The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, functions, and roles in heredity and protein synthesis. It explains the components of nucleotides, the process of DNA replication, and includes a worksheet with questions related to the material. Key concepts include the complementary base pairing in DNA, the types of RNA, and the significance of DNA as the genetic blueprint.
The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, functions, and roles in heredity and protein synthesis. It explains the components of nucleotides, the process of DNA replication, and includes a worksheet with questions related to the material. Key concepts include the complementary base pairing in DNA, the types of RNA, and the significance of DNA as the genetic blueprint.
The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, functions, and roles in heredity and protein synthesis. It explains the components of nucleotides, the process of DNA replication, and includes a worksheet with questions related to the material. Key concepts include the complementary base pairing in DNA, the types of RNA, and the significance of DNA as the genetic blueprint.
The document provides an overview of nucleic acids, specifically DNA and RNA, detailing their structures, functions, and roles in heredity and protein synthesis. It explains the components of nucleotides, the process of DNA replication, and includes a worksheet with questions related to the material. Key concepts include the complementary base pairing in DNA, the types of RNA, and the significance of DNA as the genetic blueprint.
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BIOLOGY-1 WORKSHEET-4 NUCLEIC ACIDS & ATP
NUCLEIC ACIDS: are made up of C, H, O, N and P. are responsible from regulation and control of body activities and inheritance of traits. their building blocks are NUCLEOTIDES. Each nucleotide contains: 1) Pentose(5C) sugar: Deoxyribose(in DNA), Ribose(in RNA). 2) Phosphate group(H3PO4) 3) Organic base: Purines contain double ring: Adenine(A),Guanine(G) Pyrimidines contain single ring:Cytosine(C), Thymine(T), Uracil(U) only in RNA
The DNA Molecule:
Contains deoxyribose as pentose sugar. Contains Adenine(A),Guanine(G) as purines, Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T) as pyrimidines. A=T (Adenine number is always equal to Thymine number and contains 2 H-bonds). G=C (Guanine number is always equal to Cytosine number and contains 3 H-bonds). A+G=C+T
The RNA Molecule: contains Uracil instead of thymine.
1) r-RNA: ribosomal RNA found in structure of ribosomes. 2) t-RNA: transfer RNA responsible from transport of amino acids. 3) m-RNA: messenger RNA carry messages from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
1 *** DNA REPLICATION: It is the production of new DNA molecule from the old strand by the help of DNA polymerase enzyme. Firstly double stranded DNA opens like a V-shape by enzymes. Then a new DNA is synthesized on each strand by DNA polymerase enzyme. This replication is known as semi-conservative replication, because one strand is new and the other is old for all newly formed DNA molecules.
NUCLEIC ACIDS WORKSHEET
Name _____________________ 1. Write out the full name for DNA. _____________________________________________ 2. What is a gene? _______________________________________________________ 3. Where in the cell are chromosomes located? _______________________________________________________ 4. DNA can be found in what two organelles? _________________________________________________________ 5. What two scientists established the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________ 6. What is the shape of DNA? ______________________________________ 7. What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? ________________________________________ 8. What are the "rungs" of the DNA ladder made of? _______________________________________________________ 9. What sugar is found in DNA? _______________________ In RNA? ____________________ 10. How do the bases bond together? A bonds with _____ G bonds with _______ 11. The two purines in DNA are ______________________________________________________. 12. DNA is made of repeating units called _______________________________________________________ 13. Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger? Why can't the code be taken directly from the DNA? 14. Proteins are made where in the cell? 15. How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells, when the DNA in ALL the cells is exactly the same. In other words, if the instructions are exactly the same, how does one cell become a brain cell and another a skin cell? 16. Why is DNA called the "Blueprint of Life"?
2 QUESTIONS: 1. In the early to mid-1900’s, there was considerable debate about whether protein or DNA was the hereditary material a. For what reasons did many researchers assume that protein was the genetic material.
b. What key sets of experiments led to the understanding that, in fact, DNA and not protein was the hereditary material?
c. What evidence did each experiment provide?
2. Watson and Crick were the first to correctly describe the structure of DNA. What evidence did they use to do this? How did they use this evidence to put together or propose the structure of DNA?
DNA 1. Give the complementary base sequence of the following DNA strand. Original strand: T T A C G G T C A C C A A G C G T G ____________________________________________
2. List three characteristics of the DNA molecule.
a. b. c. d. 6. Explain how a single DNA molecule produces two identical molecules? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7. What are the DNA base pairing rules? _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3 8. What are the main forms of RNA? 9. How does each form of RNA function in the cell? ________________________________________________________________________ 1. What does expansion of DNA?
2. What is DNA’s primary function?
3. What is the function of proteins?
4. What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA?
5. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide.
6. Sketch and label a DNA nucleotide.
7. Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA.
8. What is the difference between a purine & a pyrimidine?
9. Name 2 purines: 10. Name 2 pyrimidines:
11.Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule & in what year was this done?
12. The model of DNA is known as a ____________________________ because it is composed of
two ___________________ chains wrapped around each other.
13. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?
14. What makes up the "steps" of a DNA molecule?
15. What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Are they strong or weak bonds?
16. On DNA, a _________________ base will always pair with a _______________ base.
17. What is the most common form of DNA found in organisms?
18. How many hydrogen bonds link cytosine & guanine? adenine & thymine?
19. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself?
20. Define DNA replication.
21. What enzymes help separate the 2 strands of nucleotides on DNA? What bonds do they break?
22. What is the function of DNA polymerases?
23. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A – G – G – C – T – A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
24. Is DNA replicated (copied) before or after cell division?
