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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10517-8

Examination of the ECG signal classification technique

DEA-ELM using deep convolutional neural
network features

Aykut Diker 1 & Yasin Sönmez 2 & Fatih Özyurt 3 & Engin Avcı 3 & Derya Avcı 4

Received: 31 March 2020 / Revised: 15 October 2020 / Accepted: 5 January 2021

# The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021

Abstract
The accurate separation of ECG signals has become crucial to identify heart diseases.
Machine learning methods are widely used to separate ECG signals. The aim of this study
was to obtain optimal number of hidden neurons of the Extreme Learning Machine
(ELM) using the differential evolution algorithm (DEA) and increase the accuracy rate of
ECG classification. In this study, a public database on PhysioNet was used for ECG
signal classification. A deep feature method using convolutional neural network was used
to extract the major features of the ECG samples. Then, a conventional ELM was applied
to the ECG signals. Subsequently, the ECG signals with deep properties were shared with
the MATLAB classifier toolbox (k-NN, SVM, Decision Trees). In addition, the ECG
signals in the dataset were tested using the Genetic Algorithm Wavelet Kernel-ELM
(GAWK-ELM). Finally, the DEA-ELM was improved for the determination of the
number of hidden neurons. This study optimized the hidden neuron numbers of tradi-
tional ELM with DEA using deep learning capabilities in the feature extraction. The aim
of was to maximize the best cost of the DEA and achieve the optimal number of hidden
neurons in ELM. Accuracy (Acc), sensitivity (Se), specificity (Spe) and F-measure were
used as the performance metrics for the classifier performances. The classification results
were 80.60%, 81.50%, and 83.12% with SVM, ELM and DEA-ELM, respectively. Thus,
the best classification scores were accomplished with an accuracy of 83.12% with the
algorithm supported by the DEA.

Keywords Convolutional neural network . Deep features . Differential evolution algorithm .

Electrocardiogram . Extreme learning machine

* Aykut Diker
[email protected]

Extended author information available on the last page of the article

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1 Introduction

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the signal that represents the activity of the human heart. ECGs
are comprised of various important sections. Figure 1 shows a typical ECG signal [17, 47, 54,
58]. During atrial depolarization, the P wave occurs. Subsequently, the QRS wave occurs in
the heart [17, 58]. The movement of the ECG signal has become a significant parameter for
defining heart diseases. [22, 38]. The diagnosis of heart diseases at the right time is a very
important issue in treating cardiovascular diseases [43]. In particular, attempts have been made
to develop powerful computer based algorithms to identify heart disorders using ECG
recording classification [50]. Scientists have developed many methods to classify ECG signals.
Some of these methods include wavelet transform [52], radial basis function [37], multi-layer
perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM) [35], extreme learning machine (ELM) [33]
and deep feature learning based method [55]. Deep learning is a new method that has been
used in many studies in the literature for Image classification [41], biomedicine applications [8,
20] and agriculture [30]. Deep learning structures are multi-layered and include many param-
eters. The most commonly used architectures in the literature are automatic encoders and
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [48]. CNNs are well-known deep learning structures
and are comprise of two parts. In the initial section of CNN, feature subtraction is applied to

Fig. 1 A typical ECG signal and important sections

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the input data [48, 19]. CNN is principally successful in image processing applications [25, 59,
62].
ELM’s have been used in many areas including ECG signal classification and EEG signal
classification owing to their impeccable properties such as quick learning and generalization
[6, 28, 29, 57]. However, they have several problems including the presence of local minima’s,
indefinite learning rate, selection of the number of hidden neurons (NHN) and overfitting [56].
To solve these problems diverse methods with global search capabilities such as differential
evolutional (DE) [26, 61], PSO algorithm (classification performance of ECG signals accuracy
of 89.72%) [44], GA algorithm (classification performance of radar signals accuracy of
95.50%) [4], ACO algorithm [9] and ABC algorithm [23] have been developed. Clustering
Algorithm [11], Intuitionistic Fuzzy Rough Set Technique [10], Segmentation and Feature
Extraction method ın medical imaging [13], Intuitionistic Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Mean Clus-
tering Algorithm [12], Digital Mammography [14], Heart Disease Diagnosis Using Rough Set
and Cuckoo Search Technique [1], Formal Concept Analysis [60] can be added to these
publications. ECG signals, which can be normal or abnormal, are very critical in making an
accurate diagnosis. Thereby, computer-aided ECG analysis has a considerable role in detecting
heart disorders. In this study, the impact of the differential evolutional extreme learning
machine based (DEA-ELM) technique was examined to determine ECG signals as normal
and abnormal.
The novelty of the technique proposed in this study is that it uses the most appropriate NHN
values, which are determined using the DEA optimization technique to overcome the setbacks
of ECG classification (e.g. election of the NHN) with ELM. In addition, as accurate attribute
extraction is required to determine the signals as normal and abnormal. In this study, CNN,
which is based on the deep learning techniques of the ECG samples, was used for attribute
extraction. Moreover, in this study, the efficiencies of several machine learning techniques
were examined. The principal objective of this study was to ensure the enhancement of
classification efficiency and decrease the mentioned problems of ELM to accurately separate
the ECG signals as normal and abnormal using DEA. In this study, a method offering the
following advantages was proposed to be used instead of traditional ELM:

a) The DEA-ELM, which is used in a process to separate normal and abnormal samples, has
a better classification accuracy than the ELM owing to the improved NHN.
b) This process, which is carried out using DEA, is used to adjust the most optimal efficiency
separating the samples as normal and abnormal.

The paper is organized as follows: in Section 1 the collection of the ECG signals is presented.
In Section 3 the results of the ELM and DEA-ELM studies used in ECG classification are
given. In Sections 4 and 5 the discussions and conclusion are presented.

2 Data collection and techniques

The diagram of the proposed classification method is presented in Fig. 2. This technique can
be separated into four parts. Primarily, ECG samples are attained through the PhysioNet. This
step is consists of two parts, as baseline-wandering and remove 60 Hz interference. After
preprocessing steps, ECG signals which are acquired from Physionet were converted to image
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Fig. 2 The block schema of the recommended system

using a spectrogram. The next process of the schema is attribute extraction that deep features
are attained from CNN. The other step of the recommended system is an improvement that is
optimized of a NHN of ELM and, is the last stage which is samples separated as normal and
abnormal.

2.1 Dataset

In this study, to determine the adequacy of ELM, PTBDB heart records, which were available
on the Physionet, were utilized [24]. A total of 549 ECG samples and samples of signals
records were collected from 294 contributors. Roughly 20% of the contributors comprised the
healthy samples. The record samples include healthy and different abnormal varieties as
indicated in Fig. 3.
A preliminary study was conducted on healthy and MI signals. As a result, 112 MI and 48
healthy signals were selected. Furthermore, in this study, all of the ECG samples were
achieved through lead II on the database as shown in Fig. 4.

2.2 Pre-processing

Noise and interference, which increase waves, are unwanted in applications. ECGs have a
significant number of interferences, thus the preprocessing stage is important for the classifi-
cation operation in computer-aided methods [15, 18]. In addition, a normal analysis is carried
out with many applications by achieving noiseless clean samples. ECGs contain different
kinds of disorderliness including a fundament origin period and device parasites. Using the
symlet filter wavelet transformation and denoising operation baseline navigation was adjusted.
On the other hand, line parasites and system parasites were decreased in this step. Then, the

Fig. 3 Cases of the PTB dataset

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Fig. 4 Heart recording withal number s0001_re

parasites proceedings on the ECG samples were appeased by employing the Savitzky-Golay
filter, which is given in Fig. 5.

2.3 Feature extraction

Feature extraction is a major operation in the classification process. After the pre-processing, it
is required to take out the attributes of the ECG samples. In this study, the deep features were
obtained by using CNN. Within this context, AlexNet, a CNN structure, was used.

2.3.1 Convolutional neural network structure

CNNs are type of multi-layer sensors [48]. CNN, which is considered to operate data in
multiple arrays, has become a popular technique because of its working dexterity in
image attribute subtraction [49]. CNNs are comprised of a lot of layers as shown in
Fig. 6. All layers consisted of three layers, namely characteristic pooling layer, the filter
bank layer, and the non-linear layer. There are a lot of kernels in the filter bank on
account of other attribute subtractions.
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Fig. 5 (i) Preprocessed ECG sample (ii) Savitzky-Golay performed ECG sample

In the pooling layer, all attribute maps are operated one by one. Every map ensures the
mean or maximum value of the contiguous value [48].

2.3.2 Layers used in CNN structure

In this study, AlexNet, which is a CNN architecture, was used to take out the features. The
convolution layers in the AlexNet embody the Input-Convolution-ReLu-Pooling-Fully con-
nected layers. The Rectified linear unit (ReLU) used in the AlexNet architecture is the
activation function that has a very fast learning speed. ReLU has a higher performance than
sigmoid and tanh, both of which are other activation functions. The ReLU activation function
fulfills a threshold process to each input element where values less than zero are set to zero
thus the ReLU is calculated using Eqs. 1.


xi ; if xi ≥0
f ðxÞ ¼ maxð0; xÞ ¼ ð1Þ
0; if xi < 0

ReLU verifies the values of inputs less than zero and forces them to zero and eliminates the
vanishing gradient disadvantage observed in previous activation function types [45, 49]. The
CNN structure used to take out the attributes of the ECG samples achieved from the ECG
spectrograms is presented in Fig. 7.
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Fig. 6 CNN structure

CNN structure used in the study was comprised five convolutional strata (C1 to C5 scheme)
that included two fully connected strata (FC6 and FC7). The output attributes achieved from
the FC7 layer were given as input to the ELM and DEA-ELM classifiers.

2.4 Extreme learning machine

It has been suggested by ref. [28] that ELM can only determine the expiration step weights in
the course of training [6, 28, 29]. ELM is a universalized SLFN and as can be seen in Fig. 8 it
is not essential to regulate the hidden layer.
For N casually distinct instances (xi, ti), ELM with H hidden nodes and the activation
coefficient h(x) is designated by xi = [xi1, xi2, …. . xiD]T ∈ RDand ti = [ti1, xi2, …. . xiK]T ∈ RK.
SLFNs are described as shown in Eq. 2:

L   L  
∑ β i hi x j ¼ ∑ β i hi wi :x j þ bi ¼ o j ; jϵ 1; N ### ð2Þ
i¼1 i¼1

The ELM is shown in Fig. 9.

Different from standard learning procedures the ELM technique can casually produce
hidden node parameters. wi = [wi1, wi2, …. . wiD]T, is the weight vector connected to the hidden
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Fig. 7 CNN structure used in this work

node and the input nodes, βi = [βi1, βi2, …. . wiK]K is the weight vector and bi is the ith node.
The h(x) activation function and hidden nodes L are shown in Eqs. 3, 4 and 5.
Hβ ¼ T ð3Þ

2 3
h1 ðw1 x1 þ b1 Þ ⋯ hL ðLx1 þ bL Þ
H ¼4 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 5 ð4Þ
h1 ðw1 xN þ b1 Þ ⋯ hL ðwL xN þ bL Þ NxM

2 3 2 3
β T1 tT1
β ¼4⋮5 and T ¼ 4⋮5 ð5Þ
β TL Mx1 tTL Nx1

Besides, ELM has represented as in Eq. 6, conversely SLFNs.

β ¼ H †T ð6Þ
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Fig. 8 SLFN structure

H† characterize Moore-Penrose, the universalize reverse of H matrix to attain a least-square

solve [28], [7, 27, 36, 42].

2.5 Differential evolution algorithm

The DEA, which is an advanced technique used for working out the problems of constant
parameters, was put forward by Price and Storm [34]. DEA is an inhabitants-dependent
empirical procedure that is inspired by GA related processing and operators. In addition,
DEA can particularly ensure effective results that are the disadvantages of constant data [21,
32, 51, 63]. Incidentally, DEA is exerted investigative on a lot of areas. Through the repetitions
in the algorithm, superior consequences for the resolution of the disadvantage by the aid of the
operators are explored. Furthermore, the goal of the algorithm is to advance the remedy
efficiency of the disadvantages in which coding by constant scores is used, by certain alters
in genetic operators. The crossing, mutation and election operators in GA are also used in
DEA. However, in DEA not all of the operators are carried out to the all of the inhabitant in the
order. Chromosomes are handled one by one and obtained by a new individual through the
randım election of three other chromosomes. In the course of this procedure, mutation and
crossover processors are used. The compatibility of the recent chromosome obtained using the
existing chromosome are compared and the one that is more suitable is transferred to next
population as a new individual. As a result, the election operative is also used. The quality of
the solutions created is evaluated according to the value they come up with for the goal
function [34]. The major benefits and significant parameters of the DEA procedure are
presented in Table 1.
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Fig. 9 ELM architecture

The D factor can be characterized by a D vector. In this algorithm, firstly an inhabitant of

NP inhabitant vector is selected. This inhabitant is achieved advanced with execution muta-
tion, crossover, and selection operators [21]. The primary steps of DEA are given in Fig. 10.
The number of variables of the problem determines the number of genes for each chromo-
some. The population size (number of chromosomes) in DEA should always be greater than
three because three chromosomes are required, excluding the existing chromosome, for the
production of new chromosomes.
Mutation is to perform alters in casually decisive amounts on various sections of the genes
of the actual chromosome. Three extra chromosomes are selected for mutation within the
DEA. The difference of the first two selected chromosomes is obtained. Afterward, this
chromosome is multiplied by the scaling parameter. This parameter mostly receives scores

Table 1 Benefits-significant factors

Benefits • Basic architecture

• Facilitate of handling
• Rapid and powerful [31, 32].
Factors • NP (Number of Population-size)
• CR (Crossover Rate)
• F (Scaling Factor) [51].
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Fig. 10 Differential algorithm steps

among 0–2. The attained weighted difference chromosome is added to the third chromosome.
As a result, the result of the mutation chromosome is used in the crossover [34]. The aim is to
reduce costs and obtain the optimal number of hidden neurons of ELM using DEA. Table 2
presents the DEA pseudo code used in this study.

3 Classification results

In this section the classification scores for healthy and abnormal samples are presented. To
determine the scores a total of 160 ECG samples comprised of 80 abnormal and 80 normal
signals were selected from a public dataset. The confusion matrix was employed to appraise

Table 2 DEA-ELM used in this work

Algorithm : Differential Evolution Extreme Learning Machine (DEA-ELM)
Input: Preprocessed ECG signals (Dataset)
NHN :Number of Hidden Neuron
pCR : Crossover Rate
nPop : Number of population
nVar: VarMin_1, VarMax_1, VarMin_2, VarMax_2
TF, MaxIt
Output: Best cost results
1. for i=1:nPop
2. pop(i).Cost=DEA-ELM (Dataset, Elm_Type, pop(i).NHN, TF{pop(i).TF},5) // Initialization
3. end
4. beta=unifrnd (beta_min,beta_max,VarSize);
5. y1=pop(a).NHN+beta.*(pop(b).NHN-pop(c).NHN)… // Mutation
6. z1=zeros(size(x1));j0=randi([1 numel(x1)]); // Crossover
7. BestCost(it)=BestSol.Cost; // Best cost of DEA-ELM for classification
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classifier efficacy. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, quality index, and F-measure of the
classifiers were determined using Eqs. 7–10. The true positive (TP) and true negative (TN)
characterized the quantity of the normal and abnormal ECG samples, while the false positive
(FP) and false-negative (FN) represented the quantity of the normal and abnormal ECG
samples [16, 21].
TP þ TN
Acc ¼ ð7Þ
TP þ TN þ FP þ FN

TP
Se ¼ ð8Þ
TP þ FN

TN
Spe ¼ ð9Þ
TN þ FP

2*TP
F−measure ¼ ð10Þ
2*TP þ FP þ FN
Firstly, the preprocessing step was performed to remove the 60 Hz interference and the
baseline wander of the ECG samples obtained from the PTB dataset. Then, the spectrograms
to represent the frequency domain the ECG signals were obtained as can be seen in Fig. 11.
After obtaining the spectrograms of the ECG signals to extract the features of the ECG
signals AlexNet, which is a CNN architecture, was used. As a result, a feature vector of 160 ×
4097 size was obtained to be given to the classifiers.

3.1 Comparison of classifiers efficiency

In this section, the performance of the ELM, DEA-ELM, k-NN, SVM, and decision trees
algorithms were compared. Within this scope, achievement consequences were achieved via
the ELM’s Radbas, Sin, Sig, Hardlim and Tribas activation functions (AC). All of the ECG
samples were separated into two sets as training and test sets. Moreover, the ECG samples was
tested with a 10-fold cross-validation method. Classifier consequences were attained by tuning
the NHN of ELM to 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 as can be seen in Figs. 12, 13, 14 and 15.
The proposed method was provided by 10-fold cross-validation via the MATLAB Classi-
fication Learner Toolbox. The results of the classifiers used in this toolbox are presented in
Fig. 16.
In addition, the confusion matrix and receive operating curve (ROC) of the classifiers,
namely k-NN, SVM and decision trees, are shown in Fig. 17.
The main aim of this study was to analyze the performance of the model by improving the
NHN of ELM via DEA. Therefore, the classification parameters were examined via the NHN
of the ELM as seen in Figs. 12, 13, 14 and 15. The classification efficiency of the ELM can be
enhanced by NHN. For this, the DEA, which is a powerful meta-heuristic improvement
method, was applied. The DEA was used to boost the consequences which were attained by
the ECG classification using ELM. This method was carried out as can be seen from Fig. 18.
The best costs as efficiency consequences were attained with 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 1600,
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Fig. 11 (a) Spectrogram of normal ECG record with number s0292lre (b) Spectrogram of abnormal ECG record
with numbers0021brem (c) Normal ECG record with number s0292lre (d) Anormal ECG record with
numbers0021brem

Fig. 12 Accuracy results of ELM

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Fig. 13 Sensitivity results of ELM

1700, 1800, 1900, and 2000 repetitions with DEA-ELM (Fig. 18). Moreover, the factors
attained from the DEA-ELM are presented in Table 3.
The efficiency scores for five diverse AC were attained by DEA-ELM. The NHN that
improved via DEA-ELM is given in Table 3. Furthermore, the factors used in the DEA method
are presented in Table 4.
In the NHN improvement applied via the DEA-ELM method the best accuracy score of
83.12% was achieved with Sigmoid AC and 89 NHN. When the highest best cost value was
achieved, the number of repetitions was increased to verify this result. In addition, this dataset
was tested using the Genetic Algorithm Wavelet Kernel ELM (GAWK-ELM) [5], which is

Fig. 14 Specificity results of ELM

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Fig. 15 F-measure results of ELM

another meta-heuristic optimization method. The parameters used in the GAWK-ELM method
are given in Table 5 and the results of the method are given in Table 6.
As can be understood from the results of the GAWK-ELM method, the DEA-ELM method
had higher classification accuracy. This is due to the fact that the DEA method is an iterative
solution search-based heuristic search algorithm.
Whether the best cost value changed with excessive repetitions was evaluated. As a result,
the best cost score accomplished was left consistent at 1900 and 2000 repetition numerals as
referred in Table 3.

Fig. 16 The efficiency consequences of the classification learner toolbox

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Fig. 17 (a) ROC and confusion matrix of k-NN classifier (b) ROC and confusion matrix of SVM classifier (c)
ROC and confusion matrix of decision trees classifier
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Fig. 18 Classification results of the DEA-ELM

4 Discussion

Heart failure is a fatal disease that affects both the heart and the heart vessels and is the most
important cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the early detection of heart diseases is very
important. As a result, ECG classification has become a critical area of study over the last
20 years [2]. In this section a benchmark regarding automated ECG analysis systems, which is
shown in Table 7, among the recommended technique and the ultimately concerned works
considering the prominent parameters, such as techniques, databases, classes and attributes
type is discussed.

Table 3 Factors attained through DEA-ELM in work

Iteration NHN AC Acc(%)

250 43 Tribas 76.25

500 56 Sin 78.75
750 25 Hardlim 79.37
1000 108 Sig 77.50
1500 79 Radbas 76.87
1600 111 Sig 78.13
1700 39 Radbas 81.25
1800 89 Sig 83.12
1900 67 Hardlim 76.88
2000 15 Tribas 81.25
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Table 4 DEA important metrics used in the work

Factor Value

Population 160
Mutation 0.1
Crossover 0.8
Factor bounds NHN Min=1, Mak=120
Number of iteration 250,500,750,1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000
Stopping criteria Until it compasses the best cost score.

The offered DEA-ELM procedure for the improved NHN of the ELM is completely unique
compared to former techniques and is an innovative method in this area. In this study, low
accuracy performance was achieved due to the low number of signals used. The sensitivity and
specificity values in ELM can be misleading. Therefore, accuracy should be taken into
consideration in the system evaluation. Consequently, some studies have reported low accu-
racy values when using the DEA-ELM. When a collation is accomplished taking notice of the
coefficients in Table 4, the classification performance of DEA-ELM based on deep feature
may be defined promising. In Ref [65], two deep neural network architecture for the classi-
fication of arbitrary-length ECG samples were proposed and evaluated according to the atrial
fibrillation (AF) classification data set provided by the PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2017.
Consequently, was found to outperform the first one, obtaining an F1 score of 82.1% on the
hidden challenge testing set. In another ref. [46] a novel approach to automatically detect the
MI using ECG signals was used. In the present study, a CNN algorithm was implemented for
the automated detection of normal and MI ECG beats (with and without noise) and average
accuracy of 93.53% and 95.22% using ECG beat with noise and noise removal respectively
was obtained, respectively.
It should be emphasized that in this study only DEA-ELM was used for ECG classification
yet the primary aim of this study was to advance the classification efficiency and improve
NHN. Furthermore, it was determined that the classification efficiency of the ECG sample was

Table 5 The parameters for the GA design

The parameters type of GA

Coding type Binary encoding

Mutation rate 5%
Mutation type Bit inversion
Crossover rate 80%
Crossover type Two point crossover
Population size 40 chromosomes
Chromosome size 20 bits

Table 6 GAWK-ELM results

Activation Function Acc (%)

Wavelet 71.67
Table 7 Classification performance of the proposed method and comparison with other studies

References Class Database Features Classifiers Performance

Zihlmann et al. 2 PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2017 Deep learning- LSTM CNN and CRNN (Softmax) F1-Score: 82.1%
[65] and PTB Diagnostic ECG
Database
Oh et al. [46] 5 (Total MITDB Deep learning LSTM and CNN Accuracy: 98.1%, Sensitivity:
16,499 97.5%, Specificity:98.7%
beat)
Limam and 4 PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2017 Deep learning CRNN and CRNN-SVM Score: 90.6%, Sensitivity:
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Precioso [39] 82.5% Specificity: 98.8%

Acharya et al. [1] 2 PTB Diagnostic ECG Database • R-peaks detection CNN With noise:
• 11-layer deep neural network • No Accuracy: 93.53% Sensitivity:
feature selection or feature reduc- 93.71% Specificity:
tion 92.83%
• Denoising not required Without noise:
Accuracy: 95.22% Sensitivity:
95.49% Specificity:
94.19%
Cömert and 2 CTU-UHB Deep learning DCNN Accuracy: 93.32%,
Kocamaz [49] Sensitivity: 56.15%,
Specificity: 96.51%
Sannino and 2 (Total MIT–BIH • Pre-RR interval DNN Accuracy: 99.68%,
Pietro [55] 4576 • Post-RR interval Sensitivity: 99.48%,
beat) • Local average RR interval, Specificity: 99.83%
• Global average RR interval
Andersen et al. 2 AFDB, MITDB, NSRDB Deep learning CNN and RNN Accuracy: 89.30%,
[3] Sensitivity: 99.82%,
Specificity:87.94%
Melgani and Bazi 6 (Total MIT– BIH ECG morphology features, ECG PSO-SVM Accuracy: 89.72%
[44] 45,438 temporal features
beat)
Lin and Hsieh 2 MIT-BIH R peak ECG R peak detection method and a Accuracy: 94.72%,
[40] beat-to-beat Gaussian voting AFib Sensitivity: 98.11%,
method Specificity: 97.97%
Table 7 (continued)

References Class Database Features Classifiers Performance

Avcı [5] 2 UCI 20 features (age, sex, fatigue etc.) GAWK-ELM Accuracy: 96.642%
The method 2 PTB Diagnostic ECG Database Deep Features DEA-ELM Accuracy: 83.12%
proposed in •7-layer deep neural network
this study
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increased via the DEA-ELM procedure as is shown in Figure 18. It must realized that system
efficiency can be increased via different attributes taken by various domains such as temporal
and deep learning. The experimental consequences showed that NHN is beneficial for ECG
classification efficiency.

5 Conclusion

In this study, DEA-ELM, a recently improved procedure, was used for ECG classification. The
proposed system was tested by operating the open access PTB Diagnostic database. Moreover,
a comparisonwas achieved by considering major parameters from the point of the ECG
analysis. The best classification scores were achieved with an accuracy of 81.50% via ELM.
The best cost of 83.12% was achieved with the Sigmoid function, while the best classification
results of 89 NHN were obtained with the DEA-ELM approach. The main aim of this study
was to classify ECG with the DEA procedure that was optimized with ELM.

Author’s contribution Aykut Diker: Literature analysis, Interpretation of the results, Drawing of the figures,
Preparation of the manuscript. Yasin Sönmez: Literature analysis, Interpretation of the results, Preparation of the
manuscript. Fatih Özyurt: Literature analysis, Drawing of the figures, Preparation of the manuscript. Engin
Avcı: Literature analysis, Interpretation of the results. Derya Avcı: Literature analysis, Interpretation of the
results, Preparation of the manuscript.

Funding This review was not supported by any external funding sources

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Statements of ethical approval The authors did not carry out any work that involved human or animal
participants for this study.

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Affiliations

Aykut Diker 1 & Yasin Sönmez 2 & Fatih Özyurt 3 & Engin Avcı 3 & Derya Avcı 4
1
Department of Software Engineering, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, TR-10200 Balıkesir, Turkey
2
Technical Sciences Vocational School, Batman University, TR-72000 Batman, Turkey
3
Technology Faculty, Software Engineering, Fırat University, TR-23000 Elazig, Turkey
4
Technical Sciences Vocational School, Fırat University, TR-23000 Elazig, Turkey