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DS - Unit I

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts knowledge from structured and unstructured data using scientific methods and algorithms. It benefits organizations by improving decision-making, personalizing experiences, and solving real-world problems across various industries such as healthcare, finance, and marketing. The data science process involves defining goals, retrieving and cleansing data, exploratory analysis, model building, and presenting findings, often leveraging big data technologies for enhanced insights.

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18 views3 pages

DS - Unit I

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts knowledge from structured and unstructured data using scientific methods and algorithms. It benefits organizations by improving decision-making, personalizing experiences, and solving real-world problems across various industries such as healthcare, finance, and marketing. The data science process involves defining goals, retrieving and cleansing data, exploratory analysis, model building, and presenting findings, often leveraging big data technologies for enhanced insights.

Uploaded by

G Ravi Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT I: Introduction to Data Science

1. Introduction to Data Science

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data. It combines
techniques from statistics, machine learning, data mining, and big data to analyze complex data.

Data science is used across industries to:

 Make data-driven decisions


 Identify patterns
 Build predictive models
 Gain actionable insights from large datasets

2. Benefits and Uses of Data Science

 Improved Decision-Making: Data science allows organizations to make decisions based


on data and analysis rather than intuition, leading to more accurate and timely decisions.
 Personalization: Data science is used to personalize experiences for users, such as
recommending products or services.
 Efficiency: Optimizing operations, reducing costs, and automating repetitive tasks.
 Predictive Analytics: Data science can forecast future trends, helping businesses
anticipate changes and adapt accordingly.
 Problem Solving: Solving real-world problems by identifying patterns in data and
predicting outcomes.

Real-life uses include:

 Healthcare: Predicting diseases, analyzing medical images, drug discovery.


 Retail: Recommender systems, customer segmentation, inventory management.
 Finance: Fraud detection, risk assessment, algorithmic trading.
 Marketing: Customer behavior analysis, targeted campaigns, sentiment analysis.
 Manufacturing: Predictive maintenance, supply chain optimization.

3. Facets of Data

Data in data science can be categorized into the following types:

 Structured Data: Data organized in rows and columns (e.g., SQL databases).
 Unstructured Data: Data without a predefined format (e.g., text, images, videos).
 Semi-structured Data: Data that doesn't have a rigid structure but has some level of
organization (e.g., JSON, XML).
 Time-series Data: Data collected over time (e.g., stock prices, sensor data).
 Spatial Data: Data related to locations and geography (e.g., maps, geospatial data).

4. Data Science Process: Overview

The data science process is a sequence of steps followed to convert raw data into actionable
insights. The main steps involved in the data science process are:

 1. Defining Goals and Creating a Project Charter:


o Goal Definition: Clearly understanding the problem to solve, objectives, and
what success looks like.
o Project Charter: A formal document outlining the scope, resources, and
timelines of the project.
 2. Retrieving Data:
o Data collection can be from various sources such as databases, APIs, web
scraping, or third-party datasets.
o The type of data required depends on the problem being solved.
 3. Data Cleansing, Integrating, and Transforming Data:
o Data Cleansing: Removing errors, missing values, and irrelevant data.
o Data Integration: Combining data from different sources (e.g., merging
datasets).
o Data Transformation: Converting data into a suitable format, normalizing or
scaling numerical values, encoding categorical variables.
 4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):
o Exploring Data: Visualizing data and calculating basic statistics to understand
the structure and relationships.
o Identifying Patterns: Finding trends, outliers, and correlations.
o Data Visualization: Using tools like histograms, scatter plots, and heatmaps to
explore the data.
 5. Model Building:
o Selecting Algorithms: Based on the problem type (e.g., regression, classification,
clustering).
o Training the Model: Using training data to fit the model.
o Model Evaluation: Testing the model with unseen data (test set) and evaluating
performance using metrics (e.g., accuracy, precision, recall, RMSE).
 6. Presenting Findings:
o Communicating Results: Presenting insights in an understandable format (e.g.,
dashboards, reports, presentations).
o Data Storytelling: Using data visualization and clear narratives to convey
insights.
o Actionable Insights: Providing recommendations based on data findings.
 7. Building Applications on Top of the Data:
o Deployment: Once a model is built, it can be integrated into applications or
services (e.g., a recommendation system for an e-commerce website).
o Monitoring and Maintenance: Continuously monitor the model’s performance
in production and retrain it as necessary to maintain its accuracy.

5. Big Data Ecosystem and Data Science

Big Data refers to vast amounts of data that traditional data-processing software cannot handle.
Big Data ecosystems support the storage, processing, and analysis of this data. Key components
include:

 Data Sources: Big data comes from various sources such as social media, sensors, log
files, and transactional data.
 Data Storage: Technologies like Hadoop HDFS, NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB,
Cassandra), and cloud storage solutions store large datasets.
 Data Processing: Frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark are used to
process big data in a distributed manner across clusters.
 Data Analytics: Tools like Apache Hive, Apache Pig, and tools like Python, R, and SQL
are used to perform analytics on big data.
 Machine Learning: Big data enables the use of more complex machine learning models
by providing large amounts of training data.
 Data Visualization: Platforms like Tableau, Power BI, or custom visualizations with
Python’s Matplotlib and Seaborn help in presenting insights from large datasets.

Big data and data science work hand-in-hand as data scientists use big data tools to extract
insights from vast datasets, build predictive models, and make data-driven decisions.

Summary of the Data Science Process:

1. Defining the Problem: Clarify the problem you’re solving and set clear goals.
2. Retrieving Data: Collect the data required for analysis.
3. Data Cleansing and Transformation: Clean and prepare the data for analysis.
4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Investigate the data to understand its structure and
relationships.
5. Model Building: Develop machine learning models and evaluate them.
6. Present Findings: Communicate insights through reports, visualizations, and
presentations.
7. Building Applications: Deploy models and use them in real-world applications.

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