COMPUTER

COMPUTER
SYLLABUS
1.Fundamentals of Computer
2.Microsoft Windows 14.Types of Computer
3.Microsoft Office 15.Hardware and Software
4.MS Word 16.Internet
17.Input and Output Devices
5.MS PowerPoint
18.Computer Virus
6.MS Excel 19.Websites
7.MS Access 20.Web Browsers
21.Storage Devices
8.MS Outlook
22.Components of Computer
9.Computer Shortcut Keys 23.Important Computer-related Terms
10.Computer Abbreviations 24.Database Management System (DBMS)
25.Introduction to Operating System
11.High Level Computer Languages
12.Basics of Cloud Computing
13.Computer Networks
 SSC CGL COMPUTER
SYLLABUS

Computer Basics Software Basics of networking and

cyber security
 Organization of a  Windows Operating system  Networking devices and
computer  Microsoft Office protocols
 Central Processing Unit (MS word MS Excel and PowerPoint,  Network and information
(CPU) etc.) security threats
 Input/ output devices
(hacking, virus, worms,
 Computer memory Trojans, etc.) and
Working with the Internet and E-
 Memory organization
 Back- up devices mails  Preventive measures
 PORTs
 Windows Explorer  Web Browsing & Searching
 Keyboard shortcuts  Downloading & Uploading
 Managing an E-mail Account
 E-Banking.
 Introduction to Computer

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes,

calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a
software or hardware program.

COMPUTER stands for

Common
Operating
Machine
Purposely
Used for
Technological and
Educational Electronic Machine-
Compute(Greek Word) means- calculate
Research
 History of Computer

First computer invention- 16th Century→ ABACUS → made in China

ABACUS → Abundant Beads Addition Calculation Utility System

• First Mechanical Calculator

Tim Cranmer first invent ABACUS for Blind people

World's First Calculating Device- ABACUS

 History of Computer

Father of computer – Charles Babbage

 Invented Differential Engine – 1822- failed project
 Invented Analytical Engine – 1833- Success – under IPO method Basis
 IPO- INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT
 Use Programme to run the Machine
 1842- Lady Ada Lovelace Augusta- 1st Programmer of the World
 Programme made under Binary Number- 0,1
 Binary digit- 0,1 Computer
 Binary digit inventor – Gotfried Laibneiz Language-
 Machine
language
 Concept from electric device- switch- on off
 1 0
 Analytical Engine
It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving
any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory.

Input device Machine- Punch Card

1st Punch Card invented by- Joseph Jacquard

For the purpose of designing on cloth- 1801

For Computing –
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American
statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch
cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or
information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Father of punch
Hollerith also started the Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine card- Herman
Company which later became International Business Machine Hollerith
(IBM) in 1924.
Generation of Computer First Generation (1940-1956):
Hardware:
• Vacuum Tubes
• Punch Cards.
Key Technology Vacuum Tubes
Speed 10-3 second (milli Second)
Storage Device Magnetic Drum
Operating System Batch Processing System
Language Machine Language
Example of UNIVAC(1951), ENIAC(1946),
Computer ABC(1939)

• It had slow performance

• It occupied large size due to the use of vacuum tubes.
• It had a poor storage capacity.
• It consumed a lot of electricity and generated a lot of heat.
Generation of Computer Second Generation (1956-1963):
Hardware:
▪ Transistors
Key Technology Transistors ▪ Magnetic Tapes

Speed 10-6 second (Micro second)

Storage Device Magnetic Core
Operating System Time sharing & Multitasking
Assembly language(ADD, SUB, MUL,
Language DIV)

Example of IBM 700, IBM 650, ICL 1901,

Computer Honeywell 400

Faster and smaller in size.

Reliable and energy efficient than the previous generation.
Less costly than the previous generation
Generation of Computer Third Generation (1963-1975):
Hardware:
 Integrated Circuits made from
Key Technology Integrated Circuits (ICs) semi-conductor materials
 Large capacity disks and
Speed 10-9 Second (Nano-second) magnetic tapes.
Storage Device Main Storage Memory
Operating System Real Time sharing
High level language(1960)-(COBOL,
Language
FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL)

Example of Computer IBM 360/370, NCR 395

 Faster, smaller, more reliable and cheaper than the

previous generations ICs- material
 Easy to access used- Silicon &
Memory Germanium- So
The capacity of the memory was 128,000 bits. many Transistors
 Third Generation (1963-1975):

2 types of ICs introduced

SSI- Small Scale Integrated circuit
MSI- Medium Scale Integrated Circuit

FORTRAN- Formula Translation- 1957- invented by John Bacus

COBOL- Common Business Oriented Language- 1959- Gress Hopper Murrey

The above two language invented before but used in 3rd generation Computers.

BASIC - Beginner’s All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code-1963- Thomas Kurtz & John
Kemeney- Mainframe timesharing language

ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer-1946-John Presper Eckert and John
William Mauchly
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer-1951- John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly
ABC- Atnasoft berry Computer- 1939- John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
Generation of Computer Fourth Generation (1975-1989):
Hardware:
 ICs with Very Large Scale
Microprocessor Chips Integration (VLSI) technology
Key Technology
& VLSI  Semiconductor memory
Speed 10-12 Second (Pico-second)  Magnetic tapes and Floppy

Semiconductor Memory chips

Storage Device
CD, DVD, BRD- optical disks
Real Time sharing, networks, Graphical
Operating System
User Interface(GUI)
High level language-Domain Based
Language Language & Query Language
& Non- Procedural Language(Coding)

Example of Computer Apple II, Microsoft PC, IBM PC

Other languages-
ORACLE, SQL, JSP
Memory
Etc.
The capacity of the memory was 100 million bits.
 Fourth Generation (1975-1989):

Features
It supports features like −
• Multiprocessing & distributed OS
• Object-oriented high level programs supported
• Small & easy to use; hand-held computers have evolved
• No external cooling required & affordable
Microprocessor
• This generation saw the development of networks and the internet
Chip- used
• It saw the development of new trends in GUIs and mouse. Intel 4004- BY
Intel Company

Domain based Language- use that Language Which is required.

 If you want data based language use SQL- Structured query Language
 JSP- Java Servlet Language
 If you want web page- use Microsoft front page Language
 ORACLE- Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine
Generation of Computer Fifth Generation (1990-Present):
Hardware:
 ULSI and Nano technology
Key Technology ULSI & AI (Artificial Intelligence)  Large capacity hard disk
with RAID support
Speed 10-12 Second (Pico-second)
 Powerful servers, Internet,
Flash Drive, Pen Drive, Memory card Cluster computing
Storage Device
etc.
Dual Coe, Quad Core, Octa core,
Operating System
Graphical User Interface(GUI)
AI Language, List processing
Language Language, PROLOG(Programming
language), C, C++, JAVA, PYTHON

Example of Computer PARAM, AI ROBOTS

OPS5 language
Memory & mercury
The capacity of the memory is unlimited. Language used
 Fifth Generation (1990-Present):

Features
It supports features like −
• Powerful, cheap, reliable and easy to use.
• Portable and faster due to use of parallel processors and Super Large Scale
Integrated Circuits.
• Rapid software development is possible

Computer Language

Low level Language High Level language

• Machine Language Language for Application &

• Assembly Language Software Making
Ex- FORTRAN, COBOL, JAVA,
C, C++, PYTHON
 TYPE OF COMPUTERS
By data handling/ Work/Signal By Size By Function/ Utility

1. Analog Computer 1. Super Computer 1. Server

2. Mainframe 2. Workstation
2. Digital Computer Computer 3. Information Appliances
i. General Purpose 3. Mini Computer 4. Embedded Computers
Computer 4. Micro Computer
ii. Special Purpose
Computer

3. Hybrid Computer
BY DATA HANDLING/ WORK/ SIGNAL BASED

Analogue Computer
 Analogue computers are designed to process the analogue data.
 Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete
values such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
 Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

Digital Computer
 Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed
 It accepts the raw data as digits or numbers and processes it with programs stored in its
memory to produce output.
 All modern computers like laptops and desktops that we use at home or office are digital
computers.
Hybrid Computer
 Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer.
 It is fast like analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers.
 It can process both continuous and discrete data.
 For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of
fuel flow into quantity and price.
A general purpose computer can perform an extensive variety of operations. It
can store and execute different programs in its internal storage. All mainframes, servers,
laptop and desktop computers, smartphones and tablets are general-purpose devices.

Special purpose computers are designed to solve specific problems. The

instructions are pre-programmed permanently in the computer. It completely controlled
by automated manufacturing processes. Example – Aircraft control system, Electronic voting
machines etc.
 BY SIZE

Microcomputer
 Microcomputer is also known as personal computer.
 It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area, input unit
and output unit.
 Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers.

 Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.

 Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a
notebook computer.
 Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer.
Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.
BY SIZE

Mini Computer
 Minicomputers possess most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but are
smaller in physical size.
 They are used as small or midrange operating business and scientific applications.
 High memory Storage
 Used in Banking and Railway sectors and etc.

Mini frame computers

 It consists of two or more processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one time.
 Miniframe computers are used in institutes and departments for the tasks such as
billing, accounting and inventory management.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER

 Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users

simultaneously.
 They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different
processes simultaneously.
 These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like
banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high volume of data.

Workstation
 Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific
applications. It has faster microprocessor, large amount of RAM and high speed
graphic adapters.
 It generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different
types such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design
workstation.
SUPERCOMPUTER

 These are the fastest and most expensive computers. They have high processing speed
compared to other computers.

 Supercomputers are most powerful, large in size and memory, compared to all other
computers.

 The speed of supercomputers are measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per
Second).

 Supercomputers are used for highly calculation intensive tasks, such as weather
forecasting, nuclear research, military agencies and scientific research laboratories.
SOME EXAMPLES OF SUPERCOMPUTER ARE
DESCRIBED BELOW

 (i) CRAY-1 was the world's first supercomputer introduced by Seymour R CRAY
(Father of Supercomputing) in 1976.

 (ii) PARAM was the first supercomputer developed by Vijay Bhatkar in India in 1991.

 (iii) PARAM Siddhi is the latest machine in the series of PARAM made by C-DAC and
released on 16 November, 2020.

 (iv) Pratyush, the first multi-petaflops supercomputer was unveiled at Pune based
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in India.

 (v) Fugaku is a claimed exascale supercomputer at the RIKEN Center for

Computational Science in Koba hart
IMPORTANT FACTS

 First known Analog Computer- Antilkythera Mechanism

 ICs invented by- Jack Kibly & Robert Noyce in 1961
 Microprocessor invented by- Federico Faggin, Marcian (Ted) Hoff, Stanley Mazor, and
Masatoshi Shima in 1970
 Father of Artificial Intelligence- JOHN McCAUTHY & Alan Mathison Turing
 Digital Dairy is a type of Micro computer
 FACTA Computer -1976- Hybrid Computer- Used for signalling
 Father of Computer- mainframe computer
 Tide Predictor- Analog Computer- used for signal of tides of the sea
 1st World’s Electronic Digital Computer- COLOSSUS
IMPORTANT FACTS

 Grandfather of computer- Super Computer

 Father of computer in India- Rangaswami Nathan
 Father of Morden Computer – Alan Twing
 World’s 1st Automatic Programmable Computer- Z1- invented by- Kornard Zuse
 World’s 1st Electro-Mechanical Computer- Mark 1- made by IBM(America)- inventor-
Howard Aiken & Grace Hooper
 IBM- International Business Computer
 World’s first electric computer-ENIAC(1946-47)
 World’s first super Computer- CDC 6600(Cray-1)- invented by- Seymour Cray-1964
 CDC- control data Corporation
IMPORTANT FACTS

 At present – 1st Fastest supercomputer- FUGAKU- made by Japan

 At present – 2nd Fastest supercomputer- Summit- made by USA
 India’s first Supercomputer- PARAM 8000 in 1991- by C-DAC Company, Pune
 C-DAC full form- Centre for Development Advanced Computing – Vijay Bhatkar(CEO)
 Vijay Bhatkar- father of Indian supercomputer
 Latest fastest super Computer- PRATYUSH & MIHIR- NOIDA(for weather forecasting)-in the year 2018-
speeds is 6.8 Floops
 FLOPS-full form- Floating point operation per second
 1st Mini Computer of the world- PDP-1→ invented by Kenneth oslen in 1960 by DEC company
 DEC full form- Digital Equipment Corporation
IMPORTANT FACTS

 World’s First Micro Computer- in 1973- MICRAL---Intel 8008 processor- by Réalisation

d'Études Électroniques (R2E)
 1st Smartphone of the World- made by IBM- SPC (By Herman Hollerith)- in 1992
 SPC full form- Simmon Personal Communicator---- works in Electro-Magnetic current
theory
 World’s 1st laptop- by TOSIBA- name- T1100- in 1985
 Father of Laptop- Bill Moggradge