tooth is a molar?

B
C
A

14 What is meant by chemical digestion?

A Large insoluble molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules.
B Large soluble molecules are broken down into small insoluble molecules.
C Small insoluble molecules are built up into large soluble molecules.
D Small soluble molecules are built up into large insoluble molecules.

15 The diagram shows a villus in the small intestine.

What is absorbed at X?

A fatty acids
B glucose
C glycogen
D starch
 7

16 What is a description of transpiration?

A exchange of gases between the leaf and the atmosphere

B loss of water vapour from the leaves of a plant
C movement of water from the roots to the leaves
D movement of water through the cells of the leaf

17 Parts of a plant are listed.

1 mesophyll cells
2 root cortex cells
3 root hair cells
4 xylem vessels

What is the pathway taken by water in the plant?

A 1423

B 1234

C 3142

D 3241

18 The diagrams show the single circulation of a fish and the double circulation of a mammal.

gill capillaries lung capillaries

X
R Y
S
ventricle
atria
atrium

Z ventricles
T

body capillaries body capillaries

fish circulation mammal circulation

Which letters represent areas with the most oxygenated blood?

A R and X B S and Y C T and Y D T and Z

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19 What is the role of lymphocytes in the blood?

A antibody production
B blood clotting
C phagocytosis
D oxygen transport

20 A patient was injected with antibodies after being bitten by a poisonous snake. The patient
recovered and survived.

What describes the effect of the injection in the patient’s body?

active passive memory cells

immunity immunity produced

A key
B = yes
C = no
D

21 Which table correctly shows the difference in composition of inspired air compared with
expired air?

A B

inspired air expired air inspired air expired air

oxygen less more oxygen less more

carbon dioxide less more carbon dioxide more less

C D

inspired air expired air inspired air expired air

oxygen more less oxygen more less

carbon dioxide less more carbon dioxide more less
 9

22 Which row shows the correct combination of muscle contractions and the pressure in the thorax
when breathing out?

internal external
pressure
intercostal intercostal diaphragm
in thorax
muscles muscles

A contracted contracted contracted high

B contracted relaxed relaxed high
C relaxed contracted contracted high
D relaxed relaxed relaxed low

23 Three statements about anaerobic respiration are listed.

1 In humans, the product is lactic acid.

2 In yeast, the product is lactic acid.
3 It releases more energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.

Which statements are correct?

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 only D 2 and 3 only

24 What is the balanced chemical equation for a type of respiration that occurs in yeast?

A C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + 6H2O

B 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

C C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2

D 2C2H5OH + 2CO2  C6H12O6

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25 The diagram shows the human excretory system.

Which labelled structure is the urethra?

26 The diagrams show three types of neurones.

L
NOT TO
SCALE

Which sequence shows the direction that impulses will travel during a reflex action?

A LMN

B MLN

C MNL

D NML
 11

27 Which statement about rods and cones in the eye is correct?

A Both rods and cones detect different colours of light.

B Only cones are present in the blind spot.
C Rods are more sensitive than cones in low light intensity.
D There are three types of rods but only one type of cone.

28 Which diseases can be successfully treated with antibiotics?

diseases diseases
caused by rickets caused by
bacteria viruses

A key
B = can be treated
C = cannot be treated
D

29 Which statement about human sexual reproduction is correct?

A All gametes are haploid.

B Fertilisation occurs when two diploid nuclei fuse.
C The sperm is the male zygote.
D Sexual reproduction results in haploid offspring.

30 Where is oestrogen produced?

A cervix
B ovaries
C oviducts
D uterus

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31 Which row shows correct information about mitosis?

number of chromosomes
cells produced by mitosis in the daughter cells
compared to the parent cell

A are genetically different half the number

to the parent cell
B are genetically different the same number
to the parent cell
C are genetically identical half the number
to the parent cell
D are genetically identical the same number
to the parent cell

32 Polydactyly is a condition that can occur in cats and results in affected individuals having extra
toes.

The diagram shows the inheritance of the condition in a family of cats.

key
polydactyl female cat
polydactyl male cat
non-polydactyl female cat
non-polydactyl male cat

What does the family tree show about the allele for polydactyly?

A It is codominant.
B It could be dominant or recessive.
C It is dominant.
D It is recessive.
 Cambridge IGCSE™
* 7 1 3 4 6 1 7 4 9 4 *

BIOLOGY
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages.

[Turn over
 2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the changes in the concentration of two hormones involved in the
menstrual cycle.

Key
Y
Z

concentration
of hormone

0 7 14 21 28
day of menstrual cycle

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the names of the hormones Y and Z in Fig. 1.1.

Y ..............................................................................................................................

Z ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, sketch a line to show the levels of progesterone through the 28-day
menstrual cycle. [2]

(iii) State the day in the 28-day menstrual cycle when the egg is most likely to be
released from a follicle.

........................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) State the main site of progesterone production during pregnancy.

........................................................................................................................... [1]
 3

(b) Egg cells are contained in follicles in the ovary.

At the start of the menstrual cycle, a follicle has an average diameter of 29 µm.

Just before an egg is released from the follicle, the follicle has an average diameter of 22 mm.

Calculate the percentage increase in the average diameter of the follicle from the start of the
menstrual cycle, until just before an egg is released.

Step 1 Convert the average starting diameter of a follicle to millimetres (mm).

......................................................... mm

Step 2 Calculate the percentage increase.

............................................................ %

Step 3 Give your answer to three significant figures.

............................................................ %
[4]

(c) Once an egg cell has been released from a follicle it can be fertilised by a sperm cell.

State three adaptive features of a sperm cell.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 13]

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2 (a) The small intestine is lined with many villi and is adapted to absorb glucose.

Fig. 2.1 shows two villi from the lining of the small intestine.

Fig. 2.1

(i) State the name of structure N in Fig. 2.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Cell M in Fig. 2.1 secretes mucus.

State the name of cell M.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State one other place in the body where mucus secreting cells are found.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
 5

(iv) Describe and explain how the structure of a villus is adapted for its function.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) State the name of the main blood vessel that takes blood from the small intestine to the liver.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) All cells develop from stem cells.

Describe what is meant by the term stem cell.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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 6

(d) Some cells in the small intestine have many mitochondria.

Fig. 2.2 shows the variation in the average number of mitochondria found in three different
types of cell.

1800

1600

1400

1200
average
1000
number of
mitochondria
per cell 800

600

400

200

0
heart muscle mature red blood cell epithelium in the
small intestine
type of cell

Fig. 2.2
 7

Explain the differences in the average number of mitochondria in each type of cell.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 15]

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 8

3 (a) (i) Frogs are classified as amphibians.

State two features of amphibians that distinguish them from all other vertebrates.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Fig. 3.1 is a photograph of a cross-section of a frog’s eye.

Fig. 3.1

Identify the structures labelled G and H in Fig. 3.1.

G .......................................................................................................................................

H ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
 9

(b) Fig. 3.2 is a diagram of a rod cell and a cone cell from a human eye.

rod cell

synaptic endings

M K
cone cell

L mitochondrion

Fig. 3.2

(i) Identify cell structures K, L and M in Fig. 3.2.

K ........................................................................................................................................

L ........................................................................................................................................

M .......................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State the names of the two parts of the mammalian central nervous system.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[1]

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(c) Fig. 3.3 is a graph showing the distribution of rod cells and cone cells across the retina in a
human eye.

Key
cone cells
rod cells

number of
receptors

distance across the retina

Fig. 3.3

(i) On Fig. 3.3 draw:

• the letter P to show the location of the fovea

• the letter Q to show the location of the blind spot.

[2]

(ii) Describe and explain the distribution of rod cells and cone cells shown in Fig. 3.3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]
 11

(iii) Some mammals are nocturnal which means they are active at night and sleep during the
day.

Suggest how the number and distribution of rod cells and cone cells across the retina of
a nocturnal mammal would differ from a human retina.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]

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4 Mitosis and meiosis are both important processes for life.

(a) Complete the sentences about mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is a type of nuclear division which produces genetically identical cells.

It is important for growth, ........................................... of tissues and

........................................... reproduction.

Just before mitosis the chromosomes are replicated and then the chromosomes

........................................... so that the chromosome number is maintained in each

daughter cell.

Meiosis is another type of nuclear division that is involved in the production of

gametes. The chromosome number is halved from ........................................... to

haploid resulting in genetically different cells. The fusion of the nuclei of two gametes

formed by meiosis forms a ........................................... . This process is known as

........................................... .
[6]

(b) Mutations are a source of genetic variation in a population.

(i) Describe what is meant by a gene mutation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State two examples of how mutation rates can be increased.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]
 13

5 Fig. 5.1 shows the changes in the percentage of the total global fish stocks that are overfished
and those that are sustainable.

100

90

80

70

60 Key
percentage of
the total sustainable
global fish 50
overfished
stocks
40

30

20

10

0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year

Fig. 5.1

(a) Use the information in Fig. 5.1 to:

(i) State the percentage of fish stocks that were sustainable in 2020.

...................................................... % [1]

(ii) State which five-year period had the greatest increase in sustainable fish populations.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 14

(b) Overfishing is one reason why populations of fish decline.

Explain the risks to a species if its population size decreases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Describe and explain how fish stocks can be managed sustainably and how overfishing can
be prevented through conservation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 11]
 15

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a diagram showing how glucose is used by different organisms.

cellulose
sucrose
starch

carbon dioxide alcohol

and glucose and
water 3 1 carbon dioxide

lactic acid

Fig. 6.1

(i) State the number or numbers from Fig. 6.1 that identify the processes that:

• release the most energy per glucose molecule ..........................................................

• take place in yeast cells. .............................................................................................

[2]

(ii) State the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State the names of two enzymes that are needed to break down starch into glucose in
humans.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) State the main use of the molecule cellulose in a plant.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 16

(v) Sucrose and amino acids are transported around a plant.

State the name of:

• the process by which sucrose is transported around a plant

• the tissue that transports sucrose and amino acids around a plant

• the mineral ion that is used to make amino acids.

process ..............................................................................................................................

tissue .................................................................................................................................

mineral ion .........................................................................................................................

[3]

(b) In humans, the build-up of lactic acid creates an oxygen debt.

(i) State the body tissue that produces the most lactic acid during vigorous exercise.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The oxygen debt needs to be removed after exercise.

State how the breathing and circulatory systems act to remove the oxygen debt.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State the name of the organ which breaks down lactic acid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 14]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
 Cambridge IGCSE™
* 5 4 0 4 4 9 7 5 9 0 *

BIOLOGY
Paper 6 Alternative to Practical

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 40.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

[Turn over
 2

BLANK PAGE
 3

1 Emperor penguins are large birds found in Antarctica where temperatures can be very low.

Fairy penguins are small birds that live in Australasia where temperatures are much warmer.

The body temperature of both species of penguin is maintained at approximately 38°C.

A student investigated the rate of heat loss from a penguin with a large body compared with a
penguin with a small body.

They used a 250 cm3 beaker to represent the emperor penguin and a large test-tube to represent
the fairy penguin.

The student used this method:

Step 1 Label the beaker A and the test-tube B.

Step 2 Draw a line on beaker A and test-tube B 5 cm up from the bottom.

Step 3 Use hot water to fill beaker A up to the 5 cm mark.

Step 4 Place a thermometer in the water in beaker A.

When the reading on the thermometer has stopped rising, measure the temperature of
the water. Record this as the starting temperature.

Leave the thermometer in the water throughout the investigation.

Step 5 Start the stop-clock.

Step 6 After one minute, measure and record the temperature of the water in beaker A.

Step 7 Measure and record the temperature of the water in beaker A every minute for a total of
five minutes.

Step 8 Add hot water to test-tube B up to the 5 cm mark.

Step 9 Repeat steps 4 to 7 using test-tube B instead of beaker A.

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 4

Fig. 1.1 shows the notes the student made about the results for the first four minutes.

starting temperature for beaker A was 80 °C and for test-tube B was 79 °C

beaker A 1 minute = 69.5 °C test-tube B 1 minute = 65.5 °C

2 = 62 °C 2 = 52 °C

3 = 55.5 °C 3 = 47 °C

4 = 51 °C 4 = 41 °C

5= 5=

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2 shows the thermometers for beaker A and test-tube B at five minutes.

beaker A test-tube B

°C °C
60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

Fig. 1.2
 5

(a) (i) Prepare a table and record the results shown in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to an appropriate
number of decimal places.

[4]

(ii) The rate of heat loss can be calculated using the equation:

change in temperature
rate of heat loss =
time
Using the results, calculate the rate of heat loss in beaker A and the rate of heat loss in
test-tube B during the five minutes of the investigation.

Include the units.

Space for working.

rate of heat loss in beaker A ....................................................................

rate of heat loss in test-tube B ....................................................................

[3]

(iii) Suggest the effect of penguin body size on the rate of heat loss.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 6

(b) (i) Identify the independent variable in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify one variable that should be kept constant in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
 7

(c) (i) Cubes of agar jelly can be used as model cells.

Agar jelly cubes are colourless and can be stained pink with an indicator. When placed
in an acid solution, the acid diffuses into the agar jelly cubes and the pink colour starts
to disappear. When the acid has reached the centre of the agar jelly cube, the agar is
completely colourless. This is shown in Fig. 1.3.

pink agar jelly cube colourless agar jelly

Fig. 1.3

Plan an investigation to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion in

model cells.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [6]

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 8

(ii) The length of a side of a cube of agar jelly is 1 cm.

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of this cube.

surface area ........................ : volume ........................

[2]

[Total: 18]
 9

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of a lizard.

C D

magnification ×0.6

Fig. 2.1

Line CD represents the length of the lizard.

Measure the length of line CD on Fig. 2.1.

length of line CD ................................................ mm

Calculate the actual length of the lizard using the formula and your measurement.

length of line CD
magnification =
actual length of the lizard

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Space for working.

......................................................... mm
[3]

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 10

(b) Fig. 2.2 is a photomicrograph of lizard blood cells.

red blood cell

nucleus

magnification ×400

Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.3 is a photomicrograph of human blood cells.

red blood cell

white blood cell

magnification ×900

Fig. 2.3

(i) State two ways the lizard blood cells shown in Fig. 2.2 are different from the human
blood cells shown in Fig. 2.3.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
 11

(ii) Fig. 2.4 shows one white blood cell.

white blood cell

Fig. 2.4

Draw a large diagram of the white blood cell shown in Fig. 2.4.

[4]

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 12

(c) Haemoglobin is a protein found in human red blood cells. Haemoglobin carries oxygen.

Athletes from a low altitude (height above sea level) location train at high altitude in order to
temporarily increase their haemoglobin levels.

Scientists studied how long the increase lasted once the athletes returned to the low altitude
location.

Table 2.1 shows the results of the study.

Table 2.1

number of days after mean mass of haemoglobin

returning to low altitude per athlete / g
2 650
7 650
14 650
21 630
28 624
33 605
40 604

(i) Identify the dependent variable in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
 13

(ii) Using the data in Table 2.1, plot a line graph on the grid to show the effect of returning to
low altitude on the mean mass of haemoglobin per athlete.

[4]

(iii) Use your graph to estimate the mean mass of haemoglobin per athlete 17 days after
returning to low altitude.

Indicate on your graph how you obtained your estimate.

............................................................. g
[2]

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 14

(d) Scientists investigated the effect of different amounts of carbohydrate in the diet on the length
of time an athlete can continue to exercise until exhausted.

The results of the investigation are shown in Fig. 2.5.

200

180

160

140

120
exercise time
until exhaustion 100
/ minutes
80

60

40

20

0
low medium high

amount of carbohydrate in the diet

Fig. 2.5

(i) State a conclusion for this investigation.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The scientists carefully selected athletes for the three groups in their study.

It was important that the data from the three groups were comparable.

Describe two variables that the scientists should have considered when selecting
athletes.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
 15

(e) Starch is broken down into reducing sugars.

(i) Describe the method you would use to test for the presence of reducing sugars.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the reagent used to test for the presence of starch.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 22]
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