UTCB, FILS

Plane problem of the

Khalil Abara
10-29-2022
Problem /1/:

Figure 1
A) Determine the state of stress in the cantilever starting from the Strength of Materials
relations.

From Figure 2:
𝑀𝑧 = −𝑃. 𝑥

From the Strength of Materials relations:

𝑀𝑧 𝑃. 𝑥
→ 𝜎𝑥 = ( ) 𝑦 = − ( )𝑦 →
𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = −𝐴. 𝑋. 𝑌 (1) : A= const
𝑄𝑦 . 𝑆 ℎ2 𝑦 2
𝜎𝑦 =0 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ∶𝑆= −
𝐼𝑧 . 𝛿 8 8
𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. 𝑦 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =− +
8𝐼𝑧 8𝐼𝑧

𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝑦 2 − 𝐵 (2)

𝛿 2𝜑 𝛿 2𝜑 𝛿 2𝜑
𝜎𝑥 = ( 2 ) = −𝐴. 𝑥. 𝑦 (3) 𝜎𝑦 = ( 2 ) = 0 (4) 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − ( ) = 𝐶. 𝑦 2 − 𝐵 (5)
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝜑 𝐴 𝐴
= − . 𝑥. 𝑦 2 + 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝜑 = − . 𝑥. 𝑦 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑥). 𝑦 + 𝑓2 (𝑥) (6)
𝜕𝑦 2 6
𝛿 2𝜑
= 𝑓1 ≈ (𝑥). 𝑦 + 𝑓2 ≈ (𝑥) = 0 𝑓1 ≈ (𝑥) = 0, 𝑓2 ≈ (𝑥) = 0
𝛿𝑥 2

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 𝑓1 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐷, 𝑓2 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐹 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝐷. 𝑥 + 𝐸, 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝐹. 𝑥 + 𝑘
𝛿 2𝜑 𝐴 𝐴
= − . 𝑦 2 + 𝑓1 ′ (𝑥) − . 𝑦 2 + 𝐷 = 𝐶. 𝑦 2 − 𝐵
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 2 2
𝐴
𝐶 = 2 (7) 𝐷 = 𝐵 (8)
𝐴
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = − . 𝑥. 𝑦 3 + (𝐷. 𝑥 + 𝐸). 𝑦 + 𝐹. 𝑥 + 𝐾
6
𝐴
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = − . 𝑥. 𝑦 3 + 𝐷. 𝑥. 𝑦
6
𝐴
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 6 . 𝑥. 𝑦 3 + 𝐵. 𝑥. 𝑦 (9)
𝛿 2𝜑 𝛿 2𝜑 𝛿 2𝜑 𝐴
𝜎𝑥 = ( 2 ) = −𝐴. 𝑥. 𝑦 (10) 𝜎𝑦 = ( 2 ) = 0 (10) 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ( ) = − . 𝑦 2 + 𝐵 (10)
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 2
ℎ
𝑦=± ∶ 𝜎𝑦 = 0
2
𝐴 ℎ ℎ2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =0 − . ( )2 + 𝐵 = 0 → 𝐵 = . 𝐴 (11)
2 2 8
ℎ/2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥=0 ∫ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝛿𝑦 = −𝑝 (12)
−ℎ/2
ℎ/2
𝐴 𝐴. ℎ2 𝐴. ℎ3 12. 𝑃 3. 𝑃
∫ (− . 𝑦 2 + ) . 𝛿𝑦 = −𝑝 𝑃=− 𝐴= , 𝐵=
−ℎ/2 2 8 12 ℎ3 2. ℎ
12. 𝑃 3. 𝑃
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 3
. 𝑥. 𝑦 3 + . 𝑥. 𝑦 (13)
ℎ 2. ℎ

12. 𝑃
𝜎𝑥 = − . 𝑥. 𝑦 (14) 𝜎𝑦 = 0 (14)
ℎ3
3 𝑃 6. 𝑃 𝑃 ℎ2 𝑦 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + . − 3 . 𝑦 2 → 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ( − ) (14)
2 ℎ ℎ 𝐼𝑧 8 2

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B) Draw the 𝜎𝑥, 𝜎𝑦 and 𝜏𝑥𝑦 diagrams in the cross-section A-A.

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 C) Determine the expressions of the displacement components u and v and draw the
theoretical deformed shape of the cantilever.
1 1 2(1 + μ)
𝜀𝑥 = (𝜎 − 𝜇. 𝜎𝑦 ) (1) 𝜀𝑦 = (𝜎 − 𝜇. 𝜎𝑥 ) (1) 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = . 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (1)
𝐸 𝑥 𝐸 𝑦 𝐸
𝜕𝑢 𝜎𝑥 −12𝑃 −𝑃 𝜕𝑣 𝜎𝑥 𝜇. 𝑃. 𝑥. 𝑦 12 𝜇. 𝑃
𝜀𝑥 = = = 3 . 𝑥. 𝑦 = . 𝑥. 𝑦 (2) 𝜀𝑥 = = −𝜇 = . 3= . 𝑥. 𝑦 (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝐸 ℎ .𝐸 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝐸 𝐸 ℎ 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑃 ℎ2 𝑦 2
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = + = = ( − ) (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐺 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 8 2
𝑃 𝜇. 𝑃
𝑢=− . 𝑦. 𝑥 2 + 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑣=+ . 𝑥. 𝑦 2 + 𝑓(𝑥)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑃 𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃 𝑦 2 ℎ2
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = − . 𝑥 2 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) + . 𝑦 2 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥): 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = ( − )
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2 8
𝑃 𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃ℎ2
(𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − . 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑓 ′ (𝑦) + . 𝑦2 + )=
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧

𝑃ℎ2
𝐴+𝐵 = (6)
8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − . 𝑥2 = 𝐴 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . 𝑥 2 + 𝐴 → 𝑓(𝑥) = . 𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃𝑦 2 𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃𝑦 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) + . 𝑦2 + =𝐵 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = − . 𝑦2 − +𝐵 →
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧
𝜇. 𝑃 3
𝑃𝑦 3
𝑓(𝑦) = − .𝑦 − + 𝐵. 𝑦 + 𝐷
6𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧

𝑃 2
𝜇. 𝑃 3
𝑃𝑦 3
𝑢=− . 𝑦. 𝑥 − .𝑦 − + 𝐵. 𝑦 + 𝐷 (7)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧
𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃
𝑣=+ . 𝑥. 𝑦 2 + . 𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐶 (8)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

For K:

𝑃𝑙 3
𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 0 𝐷 = 0 (9), 𝐶 = −𝐴. 𝑙 + (9)
6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

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 Figure 3-2 From Figure 4-1

From Figure 5-1:

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑃
=0 =+ . 𝑥2 + 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧
𝑃 𝑃. 𝑙 2
𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 0 → . 𝑥2 + 𝐴 = 0 𝐴=−
2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧
𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. 𝑙 2 2. 𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝐵= + 𝐶=
8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝑃 2
𝜇. 𝑃 3
𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. 𝑙 2
𝑢=− . 𝑦. 𝑥 − .𝑦 − + .𝑦 − . 𝑦 (10)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧
𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃. 𝑙 2 2. 𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝑣=+ . 𝑥. 𝑦 2 + . 𝑥3 − .𝑥 + (11)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝑃 𝑃. 𝑙 2 2. 𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝑦=0 → 𝑣0 = . 𝑥3 − .𝑥 +
6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧
2. 𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝑥=0 → 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝑦=𝑥=0 →𝑢=0

From Figure 6-2:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑃 2
𝜇. 𝑃 2
𝑃𝑦 2
( )𝑥=𝑦=0 = 0 ( )𝑥=𝑦=0 = − .𝑥 − .𝑦 − +𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧
𝑃. 𝑙 2
𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝐵=
2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. 𝑙 2 𝑃. 𝑙. ℎ2 2𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝐴+𝐵 = → 𝐴= − 𝐶=− +
8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

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 𝑃 2
𝜇. 𝑃 3
𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃. 𝑙 2
𝑢=− . 𝑦. 𝑥 − .𝑦 − + . 𝑦 (11)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

𝜇. 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃. ℎ2 𝑃. 𝑙 2 𝑃. 𝑙. ℎ2 2𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝑣=+ . 𝑥. 𝑦 2 + . 𝑥3 + .𝑥 − .𝑥 − + (12)
2𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 6. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 2. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧 8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧
𝑃. 𝑙. ℎ2 2. 𝑃. 𝑙 3
𝑦=𝑥=0 →𝑢=0 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − + (13)
8. 𝐺. 𝐼𝑧 3. 𝐸. 𝐼𝑧

D) Draw a conclusion regarding the theoretical solution and the real state of stress and
deformation.
The formulas of material resistance in both cases (transitions and stresses) give reliable
results, but the presentation of the issue in material resistance has some formalities, for
example, it is sometimes said that the load is effective in the end of the permissible. This
load, as it is possible to apply the load to the end of the permissible in several diverse
ways.

Figure 1- 1 Figure 1- 2
It is also said that the permissible is reliable at the end, but from the point of view of the
theory of flexibility, it must be determined in what way this trust was achieved (it should
be noted that the method of stabilization taken in the theory of flexibility is not applied
in practical life), in many facilities The nail b5eam is often fixed, by inserting its end into
a gap inside a wall, where it rests at the bottom on a loading plate at point A, but at the
top it rests at point 'A on another bearing board as in Figure 1-1 when the beam is bent
The part of its axis between the datum's A A' will remain approximately straight.

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 This type of fastening corresponds to the first fixation form that was discussed in our
issue, Figure 1-2, and sometimes the nail beams consisting of I-section are fixed to a more
solid column by placing welding vertically along the sides of the body of the section. The
terminal body will remain vertical and such a case of fixation corresponds to the second
form of fixation discussed in the question.

Problem /2/:

Figure 7
A) Determine the wedge state of stress in polar coordinates (p. c.) and draw the
corresponding diagrams on a circular arc of radius r.

From Figure 2:

𝜋
𝜃 = ±𝛼 =
2

𝜎𝑟 = 𝑘 𝜎𝜃 = 0 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 0

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑘1 ∗ + 𝑘2 ∗ 𝜎𝜃 = 0 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 𝜏 = 0
𝑟 𝑟
𝜋 𝜋
2 2 𝜋
∑ 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑄𝑡 ∫ 𝜎𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑘
−
𝜋
−
𝜋 2
2 2

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 𝜋 2𝑄 2𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝑄+𝑘 =0 → 𝑘=− 𝜎𝑟 =
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝑟

2𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝜎𝑟 = 𝜎𝜃 = 0 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 0
𝜋 𝑟

For:

2𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟=0 𝜎𝑟 = ∞
𝜋 𝑟

For:

2𝑄 cos 𝜃 2𝑄 cos 𝜃
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟=𝑙 𝜎𝑟 = −
𝜋 𝑟 𝜋 𝑙

Figure 8-1 Figure 9-2

B) Determine the stresses in Cartesian coordinates (c. c.) and draw the 𝜎𝑥, 𝜎𝑦 and 𝜏𝑥𝑦
diagrams in a cross section at the x-ordinate.

𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓
𝜎𝑥 = 2 𝜎𝑦 = 2 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =− − 𝛾𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦

2𝑄 𝑥3 2𝑄 𝑥𝑦 2 2𝑄 𝑥2𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝜋 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

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 C) Compare the results in c. c. with the stress components given by Strength of Materials for
a bar in tension.
We know that the result in c.c concerning direct method is:
𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓
𝜎𝑥 = 2 𝜎𝑦 = 2 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − − 𝛾𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
And about the stress components given by the strength of materials for a tension bar we
have
The direct solving method in terms of stresses; so the stress components are determined:
𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓 𝛿 2𝑓
𝜎𝑥 = 2 𝜎𝑦 = 2 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − − 𝛾𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
Finally, comparing the two results, we can say that they are equals or they have the same
stress components.
D) Draw a conclusion regarding the limits of applicability of the Strength of Materials
relations.
The strength of materials is just:
1. Simple calculations formulas, which only give valid results on sections of constant
sections and far from the areas of application of the loads.
2. A general calculation method, but which only applies to elongated parts similar o
beams.
3. The transition from theory to application of the resistance of materials to design of
structures requires taking into account the particularities of each problem. This is
taken into account by applying correction factors to the results of material resistance
calculations resulting from experience calculation resulting from experience or the
use of software and by keeping minimum safety margins, most often imposed by
standards.

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