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Additional Graphs - Lecture Notes

The document discusses various types of graphs used for representing quantitative and categorical data, including dotplots, stemplots, frequency polygons, Pareto charts, pie charts, and time-series graphs. It also highlights potential misleading aspects of graphs, such as inappropriate scales and pictographs. Additionally, it provides examples of data sets for constructing these graphs and analyzing trends.

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2 views

Additional Graphs - Lecture Notes

The document discusses various types of graphs used for representing quantitative and categorical data, including dotplots, stemplots, frequency polygons, Pareto charts, pie charts, and time-series graphs. It also highlights potential misleading aspects of graphs, such as inappropriate scales and pictographs. Additionally, it provides examples of data sets for constructing these graphs and analyzing trends.

Uploaded by

bansri11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Additional Graphs

A dotplot consists of a graph of quantitative data in which each data value is plotted as a point
(or dot) along a horizontal scale of values.
A stemplot (or stem-and-leaf plot) represents quantitative data by separating each value into
two parts: the stem (such as the left most digit) and the leaf (such as the right most digit).
Note: The lengths of the rows in a stemplot are similar to the heights of the bars in a
histogram; longer rows of data correspond to higher frequencies.
A frequency polygon is a graph that uses line segments connected to points located directly
above class midpoint values.
A Pareto chart is a bar graph for categorical data, where the bars are arranged in descending
order according to frequencies.
A pie chart is a graph that depicts categorical data as slices of a circle, where the size of the
slice is proportional to the frequency count of the category.
Note: A Pareto and pie chart show the same data, but a Pareto chart does a better job of
showing the relative sizes of the different categories. A pie chart lacks an appropriate scale.
A time-series graph is a graph of time-series data, which are quantitative data that have been
collected at different points in time, such as monthly or yearly. A time series graph reveals
information about trends over time.
Graphs that Deceive
1. Graphs that use a vertical scale not starting at 0 can be misleading because the differences
are exaggerated.
2. Pictographs are drawing of objects that can create false impressions that distort the data
and can be misleading. For example, if you double each side of a square, the area does not
double, but increases by a factor of four.
Examples
1. The data below represents the height (in feet) of Douglas Fir Trees.
40 44 35 49 35 43 35 36 39 37 41 41 48
52 37 45 40 36 35 50 42 51 33 34 51 39
Height Frequency
33-36 8
37-40 6
41-44 5
45-48 2
49-52 5

a) Construct a dotplot.

b) Construct a stemplot.

c) Construct a frequency polygon.


Class Midpoints: 34.5 , 38.5 , 42.5 , 46.5 , 50.5
Connect adjacent points with line segments. Draw a line back to the horizontal axis at the
beginning and end of the graph, the same distance that the previous and next midpoint
would be located.
2. Listed below are pulse rates (beats per minute) of females.
80 94 58 66 56 82 78 86 88 56
36 66 84 76 78 64 66 78 60 64

a) Construct the dotplot. Is there a pulse rate that appears to be an outlier?

The pulse rate of 36 beats per minute appears to be an outlier.


b) Construct the stemplot. How are the data sorted in a stemplot? How does a stem and leaf
plot show the distribution of data?
The data are arranged in order from lowest to highest. The length of the rows is similar to
the heights of bars in a histogram; longer rows of data correspond to higher frequencies.
3. In a study of retractions in biomedical journals, 436 were due to error, 201 were due to
plagiarism, 888 were due to fraud, 291 were duplications of publications, and 287 had other
causes.
a) Construct the Pareto chart.
b) Construct a pie chart.

4. Listed below are annual fatality rates (per 100,000 population) from drunk driving. The first
entry represents the year 1991. Construct the time-series graph. Is there a trend?
6.3 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7
4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3

The number of fatalities is decreasing, possibly due to greater enforcement of DUI laws,
greater public awareness campaigns, safer cars, and car riding services.

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