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Solution For Communication Unit 6

The document provides solutions to an assignment covering topics such as IPv4 fragmentation, issues with Remote Procedure Call (RPC), the importance of timestamps in Real-Time Applications, the purpose of UDP, and how QUIC reduces round-trip times in secure web connections. It explains that two IPv4 fragments are needed for 2000 bytes of user data, highlights three problems with RPC, discusses the role of timestamps in managing packet relevance, and outlines the advantages of UDP for real-time data transmission. Additionally, it describes how QUIC optimizes connection establishment by minimizing round-trip times during secure connections.

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18 views2 pages

Solution For Communication Unit 6

The document provides solutions to an assignment covering topics such as IPv4 fragmentation, issues with Remote Procedure Call (RPC), the importance of timestamps in Real-Time Applications, the purpose of UDP, and how QUIC reduces round-trip times in secure web connections. It explains that two IPv4 fragments are needed for 2000 bytes of user data, highlights three problems with RPC, discusses the role of timestamps in managing packet relevance, and outlines the advantages of UDP for real-time data transmission. Additionally, it describes how QUIC optimizes connection establishment by minimizing round-trip times during secure connections.

Uploaded by

munyendoadam9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions to Assignment Unit 6

1. Assuming standard 1500 byte Ethernet max payloads: how many IPv4 fragments will be needed to
transfer 2000 bytes of user data with a single UDP send? And, how do the 2000 bytes get split over the
frags?

Two IPv4 fragments will be needed. The first one will be in a full size Ethernet frame. So, 1500 – 20 (IP
header) – 8 (UDP header) = 1472 bytes of user data go in 1st frag. The remaining (2000 – 1472 =) 528
bytes go in the 2nd and final frag.

2. In spite of its conceptual elegance, RPC (Remote Procedure Call) has a few problems. Discuss any 3 of
those in brief.

• Protocol Requirements – As each procedure being called could have its own unique specification in
regards to parameters, and perhaps even the format of the input and output that is different
between the client and server. For instance even a numeric value such as an integer could be a 32
bit number on one system and a 64 bit number on the other.
• Communication handling – We can use any of the transport protocols or even construct our own to
communicate, further to this, if we use a connectionless protocol how does the client-server handle
the situation where a request or response goes missing?
• Security – RPC is executing code on a remote system, we need to have a means to ensure that the
person executing this code has rights to do so, RPC does not specifically define any means of
securing the communication and thus our RPC procedures need to authenticate and authorize.

3. Why is time stamping needed in Real Time Applications? (This is in context to RTP)

Time stamping is used for synchronization as well as discarding old invalid packets. As the receiver
processes the frames sent, any packets which had an older time stamp would obviously mean those
packets were delayed in transmission. Imagine if this was a voice application, if a few bits of audio go
missing, you would not want those to suddenly reappear in the middle of the stream, it would become
in audible and create problems. Thus the timestamps can be used to drop packets that no longer have
relevance.

4. Why does UDP exist? Would it not have been enough to just let user processes send raw IP packets?

UDP exists to support real time applications, applications where data packets are time-sensitive and
would prefer to drop the data than wait, and for applications that handle error checking and correction
thus removing the need for this overhead at the transport level. While it could be argued that essentially
we are allowing application to nearly talk direct, and thus could allow them to just send raw IP packets,
the truth is that UDP still performs functions that the transport layer provides such as adding the port
number to the service which is crucial for talking to the right process.
5. Explain how QUIC eliminates a couple of RTTs usually needed at the start of a secure web connection.

QUIC allows data to be included in the first packet of a connection (which saves one RTT compared to
TCP), and usually eliminates a second RTT during TLS encryption negotiation.

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