# INTERVIEW PREPARATION #

1) Constructor :-
* constructor is special type of function inside class .

* constructor is used to initialise the data member of new object.

* constructor name should be same as their class.

* constructor doesn't have any parameter.

* Also constructor doesn't have any return type.

* Constructor call itself at the time of object creation.

2) Static function :-
* static function calling hum class ke name ke sath karate hai.

* static function we define with static keyword.

* static function only contain static variable, static member.

3) Function :-
* function is block of code and reusable of code that performs a specific task.

* we can function call of object creation.

4) function overloading :-
* Multiple method of same name in single class.

* No need of inheritance, as it is in single class .

* in function overloading All methods have different parameter (signature).

* function overloading is compile time polymorphism.

* No special keyword used in function overloading.

5) function overriding :-
* Multiple method of same name in different class.

* Inheritance is used, as it is in different class.

* in the function overriding in which All methods have same parameter (signature).

* function overriding is run time polymorphism.

* Virtual & override keywords used in function overriding.

6) Default Constructor :-
* A constructor which has no argument is known as default constructor.

* It is invoked at the time of creating object.

7) Parameterized Constructor :-
* A constructor which has parameters is called parameterized constructor.

* It is used to provide different values to distinct objects.

8) Abstract class :-
* Abstract class contains both Declaration & Definition of methods.

* when we create Abstract class abstract keyword is used.

* Abstract class does not support multiple inheritance.

* Abstract class can have constructors.

9) Interface Class :-
* mostly Interface Class contain Declaration of methods.

* when we create Interface Class Interface keyword is used.

* Interface supports multiple inheritance.

* Interface do not have constructors.

10) jagged Array :-

* in C# a jagged array is an array of array.

* jagged array in which each array may have a different length.

* in jagged array column value is not fixed but row value is fixed.

11) What is ref and out in c#?

* in c#, both ref and out are used for passing arguments by reference, but they have their
different behaviors.

* the ref parameters must be initialized before pass to the method.

* the out parameters dos not need to initialized before pass to the method.

12) What is the purpose of "using" keyword in c#?

* "using" statement is use for DISPOSE() method of the class object

is called even if an exception occurs.

13) What is serialization?

* Serialization in c#. Serialization is the process that converting an

object into stream of bytes is called as serialization.

14) What is the "this" keyword in c#?

* in C# "this" keyword is used to refer to the CURRENT INSTANCE of the class
15) Explain the four steps involved in the C# code compilation .
* Source code compilation in managed code.

* Newly created code is clubbed with assembly code.

* The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is loaded.

* Assembly execution is done through CLR.

16) Default Constructor :-

* in C# constructor is special member function.

* when we don't define any constructor in class that time bydefault call default constructor.

* default constructor doesn’t have any parameters.

17) static variable :-

* when we create static variable and static class that time we use static keyword.

* static variable we can say also class variable.

* static variable always run with class name.

18) Non static variable :-

* non static variable does not need to static keyword.

* non static variable we can say also object variable.

* non static variable always run with object name.

19) static constructor :-

* when we create static constructor we need static keyword.

* static constructor can only initialize static variable.

* in static constructor we can not pass parameter.

20) Non static constructor :-
* when we create non static constructor we don't need static keyword.

* class ke member function ko initialize karwane ke liye hum non static constructor use karte hai.

* in non static constructor we can access static variable and non static variable.

* non static constructor we can pass parameters.

******* four pillars of OOP's *******

21) Encapsulation :-
* Encapsulation is the main feature of object oriented programing.

* Encapsulation is mechanism in which data member and method is

wrapped in a single unit inside a class.

* C# Encapsulation is can't be accessed by another class.

* Ex. medicine capsule which covered outside.

22) Inheritance :-
* inheritance is the main feature of object oriented programing.

* inheritance allows us to create a new class from an existing class.

* we perform inheritance in derived class (child class).

* there are four types of inheritance in c sharp.

* 1. single inheritance in which there is one base class and one derived class.

* 2. Hierarchical inheritance in which one class feature that is needed in multiple classes.

* 3. Multilevel inheritance meanse one class is derived from another.

* 4. C# does not support multiple inheritances of classes.

* Ex. jaise hmare papa dada pardada aur purvajo ke containt hmare undar aahe

aate hai like hair style hmari height etc.

23) Abstraction :-
* Abstraction is the main feature of object oriented programing.

* Abstraction means showing only required things and hide the BACKGROUND information.

* in c# Abstraction is make your program secure and more structured.

* Ex. remote of your TV. you can change the channels, volume up, volume

down means you can use only functionalities and background things you don’t know.

24) Polymorphism :-
* Polymorphism is the main feature of object oriented programing.

* Polymorphism is divided into two Greek words poly means many and

morph means form.

* So Polymorphism mince ek class aur multiple methods.

* C# Polymorphism means one name with multiple functionalities.

* Ex. cook - jaise ek cook multiple subjiyaa bana leta hai.

****** base class - parent class ********

****** derived class - child class *******

25) Virtual and override :-

* to declare a virtual method "Virtual" keyword is used.
* when we re-define any method in derived class that time we use virtual keyword.

* virtual allows to user re-define method in derived class.

* when we override a method we need to use "Override" keyword.

* In C#, a virtual method is a method that can be overridden in a derived class.

26) Abstract Class :-

* abstract keyword is used to create abstract class.

* abstract class contain both declaration and definition of method.

* abstract class does not support multiple inheritance.

* abstract class can have constructor.

* An abstract class can contain abstract methods and non-abstract methods.

27) Interface Class :-

* interface keyword is used to create an interface class.

* interface class contain declaration of methods.

* interface support multiple inheritance.

* interface do not have constructor.

* Interfaces allow you to define a common set of functionality that

multiple classes can share.

* Interface is an abstract class that has only public abstract method.

29) Static class :-

* Static class can be created using the ‘static’ keyword. It contains

static data members, static constructors, and static methods.

However, you cannot create objects in it.

30) Partial class :-
* Partial class can divide the functionality of one class into multiple ones.

The keyword ‘partial’ is used to create it.

31) Abstract class :-

* This class type is restricted and cannot be used to create objects.

However, it can be accessed by inheriting it from another class.

31) Sealed class :-

* Sealed class can be instantiated but not inherited by any class.

The keyword ‘sealed’ is used to restrict inheritance.

* Sealed always with override keyword.

32) Properties :-
* using properties we can access private variable outside of the class.

using get and set properties.

* properties doesn’t have storage location.

* properties can de read-only or write-only.

* properties are extension of fields and accessed like fields.

33) get and set properties :-

* get access used for read your variable.

* the use of set access for write your variable.

34) Dynamic Type :-
* dynamic that avoids compile-time type checking.

* in dynamic we don't need to type casting.

* A dynamic type variables are defined using the dynamic keyword.

* Dynamic types change types at run-time based on the assigned value.

* The dynamic type variables is converted to other types implicitly.

35) Array And Array Types :-

* array is a group of similar types of elements in one variable.

* In C#, array index starts from 0. We can store only fixed set of elements in C# array.

* there are three types of array in c# Single Dimensional, Multidimensional and jagged array.

* To create single dimensional array, you need to use square brackets [] after the type.

* The multidimensional array is also known as rectangular arrays in C#.

* It can be two dimensional or three dimensional.

* To create multidimensional array, we need to use comma inside the square brackets.

* In C#, jagged array is also known as "array of arrays".

* The element size of jagged array can be different.

* in c# to declare jagged array that has two elements.

36) What is the difference between public, static and void?

* You can access public declared variables anywhere in the application.

* Static declared variables are globally accessible without creating an instance of the class.

* Void is a type modifier that specifies that the method doesn't return any value.

37) What is ArrayList?

* C# ArrayList is a non-generic collection.

* The ArrayList class is defined in the System. Collections namespace.

* Arraylist can store element of different data type

* Arraylist can accept null values.

* Arraylist allows the dynamic size and memory allocation.

* Arraylist are not strongly typed.

* You can add and remove the elements from an ArrayList at runtime.

* also allows duplicate elements.

38) What is serialization?

* serialization is the process that converting an object into stream of bytes.

* meanse hum kisi object ko stream of bytes through kisi file, memory

and database mai convert karke store kar sakte hai.

* The reverse process of serialization is called deserialization.

39) difference between early binding and late binding in C#?

* Early binding and late binding are the concept of polymorphism.

* Compile Time Polymorphism: It is also known as early binding.

* Run Time Polymorphism: It is also known as late binding.

40) Which are the access modifiers available in C#?

* 1. Public: If you define an attribute or method as public,

it can be accessed from any code of the project.

* 2. Private: A private defined attribute or method can be

accessed by any code within the containing class only.

* 3. Protected: If you define the method or attribute as protected it can be accessed

by any method in the inherited classes and any method within the same class.

* 4. Internal: If you define an attribute or a method as internal,

it is restricted to classes within the current position assembly.

41) What is delegate in C#?

* A delegate in C# is an object that holds the reference to a method. It is like function pointer.

* Delegates are mainly used in implementing the call-back methods and events.

* Delegates can also be used in “anonymous methods” invocation.

42) What is Garbage Collection?

* Garbage Collection is a process of releasing memory automatically

occupied by objects which are no longer accessible.

43) What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface?

* Abstract classes cannot create objects.

* They cannot be instantiated.

* The interface is similar to an abstract class because its methods are abstract.

44) Define managed and unmanaged code.

* Managed code is developed using the Common Language Runtime (CLR)

of the NET framework. It can be directly executed in C#.

* Unmanaged code is an unsafe code that doesn't run on CLR.

It works outside of the NET framework.

45) What is the difference between an Array and ArrayList in C#?
* An array refers to the collection of similar variables under one name.

* ArrayList is a collection of objects capable of being indexed separately.

* The memory allocation is fixed in an array.

* However, it can be increased or decreased in ArrayList.

* The array has items with the same data type.

* ArrayList can have items of different data types.

46) How can the Array elements be arranged in descending order?

* Array elements can be sorted in descending order using the Using

Sort() and Reverse() methods.

47) What are the steps involved in C# code compilation?

* Compiling the source code into a managed module.

* The created managed module is combined into assembly code.

* Loading the CLR.

* Execution of assembly using CLR.

48) What Is AJAX in ASP.net?

* AJAX in ASP.net stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

This technique is used to develop rich web applications that are

interactive, responsive, and dynamic in nature.

* Ajax in ASP.net improves the responsiveness and interactivity of a website.

* Ajax in ASP.net helps in reducing the traffic between server and client.

* Ajax in ASP.net reduces the cross-browser issues as it is cross-browser friendly.

49) What is AJAX in Asp.Net?
* AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique used in web

development that allows web pages to update content dynamically

without refreshing the entire page.

* Key Concepts:

Asynchronous: The communication with the server happens in the background, allowing

users to continue interacting with the web page.

Partial Updates: Only a part of the web page is updated instead of the whole page.

How AJAX works in ASP.NET:

A user interacts with the web page (e.g., clicks a button).

The browser sends a request to the server using JavaScript (usually via XMLHttpRequest or the
newer fetch API).

The server processes the request and sends back data (in formats like JSON or XML).

JavaScript then updates the web page based on the server's response, without reloading it.

50) What is threading in C#?

* Threading in C# is a way to run multiple tasks or pieces of code at the same time

(concurrently) to make programs faster and more responsive.

Key Concepts:

Thread: A thread is a lightweight process that runs code independently. A program

can have multiple threads running at the same time, each performing different tasks.

Main Thread: Every C# application starts with one thread, called the main thread.

This is where the program's primary code runs.

 Multithreading: This is the process of creating and running multiple threads simultaneously.

It allows tasks to be performed in the background (e.g., downloading a file)

while the user interacts with the main program.

51) what is MVC in C#?

Model:

The Model represents the data and the business logic of the application.

It handles retrieving, storing, and processing data.

View:

The View is responsible for displaying the user interface (UI)

and presenting the data from the Model to the user.

Controller:

The Controller handles user input and requests.

It processes the data from the Model and decides what View to render based on the user's
actions.

52) What is ADO.NET?

* ADO stands for Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects. ADO.NET is one of Microsoft’s

data access technologies, which we can use to communicate with different

data sources. It is a part of the .NET Framework, which connects the .NET Application

(Console, WCF, WPF, Windows, MVC, Web Form, etc.) and different data sources.

The Data Sources can be SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, XML, etc. ADO.NET consists

of a set of predefined classes that can be used to connect, retrieve, insert,

update, and delete data (i.e., performing CRUD operation) from data sources.
* What Types of Applications Use ADO.NET?

⦁ Desktop Applications

⦁ Web Applications

⦁ Console Applications

⦁ Service Applications

53) What is a Hashtable in C#?

* The Hashtable in C# is a Non-Generic Collection that stores the element in

the form of “Key-Value Pairs”. The data in the Hashtable are organized based

on the hash code of the key. The key in the HashTable is defined by us and

more importantly, that key can be of any data type. Once we created the

Hashtable collection, then we can access the elements by using the keys.

The Hashtable class comes under the System.Collections namespace.

* Hashtable Characteristics in C# (IMP).

The Hashtable Collection Class in C# stores the elements in the form of key-value pairs.

Hashtable Class belongs to System.Collection namespace i.e. it is a Non-Generic Collection

class.

It implements the IDictionary interface.

The Keys can be of any data type but they must be unique and not null.

The Hashtable accepts both null and duplicate values.

We can access the values by using the associated key.

The capacity of a Hashtable is the number of elements that a Hashtable can hold.

A hashtable is a non-generic collection, so we can store elements of

the same type as well as of different types.

54) what is LINQ?
* the full form of LINQ is language integrated query.

* LINQ is uniform query syntax in C# and VB.NET to retrieve data from different sources

and format.

* In C#, LINQ is available in System. Linq namespace.

* LINQ provides a query syntax similar to SQL, allowing developers to write queries using

keywords like from, where, orderby, and select.

* LINQ is strongly typed, ensuring compile-time checking and reducing runtime errors.

* LINQ simplifies complex data queries, making code more readable and maintainable.

* LINQ reduces the amount of code required for data manipulation and analysis.

55) What is JAVASCRIPT programing language?

* JS is an interpreted, client-side, event-based, object-oriented scripting language.

* Invented in 1995 at Netscape Corporation (LiveScript).

* JS programs are run by an interpreter built into the user's web browser.

* JS can dynamically modify an HTML page.

* JS suports all browser.

* JS can create cookies.

* It is a case-sensitive language.

* JS is not java programing language.

56) What is MVC ?

* the full form of MVC is Modal View Controller.

* MVC architecture we use for manage aur code.

MODAL:-
* What it does: Manages the data and business logic of the application.

* Purpose: It represents the application's data and handles operations like retrieving or updating
data in a database.

VIEW:-

* What it does: Displays the data to the user and handles the user interface.

* Purpose: Responsible for rendering the data from the Model to the screen (HTML, CSS, etc.)
so the user can see it.

CONTROLLER:-

* What it does: It handles user input, processes it, and determines what happens next.

* Purpose: It takes user requests, processes the request, interacts with the Model to fetch or
modify data, and decides which View to display next.

57) What is ASP.NET ?

* the full form of ASP.Net is Active Server Page(NET - Network Enabled Technology).

* ASP.Net was first released in the year 2002.

* ASP.Net is a web API framework.

* It is provided by Microsoft.

* ASP.Net is a server side technology for web development.

* Using the ASP.Net we can build dynamic websites, web applications, and web services.

* ASP.NET provides tools, libraries, and a structure to make it easier to create websites and web
apps.

* ASP.NET has built-in features to handle security and performance optimization, which helps
websites run faster and be more secure.

58) what is the Asp.Net page Life Cycle?

* 1. Page is requested from server (sending request).

* 2. Request and response object are created.

* 3. Initialization of all page controls (Ex. Text, CheckBox, etc.).

* 4. Page is loded with default values.

* 5. All validation controle here (checks form values).

* 6. Event is triggered when same page is loded again.

* 7. All information send to the user.

* 8. Freeing up of memory.

59) Explain state management techniques in Asp.Net.

* State management maintains and stores the information of any user till the end of user session.

* ViewState: Stores data in the page itself.

* Session State: Store data on the server per user session.

* Application State: Store data on the server shared among all users.

* Cookies: Store data on the client side.

* Query String: Passes data in the URL.

* Cache: Temporarily stores frequently accessed data in the server.

60) What are validator in ASP.NET?

* RequiredField Validator: Check the input controler requirement (the field is not empty).

* Range Validator: User values must be between two values.

* Compare Validator: Compare the value of one input to another input.

* Regular Expression Validator: Work on the specific patern matching.

* Custom Validator: Write wone validation controle.

* Validation Summary: Give the Validations error report.

61) What is Bundling?

* Bundling in ASP.NET is a way to combine multiple files (like CSS and JavaScript) into a single
file to

reduce the number of HTTP requests, thus improving load times.

62) What is Store Procedure?

* A stored procedure is a precompiled collection of SQL statements stored in a database.

It can be executed with a single call, improving performance and security.

63) What is global.asax?

* global.asax is an optional file in ASP.NET that handles application-level events like

Application_Start, Application_End, Session_Start, and Session_End.

64) Web API and Their Methods.

* ASP.NET Web API is used for building RESTful services.

Common methods include:

GET: Retrieve data.

POST: Create data.

PUT: Update data.

DELETE: Remove data.

65) ViewBag, ViewData, and TempData.

ViewBag: Dynamic object for passing data from controller to view.

Easy to use because it's dynamic.

ViewBag Lives only during the current request.

ViewData: Dictionary object for passing data data from controller to view.
 Works like a key-value pair.

Requires typecasting when extracting data in the view.

ViewData Lives only during the current request.

TempData: A special dictionary used to pass data between two requests.

Data lasts for a short period.

Used when you need to transfer data between two actions or during redirects.

67) what is Cache.

* Caching stores frequently accessed data in memory to improve performance and reduce

database load. It can be used at various levels (application, page, or data caching).

68) What is a Generic Class?

* A generic class allows you to define a class with a placeholder for the data type, enabling type

safety without sacrificing performance.

69) What is an Extension Method?

* An extension method allows you to add new methods to existing types without modifying them.

It uses static methods and the this keyword.

70) What is the use of Static?

* Main Uses of static in C#:

* 1. Shared Data Across Instances.

* 2. Utility or Helper Methods.

* 3. Memory Optimization.

* 4. Design Patterns and Global Access.

71) What is routing in ASP.Net MVC?
* Routing is used to handle incoming HTTP requests based on the URL.
* ASP.Net MVC routing is a pattern matching system that is responsible for mapping incoming
browser requests to specified MVC controller actions.

72) What is Master page in Asp.Net MVC ?

* A Master Page is like a template that provides a common design or layout for all pages in your
application.

* It contains shared sections, like a header, footer, or navigation bar, which remain consistent
across multiple pages.

* Individual pages (child pages) inherit the design from the master page and only define the
content specific to that page.

* A Master Page Provides a consistent design/layout for multiple pages.

73 ) What is Simple Page in Asp.Net MVC ?

* A Page is an individual web page that a user visits (e.g., Home Page, Contact Us Page).

* It contains specific content and logic that is unique to that page.

* The purpose Of Page is Displays unique content for a specific purpose.

Section of SQL

1) what are joines in SQL?

* INNER JOIN: Return maching records between two tables.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM TableA

INNER JOIN TableB

ON TableA.col_name = TableB.Col_name

* LEFT JOIN: Return all data of Left table and also return matched data from Right table.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM TableA

LEFT JOIN TableB

ON TableA.col_name = TableB.Col_name

* RIGHT JOIN: Return all data of Right table and also return matched data from Left table.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM TableA

RIGHT JOIN TableB

ON TableA.col_name = TableB.Col_name

* FULL JOIN: Return all data from both table Right Table or Left Table.

Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s)

FROM TableA

FULL JOIN TableB

ON TableA.col_name = TableB.Col_name

2) What is Primary key in SQL?

* A Primary key is a column or a group of columns in a table that uniquely identifies the rows of
data in that table.

* Primary key is the combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.

EX. Unique + Not Null

3) What is a foreign key?

* The foreign key is used to link one or more tables together. It is also known as the
referencing key. A foreign key is specified as a key that is related to the primary key of another
table. It means a foreign key field in one table refers to the primary key field of the other table.
It identifies each row of another table uniquely that maintains the referential integrity.

4) What is a unique key?

* A unique key is a single or combination of fields that ensure all values stores in the column will
be unique. It means a column cannot stores duplicate values. This key provides uniqueness for
the column or set of columns.

* The unique key is also a unique identifier for records when the primary key is not present in the
table.

* We can store NULL value in the unique key column, but only one NULL is allowed.

* We can modify the unique key column values.

5) SQL Commands.
* DDL - Data Definition Language.

EX. Create, Alter, Drop.

* DML - Data Manipulation Language.

EX. Select, Insert, Update, Delete.

* DCL - Data Control Language.

EX. Grant, Revoke.

* TCL - Transaction Control Language

EX. Commit, Rollback, Savepoint.

6) What is difference between DBMS and RDBMS in SQL.

7) What is a "TRIGGER" in SQL?

* TRIGGER is work like Recycle Bin.

* SQL triggers have two main components one is action, and another is an event.

* when user delete a record from a table then the record store in bacup table.

8) What is the ACID property in a database?

* The ACID properties are meant for the transaction that goes through a

different group of tasks.

* Atomicity

* Consistency
* Isolation

* Durability

9) What is the difference between the WHERE and HAVING clauses?

API SECTION

1) What is an API?
* API stands for Application Programming Interface. It's a set of rules and tools that allow
different software applications to communicate with each other. Think of it as a bridge between
two programs, allowing them to exchange information or perform certain tasks together.

2) What is the main use of an API?

* The main use of an API is to allow one program to interact with another. For example, if you're
using a weather app, the app uses an API to get weather data from a server. APIs make it easier
for developers to integrate different systems and services without needing to understand all the
internal details.
3) Where do we use APIs?
* Websites: Websites use APIs to fetch data like weather reports, stock prices, or even social
media posts.

* Mobile apps: Many apps use APIs to communicate with servers for data.

* Software systems: APIs help different parts of a system work together, like connecting a
database to a web application.

4) Types of APIs.
* Open APIs (Public APIs): These are available to any developers, usually for free or with a
subscription, like Google Maps API.

* Internal APIs (Private APIs): These are used within a company to connect internal systems.

* Partner APIs: These are shared with specific business partners to provide services.

* Composite APIs: These combine multiple APIs to work together and return one set of data.

5) What is RESTful API?

* REST (Representational State Transfer) is a type of API that uses HTTP requests to access and
use data. It's lightweight and often used in web services.

6) What is the difference between REST and SOAP?

* REST: Lightweight, uses simple HTTP, and is often used for web services.

* SOAP: Heavier, uses XML, and offers more security features, used for complex enterprise
systems.

7) What is HTTP and how is it related to APIs?

* HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of data communication for the web. Most
APIs, especially RESTful ones, use HTTP to send and receive data.
8) What is the difference between API and Web Service?
* API: A set of rules for two software programs to communicate.

* Web Service: A specific kind of API that operates over a network (usually the internet).

9) What are status codes in API?

* Status codes indicate the result of a request to an API. For example:

200: Success

404: Not found

500: Server error

10) Comman Question of API.

* What is API versioning? API versioning allows developers to make changes to an API without
breaking old versions. Different versions ensure compatibility for existing users.

* What is API testing? API testing checks if an API is working correctly by sending requests and
verifying the responses. It ensures the API meets the expected behavior.

* What are API authentication methods? Common methods include:

* API keys: A unique key provided to users.

* OAuth: A more secure and flexible method for authentication.