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The document outlines the fundamentals of computer networks, including key hardware components such as servers, clients, hubs, switches, and routers, as well as various network types like PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, and WLAN. It also describes network topologies, their features, and entrepreneurial opportunities in networking, emphasizing the benefits and challenges in different environments. Additionally, it explains the OSI model and the purpose of communication protocols in ensuring efficient and secure data transmission.

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derrick123
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3 views5 pages

Sat

The document outlines the fundamentals of computer networks, including key hardware components such as servers, clients, hubs, switches, and routers, as well as various network types like PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, and WLAN. It also describes network topologies, their features, and entrepreneurial opportunities in networking, emphasizing the benefits and challenges in different environments. Additionally, it explains the OSI model and the purpose of communication protocols in ensuring efficient and secure data transmission.

Uploaded by

derrick123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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explain a computer network.


difference between logical and physical topoly.
networking hardware
Key Hardware for Setting up Network Systems:
1. Server: Central device storing and managing network resources.
2. Client: Devices accessing the server's resources (e.g., PCs).
3. Hub: Basic device connecting multiple network devices, sharing bandwidth.
4. Switch: Advanced version of a hub; directs data to the intended device.
5. Router: Connects multiple networks, including the internet.
6. Cables: Connect devices physically (e.g., Ethernet cables).
7. Access Points: Wireless hubs enabling Wi-Fi connections.
 Network Interface Card (NIC): Enables devices to connect to networks.

Hubs are “dumb” devices that pass on anything received on one connection to all other
connections.
 Switches are semi-intelligent devices that learn which devices are on which connection.
 Routers are essentially small computers that perform a variety of intelligent tasks.
8.

Types of Networks:
1. Personal Area Network (PAN):
o Covers a very small range (e.g., Bluetooth, USB connections).
o Used for personal devices like phones, smartwatches, and laptops.
2. Local Area Network (LAN):
o Connects devices within a small area (e.g., office, school).
o High speed, low cost, private ownership.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
o Spans a city or large campus.
o Connects multiple LANs; faster than WAN.
4. Wide Area Network (WAN):
o Covers large geographical areas (e.g., countries).
o Uses public infrastructure (e.g., the Internet).
5. Wireless LAN (WLAN):
o LAN using wireless signals (Wi-Fi).
o Allows mobility within the network area.
6. Internet:
o Global network connecting billions of devices.
o Facilitates communication and data sharing worldwide.
Exemplar:
 LAN connects devices in a school.
 MAN links multiple school networks within a city.
 WAN connects schools in different countries.

Network Topologies:
1. Bus Topology: Single cable connecting all devices.
2. Star Topology: Devices connect to a central hub/switch.
3. Ring Topology: Devices form a closed loop.
4. Mesh Topology: Every device connects directly to others.
5. Tree Topology: Hierarchical combination of star and bus topologies.

Features of Each Network Topology:


1. Bus:
o Simple, low cost.
o Prone to failure if the cable breaks.
2. Star:
o Reliable; easy to troubleshoot.
o Central hub failure affects the network.
3. Ring:
o Organized data flow.
o One device failure disrupts the network.
4. Mesh:
o Highly reliable, multiple paths.
o Expensive and complex to set up.
5. Tree:
o Scalable; supports hierarchical management.
o Root failure disrupts the structure.

Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Networking Computing Devices:


1. Benefits and Challenges of Networking:
o School:
Benefits: Easy resource sharing, online learning.
Challenges: Maintenance, security risks.
o Business:
Benefits: Collaboration, data access, cost savings.
Challenges: Downtime, cyber threats.
o Health:
Benefits: Patient data sharing, telemedicine.
Challenges: Privacy issues, high costs.
2. Applications of Networks in Different Environments:
o PAN: Personal gadgets (smart homes, wearables).
o LAN: Offices, schools, libraries.
o MAN: City-wide public services, hospitals.
o WAN: Global businesses, international banking.
3. Business Opportunities in Networking:
o Network Setup and Maintenance: Building and managing networks for schools,
businesses, etc.
o Cybersecurity Services: Offering solutions to protect data and systems.
o Cloud Services: Providing storage and remote access solutions.
o IoT Solutions: Creating smart home or city systems.
o Training and Consulting: Educating businesses on network benefits.
These opportunities can generate income through subscription plans, service contracts, and innovative
tech solutions.

OSI
The **Data Communication Model** explains how information is shared between devices. It
involves **five main components**:

1. **Sender**: The device that sends data (e.g., a computer sending an email).
2. **Receiver**: The device that receives data (e.g., a phone receiving the email).
3. **Message**: The actual information being sent (e.g., text, audio, video).
4. **Transmission Medium**: The path data travels through (e.g., cables, Wi-Fi).
5. **Protocol**: Rules ensuring smooth communication (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP).

These components work together to ensure accurate and efficient communication.OSI Model
Layers:
1. Physical Layer: Deals with hardware and transmission (cables, signals).
2. Data Link Layer: Manages error detection and data framing.
3. Network Layer: Handles routing and addressing (IP addresses).
4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data delivery (e.g., TCP).
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Formats data for readability (encryption, compression).
7. Application Layer: Interfaces with software (e.g., browsers, email).

The OSI model is like a big sandwich with 7 layers, each doing a specific job to help computers
communicate:
1. Physical Layer: Think of this as wires and signals—the "roads" where data travels.
2. Data Link Layer: Like traffic rules, it organizes data into small pieces (frames) and checks for
errors.
3. Network Layer: Like a GPS, it finds the best route to send data between computers.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures data is delivered correctly, like a delivery person checking the
address.
5. Session Layer: Opens and manages "chat rooms" for devices to talk to each other.
6. Presentation Layer: Translates data so all devices can understand it, like converting languages.
7. Application Layer: The apps you see, like email, games, or browsers.
Each layer works together, passing data up or down to make communication smooth!

Purpose of Communication Protocols:


 Standardization: Ensures devices communicate seamlessly.
 Reliability: Provides error detection and correction.
 Interoperability: Allows different systems to work together.
 Security: Protects data during transmission.
 Efficiency: Optimizes data transfer speed and accuracy.

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