International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 118~126

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v14.i1.pp118-126  118

High order sliding mode control for grid integration of

photovoltaic systems

Noureddine Ech-cherki, Oumaima Echab, Youssef Errami, Abdellatif Obbadi, Smail Sahnoun,
Mohssin Aoutoul
Laboratory of Electronics, Instrumentation and Energy (LEIE), Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The article suggests employing second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC)
to manage photovoltaic systems (PVS) connected to the electrical grid.
Received May 7, 2024 These systems face complexities due to non-linearities, variability,
Revised Sep 13, 2024 uncertainties, disturbances, and climate changes. The proposed control
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 strategy utilizes two converters: one at the photovoltaic generator (PVG)
side for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to optimize energy
generation and another at the grid connection point to regulate power
Keywords: injection into the grid and maintain the DC bus voltage (Vdc) while
achieving unit power factor (UPF). Both converters are equipped with
Current vector control SOSMC controllers, enabling independent adjustment of active (P) and
DC–DC boost converter reactive (Q) power. This approach aims to enhance the energy efficiency and
Electrical grid robustness of PVS under varying climatic conditions. The performance of
Maximum power point tracking the system is evaluated under standard and variable irradiation conditions
Photovoltaic system using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simulation results indicate that
Second order sliding mode SOSMC significantly improves system performance and efficiency
control compared to conventional vector control (CVC). Notably, it reduces active
power overshoot by 100%, decreases Vdc response time, and lowers total
harmonic distortion (THD) of the current to 1.19%, demonstrating its
effectiveness across different irradiation levels.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Noureddine Ech-cherki
Laboratory: Electronics, Instrumentation and Energy (LEIE), Faculty of Science
Chouaib Doukkali University
El Jadida, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the advancement in renewable and green energy utilization has emerged as a key
solution to environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels and the decline in energy production [1].
Renewable energy-based power generation systems are now crucial in global energy production. Among the
available renewable sources, photovoltaic (PV) energy stands out as the most favorable option due to its
widespread availability, environmental benefits, and cost-free nature [2]. Compared to other energy sources,
PV systems are highly regarded for their durability and efficiency, establishing PV as a rapidly growing
energy source worldwide. PV systems are expected to grow by 15% between 2020 and 2040 and have the
potential to generate 9000 TWh, representing 26% of projected global demand [3]. This trend requires most
photovoltaic power generation plants to make substantial changes to their operational and control structures.
Consequently, many researchers have proposed various control configurations to improve the desired
operational characteristics [4]. In the literature, most articles on grid-connected PV systems concentrate on
inverter control. These methods typically employ proportional-integral (PI) controllers to regulate the Vdc and

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  119

the current supplied to the grid, ensuring maximum active power transfer (P). For maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) control, the perturb and observe (P&O) technique is commonly used due to its simplicity
and satisfactory results [5]. However, it is important to note that this technique exhibits fluctuations around
the operating point and can lose this point during rapid changes in irradiation, so for high-quality energy
transfer, an alternative method for MPPT is required [6]. One method that fulfills this requirement is sliding
mode control (SMC), particularly high-order sliding mode control (HOSMC). SMC is valued for its
robustness against climatic fluctuations. HOSMC is introduced to overcome the challenges associated with
first-order SMC, especially the significant issue of chattering around the sliding surface (σ) [7]. The
development of grid-connected PV systems has led many researchers to study their robustness and stability.
For instance, Debdouche et al. [8] propose a control strategy for grid-connected inverters that combines
model predictive control with integral sliding mode control. Ali et al. [9] show that combining fuzzy logic
control (FLC) with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms enhances MPPT compared to P&O
methods. While this technique offers robust performance in minimizing response time, it is complex to
implement. Another MPPT method, introduced in [10], employs neuro-fuzzy logic (NFL) to improve output
power and response time under varying climatic conditions. Zheng et al. [11] describe an MPPT strategy
using a first-order plus integral plus derivative (FOPID) controller to eliminate disturbances affecting output
voltage, demonstrating enhanced performance and dynamic response compared to traditional methods. In
[12], an adaptive perturbing fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno sliding mode control (Fuzzy T-S SMC) approach is
developed for accurate MPPT tracking and reducing oscillations around the MPP. Shahdadi et al. [13]
present SMC control for a SEPIC boost converter, achieving precise MPP tracking and increased system
robustness. Guo et al. [14] suggest using a second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) configuration for a
PV system with a single power converter, aiming to generate sinusoidal current for the grid and reduce
harmonics, thus improving robustness against solar irradiance fluctuations. Beniss et al. [15] discuss
fractional order SMC (FOSMC) to optimize power delivery and regulate DC voltage in permanent magnet
synchronous generators (PMSG), showing fast response under variable wind conditions. Nonlinear integral
backstepping (NIB) for PV systems, as presented in [16], proved efficient, though complexity issues can lead
to higher energy costs. An intelligent MPPT approach combining neural networks and fuzzy logic (NN-FL)
for PV control is detailed in [17], offering increased robustness and rapid dynamic response compared to
conventional methods. Roy et al. [18] introduce an SMC controller using a two-power-law control method
for PV systems and battery-powered DC microgrids, although chattering remains a major drawback. Various
improvement methods, including the terminal SMC (TSMC) technique cited in [19], continuous nonlinear
predictive control with integral SMC (ISMC) described in [20], and fuzzy SMC (FSMC) presented in [21],
explore different strategies to enhance performance. While these strategies provide numerous benefits, they
also come with drawbacks, such as power fluctuations and high levels of THD, which negatively impact
overall power quality. Table 1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of some of these strategies.
In this context, the SOSTM and MPPT-SOSMC controllers are the major contributions of this
paper. The results are compared with the conventional technique regarding dynamic response, overshoot and
THD under two different irradiation profiles. Simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness compared to
conventional control methods. Therefore, the principal contributions of this work are as follows:
- The SOSMC method reduces the chattering effects of traditional SMC;
- The MPPT-SOSMC method replaces the P&O to improve MPPT;
- The developed SOSMC method reduces the THD of the current injected to the grid; and
- Reduce P and Q overshoots and steady-state errors.
The structure of this article is: the first section presents the introduction to this work. The second
section describes the photovoltaic generator (PVG) model, the DC-DC, DC-AC converter and its SOSMC
control. The third section details the simulation results and analysis of the proposed SOSMC method,
including a comparison with the conventional vector control (CVC) technique, while the fourth section
presents a general conclusion of this study.

Table 1. Comparison of some strategies used in PV system control

Strategy Name Advantage Disadvantage
FLC and PSO [9] Robust for minimizing response time Complex hardware and programming required
NFL [10] Rapid convergence Oscillation near the operating point
FOPID [11] Rapid dynamic response Large overrun
SMC [13] Simple and inexpensive Chattering
NIB [16] Good performance Higher construction costs

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120  ISSN: 2252-8792

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of a PV system connected to a grid through two power converters. The
first converter, operating as a DC-DC converter in boost mode, is designed to regulate power on the PVG
side. The second converter, functioning as a DC-AC inverter, is primarily responsible for maintaining a
constant Vdc and ensuring a unity power factor (UPF).

2.1. Modeling of the PV generator

The PVG is composed of PV cells arranged in a series-parallel configuration to produce electricity
directly from sunlight. Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of a single-diode PV cell. Figure 2 shows the effect
of temperature and irradiance on the PVG parameters (P-V). The PVG is modeled using (1) [21].

𝑞 𝑉pv +ipv .R 𝑠
𝑖pv = iph - i0 [Exp ( (𝑉pv +ipv .R 𝑠 )) -1] - ( ) (1)
A.k.T 𝑅sh

The photocurrent iph, influenced by the irradiance and cell temperature, is given by (2).

𝐺
𝑖ph = [𝑖sc +K 𝑖 . (T-T𝑟 )]. ( ) (2)
𝐺𝑟

Where: 𝑖sc is short-circuit current, q is the electric charge, 𝐾 is the Boltzmann constant, K 𝑖 is the current
temperature coefficient, 𝐴 is the cell's ideality factor, 𝐺 is the irradiance, 𝐺𝑟 is the reference irradiance, 𝑇 is
the temperature, T𝑟 is temperature reference, 𝑉𝑜𝑐 is the voltage in an open circuit, 𝐸𝑔 is the band gap energy,
𝑅𝑠 and 𝑅𝑠ℎ are the series and shunt resistors, and 𝑁𝑠 is the number of series cells.

Figure 1. Topology of PVS connected to grid

(a) (b)

Figure 2. P-V characteristics of PVG according to (a) irradiation and (b) temperature

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  121

2.2. SOSMC controller design

In the SMC technique, the system trajectories are guided towards a specific surface known as the
sliding surface (σ), where desirable characteristics are achieved. The controller ensures that the system
remains on this surface at all times [22], [23]. However, this method can lead to persistent oscillations in the
steady state, which is undesirable. In contrast, the SOSMC method is regarded as one of the most effective
strategies for reducing chattering effects and enhancing the performance of the PV system [24]. The surface σ
is expressed as (3).

σ = xref - x (3)

Where x is the parameter to be regulated and xref its reference. The SOSMC controller (𝑢𝑐 ) comprises two
components: the equivalent control component (ueq ) and the SOSMC algorithm term (uSO ) [24].

𝑢𝑐 = ueq + uSO (4)

The term ueq is determined by (5).

dσ
= 0 (5)
dt

The uSO term ensures that the PV system remains on the σ despite parameter variations and irradiation
changes. The expression for uSO is given by (6).

𝑢SO = u1 + u2 (6)

Where:

𝑢1 = β1 |𝜎|0.5 . sign(𝜎)
{ (7)
𝑢2 = β2 ∫ sign(𝜎).dt

Where β1 and β2 are the SOSMC gains.

2.3. Modeling and control design of the boost converter

The boost converter is used to adjust the voltage between the PVG and the inverter. The proposed
control objectives are to maintain MPP and increase output voltage [25]. The diagram of the boost converter
used is shown in Figure 1. The characteristic equations of the boost converter are given by (8).

dipv 1
= . [𝑉pv - (1- α).Vdc ]
dt 𝐿
{dVdc 1 𝑉dc (8)
= . [(1- α).i𝐿 − ]
dt 𝐶0 𝑅

Where α is the duty cycle α.

Based on the P-V and I-V profiles of the PVG presented in Figure 2, it can be deduced that when
operating at MPP:

dPpv 𝑑(𝑉pv .ipv ) dipv

= = ipv + Vpv ⋅ =0 (9)
dVpv dVpv dVpv

the surface σ is determined according to (10) to reach the MPP [26].

dPpv
σ= (10)
dVpv

The equivalent control term 𝑢eq of the SOSMC controller is determined by (10).

𝑉pv
𝑢eq = 1 - (11)
𝑉dc

From the (4), (6), (7), and (11), the final expression for the proposed control signal is given by (12).

High order sliding mode control for grid integration of photovoltaic systems (Noureddine Ech-cherki)
122  ISSN: 2252-8792

𝑉pv
𝑢𝐶 = 1 - + 𝛽1 × |𝜎|0.5 × sign(𝜎) + 𝛽2 × ∫ sign(𝜎)×dt (12)
𝑉dc

2.4. Modeling and control design on the grid side with SOSMC
The inverter's role is to maintain a constant Vdc and regulate the P and Q injected into the grid to
ensure a UPF. In this study, a two-loop control scheme is used: the internal loops regulate the quadrature (iq)
and direct (id) currents, while the external loop controls Vdc and generates the reference current (id-ref). The
circuit diagram of the inverter connected to the grid is shown in Figure 1. The Park transformation is applied
to convert the inverter's three-phase coordinates into two synchronous d-q rotational coordinates [27].

di𝑑 1
= ⋅ (𝑉𝑑 - R𝑓 .i𝑑 - e𝑑 )+ L𝑓 ωi𝑞
dt 𝐿𝑓
{di𝑞 1
(13)
= ⋅ (𝑉𝑞 - R𝑓 .i𝑞 - e𝑞 )- L𝑓 ωi𝑑
dt 𝐿𝑓

When the tension vector is aligned on the d-axis, the P and Q are given with:
3
P = .V.i𝑑
2
{ 3 (14)
Q = .V.i𝑞
2

P and Q can therefore be controlled by regulating i q and id. Thus, the iq reference (iq_ref) is kept at zero to
achieve UPF, while id reference (id_ref) is determined by the Vdc controller. The objective of SOSMC inverter
control is to eliminate the chattering phenomenon by adding an integral term to the current error. The σ can
be described as (15) [15].

𝜎dq = idq-ref - idq (15)

ueq is determined from the (5), (13), and (15) as (16).

did-ref
𝑢d-eq = + R.i𝑑 - Lωi𝑞 + e𝑑
{ dt (16)
𝑢q-eq = R.i𝑞 + Lωi𝑑 + e𝑞

The final expressions of the proposed commands are given as (17).

did-ref
𝑢𝑑 = + R×i𝑑 - Lωi𝑞 + e𝑑 - λ1 × |𝜎𝑑 |0.5 × sign(𝜎𝑑 ) - λ2 × ∫ sign(𝜎𝑑 )×dt
dt
{ 0.5
(17)
𝑢𝑞 = R×i𝑞 + Lωi𝑑 + e𝑞 − λ3 × |𝜎𝑞 | × sign(𝜎𝑞 ) - λ4 × ∫ sign(𝜎𝑞 )×dt

3. THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, the PVG used provides a maximum power of 160 kW at G=1000 W/m 2. A
comparative analysis between SOSMC and conventional CVC is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness
of the proposed technique. The irradiation profile utilized is depicted in Figures 3(a) and 3(b). The simulation
results are presented in Figures 3 through 7. Table 2 gives the PVS parameters.
Figure 4 illustrates the P and Q injected into the grid using both the SOSMC control and CVC
method for step (Figure 4(a)) and real (Figure 4(b)) irradiation changes. It is evident that P quickly converges
to its MPP with high precision during irradiation variations. At G=1000 W/m2, P reaches its maximum value
of 160 kW supplied by the PVG, with the overshoot reduced to zero, while Q remains at zero. Figure 5 shows
the dynamics of Vdc, demonstrating that it closely follows its reference value in a very short time, with
minimal steady-state error for the SOSMC controller. Figure 6 presents the current injected into the grid
during the first phase, which has a sinusoidal waveform at 50 Hz, indicating a low rate of current harmonics.
This figure also shows that the grid voltages and currents are in phase, confirming the absence of reactive
power injection and ensuring a UPF. Figure 7 displays the THD of the first-phase current connected to the
grid for both CVC (Figure 7(a)) and SOSMC (Figure 7(b)) controllers. The THD for SOSMC is reduced to
1.19%, compared to 2.28% for CVC, indicating that the CVC technique is more affected by irradiation
variations. The developed method significantly reduces ripple, demonstrating its robustness under fluctuating
climatic conditions.

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  123

Table 2. The PVS parameters

Parameter Symbol Value
Capacitor for DC bus (μF) CO 2000
Input capacitor (μF) Cin 1000
Inductance of the boost (mH) L 3.5
Switching frequency (kHz) Fs 5
Inverter inductance (mH) Lf 3
Inverter switching rate (kHz) Fsh 5
DC bus voltage reference (V) Vdc_ref 700

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Irradiation variations in W/m2: (a) stepped profile and (b) real profile

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Active and reactive power for (a) step irradiation and (b) reel irradiation

Figure 5. Vdc responses with SOSMC and CVC

High order sliding mode control for grid integration of photovoltaic systems (Noureddine Ech-cherki)
124  ISSN: 2252-8792

Figure 6. Current injected into grid for the first phase

(a) (b)

Figure 7. THD of the current with (a) CVC and (b) SOSMC

4. CONCLUSION
This article introduces a novel SOSMC controller for regulating a PV system in two distinct stages.
Initially, on the direct current side, the controller focuses on maximizing the power generated by the PVG.
Subsequently, on the alternating current side, the goal is to transfer this power to the grid with a unity power
factor. The SOSMC-based strategy is designed to enhance PV system performance compared to traditional
SMC by minimizing ripples in active and reactive power. Comparative results between the SOSMC and
conventional CVC show a 100% reduction in active power overshoot during sudden irradiance changes, with
minimized response time. Additionally, the THD of the current is reduced to 1.19% with SOSMC, compared
to 2.28% with CVC. Thus, the SOSMC strategy demonstrates significant promise for improving the energy
efficiency of grid-connected photovoltaic systems.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Noureddine Ech-cherki obtained a license in electronics and a master's degree in

industrial electronics from the Faculty of Science in El Jaddia, Morocco. He is currently
pursuing research in engineering physics, in the fields of photovoltaic energy: MPPT
techniques, optimization algorithms, and power converters. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

High order sliding mode control for grid integration of photovoltaic systems (Noureddine Ech-cherki)
126  ISSN: 2252-8792

Oumaima Echab received a master's degree in engineering of industrial

computing and instrumentation from the Science and Technical Faculty, Moulay Ismail
University, Errachidia, Morocco in 2019. She is currently a Ph.D. student at the Electronics,
Instrumentation, and Energy Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences El Jadida, at Chouaib
Doukkali University, Morocco. She is presently interested in photovoltaic energy, power
electronics, and converters. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Youssef Errami received his aggregation diploma in electrical engineering from

Ecole Normale Suprieure de l’Enseignement Technique (ENSET), Rabat, Morocco, and a
DESS in networks and telecommunications from Department of Physics, Chouaib Doukkali
University, EL Jadida-Morocco. In 2013, he received his Ph.D., in electrical engineering, from
Mohammadia Schools of Engineers, Mohamed V University - Rabat, Morocco. He currently
serves as a full professor of electrical engineering at the Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali
University, EL Jadida. Prof. Errami is the head of the Laboratory: Electronics, Instrumentation
and Energy (LEIE) - Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences. His research interests are in the
areas of conversion and control of renewable energy systems, control systems, and electrical
engineering, power electronics systems, and electric drives. He has already published many
papers in these areas. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdellatif Obbadi was born in El Jadida, Morocco. He received this diploma in

electrical engineering from the Ecole Normal Superior of Technical Education (ENSET),
Mohammedia, Morocco in 1993, and the DESA degree in measurement instrumentation and
control from the Faculty of Science University Chouaib Doukkali EI Jadida, Morocco in 1999.
He received his Ph.D. and H.D.R degrees from the Faculty of Science University Chouaib
Doukkali EI Jadida, Morocco respectively in 2007 and 2016. He is currently working toward
his Ph.D. degree in the Laboratory of Electronics, Instrumentation and Energy (LEIE), Team:
Exploitation and Processing of Renewable Energy (EPRE) Faculty of Science University
Chouaib Doukkali Department of Physics-EI Jadida, Morocco. His current research interests
include photovoltaic system modeling, modeling of DC–DC converters, maximum power
point tracking of photovoltaic power, and grid integration of renewable energy sources. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Smail Sahnoun currently serves as a full professor at the Faculty of Science,

Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco. He was the head of the Laboratory:
Electronics, Instrumentation and Energy (LEIE)- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences
between 2014–2017. His main research interests are renewable energy systems and non-
destructive testing by infrared thermography. He is the author of several papers in these areas.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mohssin Aoutoul received the “Licence de Physique” degree in electronics, the

high diploma in electronics degree DESA (Diplôme des Etudes Supérieures Approfondies),
master degree in computer studies, and “Doctorat National” (Ph.D.) in Electrical Engineering
and with honors, respectively, in 1996, 2000, 2002, and 2010 from Abdelmalek Essaadi
University in Tetuan and Tangier, Morocco. Between 2010 and 2011, he conducted research as
Ph.D.-Engineer at MAScIR fondation on electrical interconnections for microelectronic
packaging at high frequencies. He is a professor of electrical engineering at Physics
Department of Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco, since 2011. His research interests
include the embedded systems and IoT, UWB and multi bands dielectric resonator antenna,
nano-antenna, filters, RFID, metamaterials, microelectronic packaging at microwave
frequency bands using computational methods such as the finite difference time domain
(FDTD) and TLM methods, and leader electromagnetic commercial simulators. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 118-126