SVREC, NANDYAL

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

III B.Tech II-SEMESTER
CE, EEE & ME
Subject:- IIOT – Introduction to Internet of Things

I - UNIT
1) INTRODUCTION:-
Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.
Internet of Things (IOT) refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique
identities (Similarities) and are connected to the internet to facilitate intelligent
applications that make energy, logistics, industrial control, retail, agriculture and
many other domains “Smarter”.
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects things (devices, appliances, machines) to
the Internet. IoT enables these objects to communicate and exchange data,
allowing them to perform meaningful tasks aimed at achieving a common goal
for users or machines.
Products in the IoT ecosystem encompass both hardware and software
components, including hubs, endpoints, and wireless communication
technologies. Examples of IoT devices range from thermostats and utility
meters to Bluetooth-connected headsets and irrigation sensors.
The figure 1.1 illustrates the relationship between data, information, and
knowledge:

1. Data: This is raw and unprocessed information collected from IoT devices or
systems. It consists of basic facts and figures without context.

2. Information: This is created by processing and organizing data. It involves

filtering, categorizing, and contextualizing the raw data to make it
understandable and useful.

3. Knowledge: This is derived from information. It involves further organizing and

structuring the information so that it can be applied to make decisions or take
action to achieve specific goals.

In summary, data is transformed into information, and then information is used

to build knowledge, which helps in decision-making.
Data contextualization refers to the process of adding context to raw
data to make it more meaningful and useful. This involves interpreting
the data based on various factors such as time, location, and relevant
circumstances. By providing context, data can be better understood and
analyzed, leading to more informed decisions and insights. Essentially, it
transforms raw data into information that can be effectively utilized in
specific situations.
Condensing data refers to the process of reducing the volume of raw data while
retaining its essential information and meaning. This can involve techniques such as:

1. Summarization: Creating summaries of large datasets, highlighting key points or

trends.

2. Aggregation: Combining multiple data points into a single value (e.g., calculating
averages or totals).

3. Filtering: Removing irrelevant or redundant information to focus on the most

important data.

4. Compression: Using algorithms to decrease the size of the data files without
losing significant information.

The goal of condensing data is to make it easier to analyze and interpret, enhancing
efficiency and clarity for decision-making.
2) ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW OF IoT
The architectural overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) typically involves
several layers that work together to enable the connectivity, processing, and
management of IoT devices and data. Here’s a breakdown of the common layers
in IoT architecture:

A). Device Layer (Perception Layer)

- Components: This layer includes IoT devices, sensors, and actuators. These
devices collect data from the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion)
or perform actions (e.g., turning on a light or adjusting a thermostat).
- Function: Responsible for data acquisition and the physical interaction with the
environment.
B). Network Layer
- Components: This layer encompasses the communication technologies and
protocols used to connect IoT devices to the internet and each other (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular networks).
- Function: Facilitates data transmission between devices and the cloud or server
infrastructure. It ensures that data is sent securely and efficiently.
C). Edge Computing Layer
- Components: This layer involves local processing units or gateways that perform
data processing closer to the source of data (the devices).
- Function: Reduces latency, enhances response times, and minimizes bandwidth
usage by processing data locally before sending it to the cloud. It can filter, analyze,
and aggregate data.
D). Cloud Layer
- Components: This layer consists of cloud services and platforms that provide storage, data
processing, and analytics capabilities.
- Function: Centralizes data management, storage, and analysis. It supports advanced
analytics, machine learning, and big data processing to derive insights from the collected
data.
E). Application Layer
- Components: This layer includes the end-user applications and services that utilize the
processed data.
- Function: Provides user interfaces and functionalities that allow users to interact with the
IoT system. Examples include smart home applications, industrial automation dashboards,
and health monitoring systems.
F). Security Layer
- Components: Security measures and protocols integrated throughout all layers.
- Function: Ensures data privacy, authentication, and integrity. It protects devices
and networks from unauthorized access and cyber threats.

Summary
The architectural overview of IoT demonstrates a layered approach, where each
layer has distinct roles and functions. This architecture enables seamless
connectivity, efficient data processing, and the development of applications that
enhance user experiences and operational efficiencies across various industries,
such as smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial automation.
3) DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND NEEDED CAPABILITIES
The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming various engineering fields,
including Civil, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE), and
Mechanical Engineering.

Understanding IoT design principles and the required capabilities is

essential for students in these disciplines as they get ready for future
careers that increasingly integrate IoT technologies.
IoT Design Principles

a). Scalability:
- IoT systems should be designed to accommodate growth, allowing
for the addition of new devices and users without significant
reconfiguration.

b). Interoperability:
- Devices and systems from different manufacturers should be able to
communicate and work together seamlessly. This often involves
adhering to standardized protocols and data formats.

c). Security:
- Security must be integrated into every layer of the IoT architecture to
protect data integrity and user privacy. This includes encryption, secure
communication protocols, and robust authentication mechanisms.
d). Data Management:
- Efficient data collection, storage, processing, and analysis are vital.
IoT systems should employ edge computing where appropriate to
minimize latency and bandwidth usage.

e). Energy Efficiency:

- Since many IoT devices operate on battery power, designs should
prioritize energy efficiency to prolong device life and reduce the need
for frequent replacements.

f). User-Centric Design:

- The design should focus on the end-user experience, ensuring that
systems are intuitive, accessible, and provide meaningful insights.
g). Real-Time Processing:
- Many IoT applications require real-time data processing for
immediate decision-making, necessitating low-latency communication
and processing capabilities.

h). Reliability:
- IoT systems must be designed to operate reliably over time, including
redundancy and fault tolerance to handle device failures or network
interruptions.
Needed Capabilities for
a). Civil Engineering Students:
- Smart Infrastructure Design: Understanding how IoT can enhance
infrastructure (e.g., smart roads, bridges, and buildings) through sensors
for monitoring structural health and environmental conditions.
- Data Analytics: Skills in data analytics to interpret data from IoT
sensors, enabling predictive maintenance and optimized resource usage.
- Knowledge of Standards: Familiarity with construction and safety
standards, ensuring IoT solutions comply with regulatory requirements.
b). Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE) Students:
- Embedded Systems: Proficiency in designing and programming
embedded systems that form the backbone of IoT devices.
- Communication Protocols: Understanding various communication
protocols (e.g., MQTT, CoAP, Zigbee) to facilitate device connectivity and
interoperability.
- Power Management: Skills in designing energy-efficient systems and
understanding power supply for IoT devices, including battery
management and energy harvesting technologies.
c). Mechanical Engineering Students:
- IoT-Enabled Automation: Knowledge of how IoT integrates with
automation systems, including robotics and smart manufacturing.
- Sensor Technology: Familiarity with various sensors (temperature,
pressure, motion) used in IoT applications for monitoring and control in
mechanical systems.
- Modeling and Simulation: Skills in modeling and simulating
mechanical systems with integrated IoT capabilities, enabling better
design and analysis.
4) IoT APPLICATIONS
a) Home Automation
i) Smart Lighting
ii) Smart Appliances
iii) Intrusion Detection
iv) Smoke/Gas Detectors
b) Cities
i) Smart Parking
ii) Smart Lighting
iii) Smart Roads
iv) Structural Health Monitoring
v) Surveillance
vi) Emergency Response
c) Environment
i) Weather Monitoring
ii) Air Pollution Monitoring
iii) Noise Pollution Monitoring
iv) Forest Fire Detection
v) River Floods Detection
d) Energy
i) Smart Grids
ii) Renewable Energy Systems
iii) Prognostics
e) Retail
i) Inventory Management
ii) Smart Payments
iii) Smart Vending Machines
f) Logistics
i) Route Generation & Scheduling
ii) Fleet Tracking
iii) Shipment Monitoring
iv) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
g) Agriculture
i) Smart Irrigation
ii) Green House Control
h) Industry
i) Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
ii) Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
i) Health & Lifestyle
i) Health & Fitness Monitoring
ii) Wearable Electronics
Sensing refers to the ability of IoT devices to collect data from their
environment. This typically involves various types of sensors that can
detect physical properties such as temperature, humidity, light, motion,
pressure, and more. The data gathered by these sensors is often
referred to as "raw data" and can be used for various applications, such
as:

- Monitoring: Keeping track of environmental conditions (e.g., smart

thermostats).
- Data Collection: Gathering information for analysis (e.g., wearables
measuring heart rate).
- Triggering Actions: Initiating processes based on specific conditions
(e.g., motion detectors activating security systems).
Actuation, on the other hand, involves the execution of actions based on the
data received from sensors or commands from a remote source. Actuators are
the components that carry out these actions and can include devices like motors,
valves, relays, and lights. Actuation enables IoT systems to respond to changing
conditions in real-time. Examples include:

- Adjusting Systems: Automatically regulating heating or cooling in smart homes

based on temperature data.
- Controlling Devices: Opening or closing a valve based on water levels in smart
irrigation systems.
- Notifications and Alerts: Sending alerts or notifications to users or systems
based on predefined criteria (e.g., smoke alarms).
Integration in IoT Systems

In an IoT ecosystem, sensing and actuation often work together. For

example, in a smart home system, temperature sensors (sensing) can
detect when a room is too hot, which can trigger an air conditioning unit
(actuation) to cool the room down. This seamless interaction between
sensing and actuation enables IoT devices to perform complex tasks and
improve efficiency in various applications, from industrial automation to
smart city management.

In summary, sensing gathers data about the environment, while

actuation enables responses to that data, making them fundamental
components of IoT hardware.
Basics of Networking
Networking refers to the practice of connecting computers and other devices to
share resources and information. It forms the backbone of modern
communication, enabling devices to communicate and collaborate efficiently.
Here are the basics of networking:

1. Types of Networks
- Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects computers within a limited
area, such as a home, school, or office. LANs typically use Ethernet or Wi-Fi.
- Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that covers a broad area, connecting
multiple LANs. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network that spans a city or a large
campus, larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
- Personal Area Network (PAN): A small network, typically for personal devices,
such as connecting a smartphone to a laptop via Bluetooth.
2. Network Components
- Nodes: Devices on the network, including computers, servers, printers,
and smartphones.
- Switches: Devices that connect multiple nodes within a LAN,
forwarding data to the appropriate device.
- Routers: Devices that connect different networks and direct data traffic
between them. Routers often connect a LAN to the internet.
- Access Points: Devices that allow wireless devices to connect to a
wired network using Wi-Fi.
3. Networking Protocols
Protocols are sets of rules that govern how data is transmitted over a
network. Key protocols include:
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Ensures reliable data transmission
by establishing a connection and ensuring the data is sent and received
correctly.
- Internet Protocol (IP): Responsible for addressing and routing packets
of data between devices.
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP): A simpler protocol that allows for quick
transmission of data without the overhead of error checking.
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Used for transferring web pages on
the internet.
4. IP Addressing
Every device on a network is assigned an IP address, a unique identifier
that allows it to communicate with other devices. IP addresses can be:
- IPv4: A 32-bit address format (e.g., 192.168.1.1), which allows for
about 4.3 billion unique addresses.
- IPv6: A newer 128-bit address format (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334), designed to
accommodate the growing number of devices on the internet.

5. Data Transmission
Data is transmitted in packets, small units of data that include the
sender’s and recipient’s IP addresses, as well as the information being
sent. When data is sent over a network, it is broken down into packets,
transmitted, and then reassembled at the destination.
6. Network Security
Network security involves measures taken to protect data during
transmission and prevent unauthorized access. Common practices
include:
- Firewalls: Devices or software that monitor and control incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on security rules.
- Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded format to
prevent unauthorized access.
- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Secure connections that allow users
to access a private network over the internet.
7. Network Topologies
The layout or arrangement of different elements in a network is called topology.
Common topologies include:
- Star: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
- Bus: All devices share a single communication line.
- Ring: Devices are connected in a circular fashion, with each device connected to
two others.
8. Network Management
Network management involves monitoring and maintaining a network to ensure
its performance and security. This includes tasks like troubleshooting,
performance optimization, and software updates.
 M2M Communication
IoT technology in industry involves the integration of complex physical
machinery M2M communication with the networks of sensors, and uses
analytics, machine learning, and knowledge discovery software.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to the process of communication of
a physical object or device at machine with others of the same type,
mostly for monitoring but also for control purposes.
Each machine in an M2M system embeds a smart device. The device
senses the data or status of the machine, and performs the computation
and communication functions. A device communicates via wired or
wireless systems. The communication protocols are 6LowPAN, LWM2M,
MQTT, and XMPP.
Each communication device is assigned 48-bits Ipv6 address.
M2M technology closely relates to IoT when the smart devices or
machines collect data which is transmitted via the Internet to other
devices or machines located remotely.
The close difference between M2M and IoT is that M2M must deploy
device to device, and carry out the coordination, monitoring, controlling
of the devices and communicate without the usage of Internet whereas
IoT deploys the internet, server, internet protocols and server or cloud
end applications, services or applications.
M2M has many applications in fields such as industrial automation, logistics,
smart grid, smart cities, health and defense.
Initial applications of M2M were found in automation and instrumentation only,
but now these include telemetric applications and Industrial Internet of
Things(IIoT) as well.

Examples of M2M usages are coordinated movement of tools, robots, drones,

refinery operations and sequential control at each stage during manufacturing.
These include manufacturing of food packets, assembly in assembly lines,
tracking of failures along the railway tracks etc.

IIoT finds applications in the fields of manufacturing at multiple locations,

railways, mining, agriculture, oil and gas, utilities, transportation, logistics and
healthcare services along with usages of the internet, and usages of software for
analytics, machine learning, and knowledge discovery in these areas.
IoT Technology: Technologies involved in IoT are
*Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi)
*Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing software,
firmware(permanent software programmed into Read Only Memory) and APIs
*Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP(Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol])
*Communication
*Network backbone(IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN)
*Software (RTOS, Contiki OS, Eclipse IoT)
*Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre
*Machine learning Algorithms and software
Fundamentals of IoT technology: Devices and gateways, Data
management, Business processes in IoT, and the role of cloud
computing in IoT.
1. Devices and Gateways

Devices:
- Definition: IoT devices are physical objects embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with
other devices and systems over the internet. Examples include smart
thermostats, wearable health monitors, and connected appliances.

- Functionality: Devices collect data from their environment (e.g.,

temperature, motion, humidity) and can also perform actions based on
that data (e.g., adjusting a thermostat, sending alerts).

- Types: Common IoT devices include sensor-based devices, actuators,

and embedded systems, which can range from simple sensors to
complex machines.
Gateways:
- Definition: An IoT gateway acts as a bridge between IoT devices and
the cloud or other networks. It processes data locally and facilitates
communication.
- Functionality: Gateways can aggregate, filter, and pre-process data
before sending it to the cloud, reducing bandwidth usage and improving
response times. They can also handle protocol translation, ensuring
devices using different communication standards can work together.
- Role in Security: Gateways often include security features such as data
encryption and authentication to protect the communication between
devices and the cloud.
2. Data Management
- Definition: Data management in IoT involves collecting, storing, processing, and analyzing
data generated by IoT devices.
- Challenges: IoT generates vast amounts of data, leading to challenges in data storage, real-
time processing, and analytics. Efficient data management systems are essential for extracting
valuable insights.
- Data Lifecycle: This includes data collection (via sensors), data transmission (to gateways and
cloud), data storage (in databases or data lakes), and data analysis (using machine learning or
analytics tools).
- Data Governance: Ensures that data is accurate, secure, and compliant with regulations. This
includes mechanisms for data access, data integrity, and data privacy.
3. Business Processes in IoT

- Definition: Business processes in IoT refer to how organizations integrate IoT

technology into their operations to improve efficiency, decision-making, and
customer engagement.
- Application Areas:
- Asset Management: Using IoT devices to track and manage physical assets in
real-time, optimizing maintenance and reducing downtime.
- Supply Chain Optimization: Monitoring shipments and inventory levels to
enhance logistics and reduce costs.
- Customer Engagement: Personalized services based on data collected from
connected devices, improving customer satisfaction and loyalty.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: IoT enables organizations to make informed
decisions based on real-time data analytics, leading to improved operational
efficiency and innovation.
4. Role of Cloud in IoT
- Definition: The cloud is a critical component of IoT architecture, providing the
infrastructure and services necessary to store, process, and analyze IoT data.
- Scalability: Cloud platforms enable organizations to scale their IoT applications
quickly and efficiently without the need for significant upfront hardware
investments.
- Data Storage and Processing: The cloud offers vast storage capabilities for the
large volumes of data generated by IoT devices. It also provides powerful
processing capabilities for analytics and machine learning.
- Integration and Interoperability: Cloud platforms often provide APIs and tools that
facilitate the integration of various IoT devices and services, enabling seamless
communication and data exchange.
- Security and Compliance: Cloud service providers implement robust security
measures and compliance protocols to protect IoT data and ensure adherence to
regulations.
Conclusion
Understanding these fundamentals is vital for leveraging IoT technology
effectively. Organizations can harness the power of connected devices,
intelligent data management, streamlined business processes, and cloud
capabilities to drive innovation, enhance operational efficiency, and
create new business models. As IoT continues to evolve, staying updated
on these concepts will be essential for success in the digital landscape.