2022 MAA510 IB1 Mathematics Analysis & Approaches

Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

SL 5.9 Definite integrals, including analytical approach.
Areas of a region enclosed by a curve y = f (x) and the x-axis, where f (x) can be
positive or negative, without the use of technology.
Areas between curves.
SL 5.5 Definite integrals using technology.
Area of a region enclosed by a curve y = f (x)
and the x -axis, where f (x) > 0.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f is a continuous function on the interval a  x  b and F is an antiderivative of f on a  x  b ,

then the definite integral of f (x) between the limits x = a and x = b is given by

 f ( x ) dx =  F ( x ) = F (b ) − F ( a )
b b

a a

Note that: If  f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c , and b > a ,

then F(b) is the value of F(x), the integral, at the upper limit x = b
and F(a) is the value of F(x), the integral, at the lower limit x = a.

 f ( x ) dx
b
Later on, we can also see that the definite integral is the area under the curve between
a

x = a and x = b.

Example
Evaluate the following without using a calculator.

3 1


16 −
(a)
0
5 x 2 dx (b) 
1
3x 4
dx

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

 3 16 
4

4
(c)
1
x x dx (d)  2

x − 2  dx
x 

 
(e)  ( 3sin x − 2 ) dx
0
3 (f) 
0
2
sin 2 x − cosx dx

2 4

1
(g)
1
2e1+ x dx (h)  0 1−2 x
e
dx

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 2022 MAA510 IB1 Mathematics Analysis & Approaches
Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Recall that Integration is the opposite of Differentiation

Differentiate Integrate

Examples
3 1 1
dy
Given that y = (1 + 2 x ) 2 , show that = 3 (1 + 2 x ) 2 . Hence, evaluate 0 (1 + 2 x ) 2
4
1. dx .
dx

dy 
2. Given that y = e x ( cos x − sin x ) , show that = −2e x sin x . Hence, evaluate  e x sin x dx .
dx 0

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Definite Integrals using the Substitution Method (without the use of GDC)
If you are using substitution method for integration, it is often easier to change the limits of integration
into limits in terms of the substituted function.
Textbook Example (Exercise 13H Pg 566) – No GDC allowed
Rewrite each definite integral using substitution method. Then find the exact value of the definite
integral without using a GDC. Check your answer with a GDC.


 (x + x ) ( 2 x + 1) dx
2
 sin x cos
2 3 3
3
(a) (b) x dx
0
6

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Properties of definite integrals

 f ( x ) dx = 0
a
1.
a

 f ( x ) dx = − f ( x ) dx
b a
2.
a b

 f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx
b c c
3.
a b a

 f ( x )  g ( x )  dx =  f ( x ) dx   g ( x ) dx
b b b
4. a a a

Examples
3 4
1. Given that 1
f ( x) dx = 3 and 
3
f ( x) dx = 2 , find

1 4 3 3
(a)  3
f ( x) dx (b) 1
f ( x) dx (c) 
1
f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx
4

3 6
2. Given that 1
f ( x) dx = 3 and 
3
f ( x) dx = 5 , find

  f ( x) + x dx
3 6
(a) 1
2 f ( x) dx (b)
1

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

7
3. Consider a function g(x) such that 3
g ( x) dx = 8 .

7
(a) Find 3
5 g ( x) dx .

 ( g ( x + 1) + 2 ) dx .
6
(b) Find Hint:
2
g ( x + 1) → g ( x )
horizontal translation
of g(x+1) to the right.

2 6 6 4
4. If 0
f ( x) dx = 5 , 4
f ( x) dx = −2 and 0
f ( x) dx = 7 , find 
2
f ( x) dx .

 ( g '( x) − 1) dx .
3
5. If g (2) = 4 and g (3) = 5, calculate
2

*Hint:

 g '( x) dx = g ( x) + c
b
a
g '( x) dx = g (b) − g (a)

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

GDC Skills – Evaluating Definite Integrals

The GDC can be used to evaluate the numerical value of definite integrals without going through the
process of integration. This is helpful especially when the integrand is a complicated function, usually
common in Paper 2 type of questions.

Open a new document and add a Calculator page.

3
 5x
2
To find: dx (Example (a) from page 1)
0

Type in the required definite integral onto the calculator page

by pressing “ ”, select “ ”.

Fill in the definite integral template with the function, the

upper and lower limit as what you are required to find by
navigating through the template using the directional buttons.

Press “enter” to obtain the numerical answer.

Note that the answer given will not be exact.

Now, try to verify the answers you have obtained earlier on

page 1 and 2 of this notes.

Example
Evaluate the following with a GDC

1 2
(a) −1 1 + x2
dx
5
(b)  2
xe x dx

(c)  sin
4
6
x dx

Radian
Mode!!

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Area under the Curve

How do we find the area under the parabola in the diagram below?

Before integration was developed, one could only approximate the answer by dividing the space into
rectangles (in the diagram on the right) and adding the areas.

A Better Way to Find Area

BUT as mentioned earlier, integration can be used to find the exact area under the parabola and any
other curve.

Integration was developed by Newton and Leibniz when they realized that differentiation and definite
integrals are inverse processes.

Area between a curve and the x-axis

The area of the region bounded by the curve
y = f ( x ) and the x-axis, from x = a to x = b is

given by

 f ( x ) dx ,
b b
a
y dx or
a

where f ( x )  0 for a  x  b .

Scan here to watch video

on area under the graph
(includes discussion on
negative area)

https://youtu.be/AX6chdrpYww

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Textbook Example (Exercise 10H Pg 453)

Write down a definite integral that represents the area of the shaded region. Then find the area.
1
(a) f ( x) = − x 2 + 2 x (b) f ( x) =
x2

Textbook Example (Exercise 10I Pg 454)

1
The diagram shows part of the graph of y = . The area of the shaded region under the graph of f
2x +1
from x = 1 to x = k is ln3.

(a) Write down an integral which represents the

area of the shaded region.
(b) Find the value of k.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Examples
 
1. The diagram shows part of the curve y = cos  2 x −  . Find
 6

(a) the x-coordinate of the point A where the curve cuts the x-axis,
(b) the area of the shaded region.

2. For each of the following, find, without

(i) the area of region A and hence
(ii) the combined area of A and B.

8
y=
x2

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

GDC Skills – Finding Area under the Curve

Textbook Example 13(a) (Pg 565)

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve f ( x) = e− x , the lines x = −1 and x = 1 and the x-
2

axis.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Type 1,

1
 e− x dx = 1.49365
2

−1

Scan here to watch video

on use of GDC for
definite integrals

https://youtu.be/3MvpPuXWHrs
VZ

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Area Bounded Entirely BELOW the x-axis

The area of the region bounded by the curve

y = f ( x ) and the x-axis, from x = a to x = b is

given by

− f ( x ) dx or  f ( x ) dx  f ( x ) dx ,
b b

b
or
a a a

where f ( x )  0 for a  x  b .

Example
Find the area bounded by the x-axis and y = x2 – 2x
Method 1: NON-calculator

Method 3: GDC (Calculator)

Method 2: GDC (Graph)
Graph the function f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x on the Graphs page.
Area =  dx =

Type in the required definite integral onto the calculator

Zoom in to the graph appropriately to see the function
clearly on the screen.
page by pressing “ ”, select “ ” for modulus sign
To find the definite integral press menu | 6: Analyze Graph
| 6: Integral. and “ ” for the integral.

Key in the value for the upper and lower bound.

The area under the graph (below the x-axis) will appear on
the screen as a negative value. Take the absolute value of
the area calculated.

Area =  dx =
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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Area Bounded Partially ABOVE and BELOW the x-axis

The area of the region bounded by the curve

y = f ( x ) and the x-axis, from x = a to x = b is y
y = f (x)
given by

 f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx  f ( x ) dx ,
c b b
or
a c a

where a  c  b , f ( x )  0 for a  x  c . a c x
O b y

Example
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = 3x( x − 2) , the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3.

Method 1: NON-calculator

2 3
Area = 0
3 x( x − 2) dx +  3 x( x − 2) dx
2

Method 2: GDC (Graph) Method 3: GDC (Calculator)

Graph the function f ( x) = 3x( x − 2) on the Graphs page. Area =  dx =

To find the definite integral press menu | 6: Analyze Graph | 6:
Integral. Type in the required definite integral onto the

Calculate the area for A and B separately using the respective upper calculator page by pressing “ ”, select
and lower bounds.
“ ” for modulus sign and “ ” for the
Area integral.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Examples
1. Find the total area of the regions contained by y = f(x) and the x-axis for

f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x . f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x

Method 1: Non-calculator:

Method 2: GDC (Calculator)

Explain why the total area shaded is not equal to 

f ( x) dx
2. (a) 1 .
(b) Write an expression for the total shaded area in terms of integrals.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Area between two functions

If two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) intersect at x = a and x = b
and f ( x )  g ( x ) for all a  x  b , then the area of the shaded
region between their points of intersection is given by

A =   f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx .
b

Alternatively, if we describe the upper and lower functions as

y = yU and y = y L respectively, then the area is

A =   yU − yL  dx
b

Scan here to watch

video on area
between curves

https://youtu.be/2o47-PNlG98

Examples

1. The diagram shows part of the curve y = x 2 − 3x + 4 . The line y = 8 cuts the curve at A(−1, 8)
and B(4, 8). Find the area of the shaded region.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals


2. Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve y = cos x for 0  x  and the line
2
1
y= .
2

1
3. The shaded region is bounded between y = x, y = and x = 2.
x
(a) Find the coordinates of A.
(b) Find the shaded region.

x=2

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

4. The diagram shows part of the graph of y = 4e 2 x + 16e −2 x meeting the y-axis at the point A and
the line x = 1 at the point B.

(a) Find the coordinates of A.

(b) Find the y-coordinate of B.
(c) Hence, find the area of the shaded region enclosed by the curve and the line AB. You
must show all your working.

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 2022 MAA510 IB1 Mathematics Analysis & Approaches
Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

GDC Skills – Finding Area of a Region Bounded by Curves

Worked Example
x+4
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves f ( x) = e2 x + 1 and g ( x) = e −3.

Method 1: GDC (Graph)

Type in the function for g (x) accordingly.

The GDC displays a shaded region between the two curves and the
value of its area.
The area of the region is _____________

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

Examples
1. 16N.2.sl.TZ0.4
(a) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥e−𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = −3𝑓(𝑥) + 1.
The graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 intersect at 𝑥 = 𝑝 and 𝑥 = 𝑞, where 𝑝 < 𝑞.
Find the value of 𝑝 and of 𝑞. [3 marks]
(b) Hence, find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔. [3 marks]

2. In the diagram, A is the point of intersection between the two curves.

Find the co-ordinates of point A and calculate the area of the shaded region.

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

3. The illustrated curves are those of y = sin x and y = sin 2 x .

(a) Identify each curve.

(b) Find algebraically the coordinates of A.
(c) Find the total area enclosed by C1 and C2 for 0  x   .

GDC Skills – Solving Equations involving Definite Integrals

When the unknown in an equation is either the upper or the lower limit of the definite integral and we
are not able to integrate the given function.
Example
1
2q − x
 dx = 12.3 .
2
Find the value(s) of q, given that 2x e 2
q

Method 1: Using graphs to solve equation

1
− a
da on the graphing page as f1 ( x ) .
2x
1. Plot the graph of y =  2a 2e 2
x

Ensure that the unknown that you are looking for is set as the
independent variable “x”.
2. Plot y = 12.3 as f 2 ( x ) .

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Chapter 12: Definite Integrals

3. Find the intersection point between the two graphs. You will need to
adjust the window setting/ zoom fit to see the intersection point.
4. The answer can be obtained by the x -coordinate of the intersection
point.
5. Value of q = 2.99 or 5.64

Method 2: Using nSolve (limitation: might miss some answers)

1. On the Calculator page, go to Menu 3: Algebra |1: Numerical Solve

or press the catalogue button “ ” and search the “n” menu for
“nSolve”. Select “nSolve” to get the function onto the calculator
page.
2. Key in the equation you would like to solve in the brackets, followed
by a “comma (,)” and type in the variable we are solving for, in this
case, “q”.
3. Key “Enter” and the equation will be solved. This method, however
will only be able to give 1 answer at a time.
4. There might be another answer that you might miss out. In that case,
you can “guess” an answer which is “further from 0” for instance in
this case, “p = 100” is keyed in as a “guess”.

Example
Find the value(s) of p for the following using your GDC.

 3( 2 + x )
p
dx = 64
2
(a)
−2

( x ) dx = 5
p
(b) 1
x sin

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