International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 224~234

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp224-234  224

Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind

conversion system

Abdeslam Jabal Laafou1, Abdessalam Ait Madi1, Youssef Moumani1, Hassan Essakhi2
1
Laboratory of Advanced Systems Engineering, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Engineering Sciences and Energy Management, Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACTs

Article history: In this paper we present two techniques for protecting the doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG) in the event of external disturbances on the
Received Apr 29, 2024 electrical network, the crowbar circuit and series dynamic braking resistor
Revised Sep 2, 2024 (SDBR) techniques. During voltage dips, the first technique is triggered and
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 short-circuits the rotor side converter (RSC) so as to maintain the rotor
current within the desired limits. As a result, the DFIG behaves as an
asynchronous cage generator that absorbs the reactive power coming from
Keywords: the voltage dip on the network which does not meet the grid code's (GC)
requirements. The second technique makes it possible to limit overcurrent’s
Crowbar at the level of the stator and rotor of the DFIG, it will enable the wind power
DFIG system to continue operating normally once the fault has disappeared and to
LVRT stay connected to the network throughout the voltage dip. This SDBR
SDBR technique presents a good compromise between its performance, its
simplicity, its efficiency, and its implementation’s cost.
Voltage dip
Wind turbine This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Abdeslam Jabal Laafou
Laboratory of Advanced Systems Engineering, Ibn Tofail University
Kenitra, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The significant focus on renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy, has led to an increase
in installed wind capacity within electrical grids [1]. Due to this high penetration of wind energy in the grid,
it must address challenges to ensure stability. Consequently, grid codes require wind energy systems to
participate more actively in maintaining the operability and quality of the electrical grid [2].
Wind energy systems based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) have been widely used
due to their advantages. However, because of the direct connection between the DFIG stator and the grid, a
voltage dip causes the voltage at the DFIG terminals to drop significantly, resulting in very high currents
flowing through the stator and rotor windings [3], [4]. This affects the normal operation of the DFIG and can
lead to its destruction along with its converters. Previously, to protect against such faults, wind turbines were
allowed to disconnect from the electrical grid. However, this approach was not beneficial for either the
producer or the grid operator, as the disconnection of a wind farm with hundreds of megawatts could disrupt
the grid and prolong the time required to restore the nominal voltage. Therefore, grid operators were
compelled to update the standards and requirements of the grid codes [2]. Today, wind turbines are no longer
permitted to disconnect during voltage dips and must contribute to voltage recovery by injecting
reactive power [5]. Indeed, wind turbines are now required to behave as closely as possible to conventional
power plants.

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  225

To ensure that the wind turbine remains connected to the grid during voltage dips, the DFIG must
comply with grid code requirements. Various protective approaches have been proposed and documented in
the literature. These approaches can be broadly classified into two main categories [2], [6], [7] the first
category involves improving control schemes (software solutions), while the second category involves
hardware solutions (adding auxiliary equipment). Among the control strategies developed by researchers,
notable examples include modified vector control [8], transient current control with predictive actions [9],
and predictive control models [10]. These solutions can limit fault currents in the case of minor voltage dips.
However, they are less effective in severe voltage dips, where they cannot limit fault currents sufficiently to
ensure safe operation [2]. Therefore, hardware approaches are necessary to meet grid code requirements and
limit overcurrent’s during significant voltage dips. Among the hardware solutions used to protect the DFIG
from overcurrent’s, the "crowbar" protection system is widely used in wind applications. This protection
device consists of a crowbar circuit combined with a DC-chopper circuit to limit high currents and voltages.
But during the hollow tension the crowbar short-circuits the converter rotor side converter (RSC) to maintain
the current of the rotor in the prescript limits. As a result, the DFIG behaves like an asynchronous cage
generator. This does not meet grid codes standards as it absorbs the reactive power from the grid's voltage dip.
In this paper, we first study the DFIG's response in the case of a voltage dip. Then we will propose
two methods of protecting the wind turbine (WT) against overcurrent’s. The first is based on the crowbar
protection circuit and the second method is based on the SDBR in series with the stator to overcome the
disadvantages of the first technique and finally, we will make a comparison between these two methods.

2. THE OPERATION OF THE DFIG UNDER A SYMMETRIC VOLTAGE DIP

According to the EN 50160 standard, a voltage dip is defined as a sudden drop in voltage, between
10% and 90% of the nominal effective value, at a point in the electrical grid for a duration of between 10 ms
and 1 min [11]. It is said to be symmetrical when the voltage drop is constant on the three phases. This type
of malfunction [12] is due to a short circuit between the three phases and ground or a high current demand
during the startup of a high-power motor.
Assuming proper operation of the DFIG, a symmetrical voltage sag of depth d occurs on the grid at
instant t0. The (1) and (2) can be used to rewrite the voltage and forced stator flux, respectively [13]-[16].

𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠𝑡 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 < 𝑡0
𝑉𝑠 = { (1)
(1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡0
𝑉𝑠
𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 < 𝑡0
𝑗𝜔𝑠
𝜓𝑠𝑓 = { 𝑉𝑠 (2)
(1 − 𝑑) 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠𝑡 , 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡0
𝑗𝜔𝑠

A voltage sag example with a depth of d = 50% is shown in Figure 1.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Voltage dip representation: (a) voltage dip with a depth of 50% and (b) voltage dip signature

2.1. DFIG rotor operating in open circuit

For an open-circuit rotor, the differential equation representing the flux's evolution is given by (3).

𝑑𝜓𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑅𝑠
+ 𝜓𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑠

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Once this differential equation is solved, (4) becomes the new expression for the stator flux [17].
𝑡
𝑉 𝑉 −
𝜓𝑠 (𝑡 ≥ 𝑡0 ) = (1 − 𝑑) 𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑑 𝑠 𝑒 𝜏𝑠 (4)
⏟ 𝑗𝜔𝑠 ⏟𝑗𝜔𝑠
𝜓𝑠𝑓 𝜓𝑠𝑛

𝐿𝑠
Where 𝜏𝑠 = : is the stator windings constant time.
𝑅𝑠
The expression of the preceding flux consists of two terms:
- The first term 𝜓𝑠𝑓 corresponds to the forced flux during the voltage sag, imposed by the electrical grid.
- The second term 𝜓𝑠𝑛 refers to the natural flux in the DFIG which is dependent on initial conditions (the
magnetic state of the generator, the depth d of the voltage sag). This flux decreases exponentially with a
1
time-constant ensuring that no discontinuity appears in the magnetic state of the DFIG during the fault.
𝜏𝑠
Figure 2 illustrates the evolution of the two flux terms: the forced flux 𝜓𝑠𝑓 and the natural flux 𝜓𝑠𝑛 . During
the voltage sag, the forced flux vector continues to rotate at the speed of 𝜔𝑠 , while the natural flux vector
does not rotate and exponentially decays until it disappears after the voltage sag.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Vector representation of the stator flux at the beginning of the voltage dip:
(a) at the start of voltage dip and (b) during voltage dip

Each term of the stator flux induces its own component for the open-circuit rotor voltage. The rotor
voltage 𝑉𝑟0 is composed of two terms: the first term 𝑉𝑟𝑓 is deduced from the forced flux, and the second term
𝑉𝑟𝑛 is deduced from the natural flux. Therefore, can be expressed as (5).

𝑉𝑟0 = 𝑉𝑟𝑓 + 𝑉𝑟𝑛 (5)

By substituting (4) into (5), the new expression for the voltage 𝑉𝑟0 will be given by (6).
𝑡
𝐿𝑚 𝐿𝑚 1 𝑉𝑠 −
𝑉𝑟0 = (1 − 𝑑)𝑔𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝑡 − ( + 𝑗𝜔)𝑑 𝑒 𝜏𝑠 (6)
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑠 𝜏𝑠 𝑗𝜔𝑠

1
Neglecting the term , 𝑉𝑟0 mentioned earlier will be expressed by (7) [18], [19].
𝜏𝑠

𝑡
𝐿𝑚 𝐿 𝜔 −
𝑉𝑟0 = (1 − 𝑑)𝑔𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑚 𝑑 𝑉𝑠 𝑒 𝜏𝑠 (7)
⏟
𝐿𝑠 ⏟ 𝐿𝑠 𝜔𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑛

The voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑓 which is caused by the forced stator flux 𝜓𝑠𝑓 , its maximum value can be expressed by (8).

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  227
𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑓−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 − 𝑑)|𝑔|𝑉𝑠 (8)
𝐿𝑠

𝑉𝑟𝑛 is the voltage induced in the rotor by the natural stator flux 𝜓𝑠𝑛 . It is proportional to the depth d of the
voltage sag. At the moment of the voltage sag occurrence (𝑡 = 𝑡0 ), the amplitude of this component can
reach its maximum value described by (9).
𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑛−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 − 𝑔)𝑑𝑉𝑠 (9)
𝐿𝑠

2.2. DFIG rotor operation while connected to the RSC

As mentioned earlier and considering that the rotor resistance 𝑅𝑟 and the transient inductance of the
rotor 𝜎𝐿𝑟 have low values, the rotor voltage in the absence of the RSC (open circuit) does not differ
significantly from the rotor voltage in the presence of the RSC when the power converter RSC is connected
to the rotor. Similarly, for the voltage 𝑉𝑟 and during the voltage sag, the rotor current 𝐼𝑟 is the sum of the
forced current 𝐼𝑟𝑓 due to the voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑓 and the transient current produced by the voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑛 .

𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟𝑓 + 𝐼𝑟𝑛 (10)

From (10), in cases where the depth of the voltage sag is more significant, any increase in rotor voltage leads
to an undesirable increase in current in the rotor windings of the machine and in the RSC. Therefore, to
protect the RSC against undesirable overcurrent’s due to the voltage sag, it is essential to effectively control
the RSC by applying reliable and robust techniques to limit this high current.

3. METHOD
3.1. Protection using active circuits (crowbar)
Current limitation circuits (crowbars) are dedicated to restricting excessive currents caused by
voltage sags. These circuits can take various forms and are generally placed between the rotor and the RSC,
as indicated in Figure 3, to limit the current in the latter [20], [21]. Most of these structures use fast-switching
controlled switches such as insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors to trigger after the occurrence
of voltage sags in the grid, dissipating the excess power in the dissipation resistance. The primary
disadvantage of crowbar circuits is that, upon crowbar activation, the RSC deactivates, rendering the DFIG
uncontrollable. As a result, the DFIG functions similarly to a squirrel cage induction machine (SCIM) but
with a higher rotor resistance. The DFIG absorbs a significant amount of reactive power in such a scenario to
maintain its magnetization state at the required level. This results in further degradation of the grid voltage
and extends the recovery time [3].
A voltage limiting circuit at the DC bus level using a controlled IGBT transistor and a dissipative
resistor mounted in parallel with the DC bus can also be considered, as illustrated in Figure 3. This structure
helps to maintain the DC bus voltage within an operational range around its nominal value. In Figure 3, the
diodes and the IGBT transistor are assumed to be ideal; thus, the voltage across the resistor 𝑅𝑐𝑤 is defined by
the relationship expressed in (11) [22].

𝑣𝑐𝑤 = 𝑆𝑐𝑤 𝐼𝑐𝑤 𝑅𝑐𝑤 (11)

In order to control the switch 𝑇𝑐𝑤 , the control circuit develops the function 𝑆𝑐𝑤 : 𝑆𝑐𝑤 = 0 if 𝑇𝑐𝑤 is open
𝑆𝑐𝑤 = 1 if 𝑇𝑐𝑤 is closed
The protective circuit's control strategy using a crowbar is shown in Figure 4. When any of the rotor
currents surpass the safety current 𝐼𝑟−𝑠𝑐𝑡 , the crowbar circuit is activated; otherwise, it remains disconnected.
The control signal for the IGBT switches is based on hysteresis comparators.
In this instance, the switch modifies the DFIG model by triggering the crowbar in response to the
voltage sag and connecting the dissipation resistor 𝑅𝑐𝑤 in series with the rotor windings. In order to maintain
a steady DC bus voltage, the grid side converter (GSC) stays connected to the grid while the RSC is
simultaneously unplugged from the DFIG. The updated DFIG model is shown in Figure 5 during a voltage
sag. According to Figure 5, we can say that the value of the crowbar resistance 𝑅𝑐𝑤 influences the overall
model of the DFIG. If the value of the resistance 𝑅𝑐𝑤 is reduced, there will be an increase in the
electromagnetic torque and rotor current overloads. Conversely, a high value of the resistance 𝑅𝑐𝑤 leads to
reduced rotor currents and electromagnetic torque, and higher values of rotor voltages. Therefore, it is crucial

Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system (Abdeslam Jabal Laafou)
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to carefully choose the value of the resistance 𝑅𝑐𝑤 to avoid these constraints. It should be noted that the value
of the resistance 𝑅𝑐𝑤 is much larger than the resistance of the rotor and stator [17], [23], [24].

Figure 3. Active current limitation (crowbar) and DC bus voltage (DC chopper) circuit

Figure 4. Control scheme of the crowbar circuit

Figure 5. Model of the DFIG during a voltage sag with crowbar

3.2. Protection of series dynamic braking resistor

The series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) device is based on a resistor in parallel with an IGBT
switch, as shown in Figure 6. This device is connected in series with the stator to limit the induced
overvoltage from the transient stator flux, thereby reducing the current in the rotor and limiting the DC bus
voltage during a voltage sag [2], [25].

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The control block of the SDBR is depicted in Figure 7. Under normal conditions, the control block
sends a signal of 1 to the IGBT switch, allowing it to be closed, and the braking resistor is short-circuited,
playing no role. In the event of a voltage sag, the control block sends a signal of 0 to the IGBT switch,
causing it to open, and the braking resistor is then connected in series with the stator. The resistor remains
connected until the stator voltage returns to its normal value, at which point the IGBT switch returns to its
normal state (closed) [26], [27].

Figure 6. Block diagram for the SDBR technique

Figure 7. Control scheme for the SDBR technique

As in the crowbar circuit, the resistance in the SDBR technique must be chosen considering the
following criteria. The first criterion is that the maximum voltage at the rotor, 𝑉𝑟0−𝑚𝑎𝑥 , during the voltage
sag should not exceed 𝑉𝑅𝑆𝐶−𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the maximum value allowed by the RSC. In other words:

𝑉𝑅𝑆𝐶−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑉𝑟0−𝑚𝑎𝑥 (12)

The second criterion is that during the voltage sag, the sum of the grid-side voltages and the voltage
across the SDBR resistor 𝑅𝑆𝐷𝐵𝑅 should not exceed the maximum value of the stator voltage of the DFIG this
means that:

𝑉𝑠−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑉𝑆𝐷𝐵𝑅 + (1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 (13)

𝑉𝑆𝐷𝐵𝑅 = 𝑅𝑆𝐷𝐵𝑅 . 𝐼𝑠 (14)

Where 𝑉𝑆𝐷𝐵𝑅 is the voltage across resistor 𝑅SDBR and 𝑉𝑠−𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum stator voltage of the DFIG.
From (7)-(9) the maximum rotor voltage can be expressed by (15).
𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑟0−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [(1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 |𝑔| + (1 − 𝑔)𝑑𝑉𝑠 ] (15)
𝐿𝑠

If we assume that the voltage 𝑉𝑑 = (1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 is the stator voltage in the event of a voltage dip,
(15) becomes (16).

Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system (Abdeslam Jabal Laafou)
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𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑟0−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [𝑉𝑑 |𝑔| + (1 − 𝑔)(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑑 )] (16)
𝐿𝑠

During a voltage dip, the voltage 𝑉𝑑 can be expressed in the form of (17).

𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉SDBR + (1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 (17)

Neglecting the rotor losses, the switching losses of the RSC switches, and the ripple effects of the DC bus
voltage, the voltage 𝑉𝑅𝑆𝐶−𝑚𝑎𝑥 can be written as (18).
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑅𝑆𝐶−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ (18)
√3

From (12), (14), (15), (17), and (18), the minimum value of resistance 𝑅SDBR is deduced using (19).

1 𝐿𝑠 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑅SDBR−𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ (1−𝑔−|𝑔|)𝐼 [(1 − 𝑑)𝑉𝑠 |𝑔| + (1 − 𝑔)𝑑𝑉𝑠 − ] (19)
𝑠 𝐿𝑚 √3

In the same way, and to satisfy the second criterion in (13), the maximum value of the resistance 𝑅SDBR is
deduced, using (20).

𝑉𝑠−𝑚𝑎𝑥 −(1−𝑑)𝑉𝑠
𝑅SDBR−𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ (20)
𝐼𝑠

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A 60% depth symmetrical voltage dip applied for 0.5 seconds to the DFIG is used to investigate the
impact of the voltage dip on the system under study and to demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested control
solutions (Figure 8). As long as the fault duration is much less than the changes in wind speed, the wind
profile is fixed at 10 m/s and is regarded as constant. In this phase of simulation, a comparison between the
two methods; crowbar and SDBR will be the object of this part of the simulation to illustrate the
improvement that the SDBR technique brings on the general behavior of the DFIG during a fault on the
network. The operation of the wind energy conversion chain in the event of a voltage dip is simulated under
the MATLAB/Simulink environment with 𝑅𝑐𝑤 = 0.37 Ω, 𝑅SDBR = 0.28 Ω, and 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 0.37 Ω.

Figure 8. Stator voltage with a 60% voltage dip

The rotor speed profile is illustrated in Figure 9. As a result of the inertial storage of excess power,
the rotor speed increases suddenly when a fault occurs. Compared to the crowbar, the SDBR technique has a
lower speed deviation because the power transmitted to the grid decreases during the fault while the power
captured by the turbine stays constant.
Figure 10 shows the DC bus voltage during the voltage dip. The DC bus voltage rises from 1150 V
to 1175 V for the SDBR technique, whereas for the crowbar it rises from 1150 V to 1275 V, which means
that the SDBR has a minimum overshoot compared with the crowbar. Thanks to the DC-chopper, the DC bus
voltage must never exceed 1.1 ∗ 𝑉𝑑𝑐 . When the fault disappears, the DC bus voltage quickly returns to its
nominal value, unlike the crowbar circuit.

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(a) (b)

Figure 9. Rotor speed profile: (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

(a) (b)

Figure 10. DC bus voltage: (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

Figures 11 and 12 show the stator currents and the rotor currents respectively. During the voltage
dip period, these currents do not exceed the permitted limits and the peaks in the stator and rotor currents are
due to the insertion and removal of the protection device used in either the crowbar circuit or the SDBR
technique. Figure 13 shows the evolution of the current circulating in the filter I f (mains side). One can see
that during the fault, these currents increase due to the increase in the DC bus voltage, and when
the fault disappears, these currents return to their initial values more quickly for the SDBR,
unlike the crowbar circuit.
Figure 14 shows the active stator power during the voltage dip. After the mains voltage dips, the
stator power becomes very low. The transfer of power from the stator to the mains resumes once the fault has
disappeared and the power returns to its initial value.

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Stator currents during voltage dips: (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system (Abdeslam Jabal Laafou)
232  ISSN: 2252-8792

(a) (b)

Figure 12. Rotor currents during voltage dips: (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

(a) (b)

Figure 13. Filter current if (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

(a) (b)

Figure 14. Stator active power: (a) SDBR technique and (b) crowbar

5. CONCLUSION
In order to enhance the transient stability and LVRT capability of the DFIG during a symmetrical
voltage dip, we examined the behavior of the wind system in this study and suggested two distinct methods:
crowbar and SDBR. Compared to the crowbar technique, the SDBR technique performs well based on the
data obtained. The SDBR technique is more effective in limiting fault currents and improving DFIG
performance. Simulation results were presented to show the validity and effectiveness of the control strategy
of the two proposed methods, which allow the wind system to remain connected to the grid during the
voltage dip and to return to normal operation after the fault has disappeared.

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Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system (Abdeslam Jabal Laafou)
234  ISSN: 2252-8792

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Abdeslam Jabal Laafou was born in Morocco. He received the Ph.D. degree of
Electrical Engineering in 2023 from the National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail
University, Kenitra, Morocco. He received the Master degree of Electrical Engineering from
the ENSET of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. He is currently a professor
of Electrical Engineering. His research interests are control strategies of wind power systems.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdessalam Ait Madi was born in Morocco. He received a teaching engineering

degree in electronics from the ENSET of Mohammedia. He received his master's and Ph.D.
degrees from the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies from the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
University of Fez in Morocco. He received the Habilitation degree from the Faculty of
Sciences of Ibn Tofail University. He is an Associate Professor at the National School of
Applied Sciences of Ibn Tofail University in Kenitra, Morocco. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Youssef Moumani received master's degree in Sciences and Technology

specialty: Automatic, Signal Processing, and industrial computing in 2014, from the Faculty of
Science and Technology, Hassan I University, Settat, Morocco. He is currently a Ph.D.
Student at National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra Morocco. His
research interests are control strategies of wind power systems. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Hassan Essakhi received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at the ENSA

(National School of Applied Sciences), Ibn Zohr University, Agadir. Teacher of Electrical
Engineering, with a bachelor's in electromechanics at Higher Normal School of Technology
(ENSET), Mohammadia, Morocco, and a master's degree in Electrical Engineering at the Cadi
Ayyad University in Marrakesh, Morocco. His research, in the context of a national doctoral
thesis, focuses on the theme of Renewable Energies. The doctoral investigations took place in
the Research Team in Engineering Sciences and Energy Management (LASIME) Agadir,
Morocco. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 224-234