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CS 2204-01 Communications and Networking Written Assignment 6

This paper discusses key topics in networking including IPv4 fragmentation for UDP data transfer, challenges with Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), the importance of timestamping in real-time applications, the purpose of User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the efficiency of QUIC in secure web connections. It highlights the need for fragmentation in UDP, the limitations of RPC, and the role of timestamps in synchronization and latency measurement. Additionally, it explains how QUIC optimizes connection establishment to improve web performance.

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15 views6 pages

CS 2204-01 Communications and Networking Written Assignment 6

This paper discusses key topics in networking including IPv4 fragmentation for UDP data transfer, challenges with Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), the importance of timestamping in real-time applications, the purpose of User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the efficiency of QUIC in secure web connections. It highlights the need for fragmentation in UDP, the limitations of RPC, and the role of timestamps in synchronization and latency measurement. Additionally, it explains how QUIC optimizes connection establishment to improve web performance.

Uploaded by

munyendoadam9
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Written assignment Unit 6

Octavio Caamano
Computer Science Department, University of the People
CS 2204-01 Communications and Networking
Prof. William Sexton
23/12/24
This paper will address the questions posed in the assignment, focusing on IPv4 fragmentation,
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) problems, timestamping in real-time applications, the purpose of
UDP, and QUIC's efficiency in secure web connections.

IPv4 Fragmentation for UDP Data Transfer

To transfer 2000 bytes of user data with a single UDP send using standard 1500 byte Ethernet
max payloads, we need to consider the following:

1. The IPv4 header is typically 20 bytes.

2. The UDP header is 8 bytes.

3. The maximum payload for IPv4 over Ethernet is 1500 - 20 (IPv4 header) = 1480 bytes.

Given these constraints:

 Number of IPv4 fragments needed: 2

 Fragment distribution:

1. First fragment: 1480 bytes of data

2. Second fragment: 520 bytes of data + 8 bytes UDP header = 528 bytes

The total data transferred will be 2008 bytes, including the UDP header (Kurose & Ross, 2021).

Problems with Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

Despite its conceptual elegance, RPC faces several challenges. Here are three significant
problems:

1. Lack of Parallelism: In RPC, either the server or the client is active at a given time,
preventing simultaneous computations between them. This limitation reduces overall
system efficiency and performance (Tanenbaum & Van Steen, 2016).

2. Loss of State: When a server crashes and reboots between RPCs, it loses all client-related
state information. This loss can cause severe problems, especially for stateful operations
like file handling, where the server loses track of open files and current positions
(Tanenbaum & Van Steen, 2016).
3. Parameter Marshalling: For languages that are not type-safe, like C, parameter
marshalling can be problematic. The client stub may struggle to determine the number
and types of parameters, especially with union types or variadic functions, potentially
leading to errors or program failures (Stevens et al., 2003).

Timestamping in Real-time Applications

Timestamping is crucial in real-time applications, particularly in the context of the Real-time


Transport Protocol (RTP), for several reasons:

1. Synchronization: Timestamps allow receivers to reconstruct the original timing of the


transmitted media, ensuring proper playback synchronization (Schulzrinne et al., 2003).

2. Jitter Compensation: By using timestamps, receivers can compensate for network jitter
(variations in packet arrival times), maintaining smooth playback (Perkins, 2003).

3. Packet Ordering: Timestamps help in correctly ordering packets that may arrive out of
sequence due to network conditions (Schulzrinne et al., 2003).

4. Latency Measurement: They enable the calculation of end-to-end latency, which is


critical for real-time communication applications (Perkins, 2003).

The Purpose of UDP

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) exists for several important reasons:

1. Simplicity: UDP provides a simple, lightweight protocol for applications that don't
require the overhead and complexity of TCP (Kurose & Ross, 2021).

2. Low Latency: By eliminating handshakes and acknowledgments, UDP offers lower


latency, which is crucial for real-time applications like gaming or VoIP (Peterson &
Davie, 2011).

3. Multicast and Broadcast: UDP supports multicast and broadcast transmissions, which
are not possible with raw IP or TCP (Kurose & Ross, 2021).

4. Application-Level Control: UDP allows applications to have fine-grained control over


data transmission, enabling custom reliability and flow control mechanisms (Peterson &
Davie, 2011).
While allowing user processes to send raw IP packets might seem sufficient, it would lack the
minimal abstraction and standardization that UDP provides, potentially leading to security risks
and increased complexity in application development.

QUIC's Efficiency in Secure Web Connections

QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) eliminates a couple of Round Trip Times (RTTs)
usually needed at the start of a secure web connection through the following mechanisms:

1. Combined Cryptographic and Transport Handshake: QUIC integrates the


cryptographic handshake with the transport connection establishment, reducing the
number of roundtrips required (Langley et al., 2017).

2. 0-RTT Connection Establishment: For repeat connections, QUIC allows sending data
in the first packet along with the handshake, eliminating an additional RTT for data
transfer initiation (Langley et al., 2017).

These optimizations significantly reduce connection establishment time, especially on high-


latency networks, improving overall web performance and user experience.
References
 Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2021). Computer networking: A top-down approach
(8th ed.). Pearson.
Link: https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/computer-networking/
P200000003334/9780135928615
 Langley, A., Riddoch, A., Wilk, A., Vicente, A., Krasic, C., Zhang, D., Yang, F.,
Kouranov, F., Swett, I., Iyengar, J., Bailey, J., Dorfman, J., Roskind, J., Kulik, J.,
Westin, P., Tenneti, R., Shade, R., Hamilton, R., Vasiliev, V., ... Thomson, M. (2017).
The QUIC transport protocol: Design and Internet-scale deployment. Proceedings of
the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, 183-
196.
Link: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3098822.3098842
 Perkins, C. (2003). RTP: Audio and video for the Internet. Addison-Wesley
Professional.
Link: https://books.google.de/books/about/RTP.html?
id=OM7YJAy9_m8C&redir_esc=y
 Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2011). Computer networks: A systems approach (5th
ed.). Morgan Kaufmann.
Link: https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780123850591/Front
%20Matter.pdf
 Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., & Jacobson, V. (2003). RTP: A transport
protocol for real-time applications (RFC 3550). Internet Engineering Task Force.
Link: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3550
 Stevens, W. R., Fenner, B., & Rudoff, A. M. (2003). UNIX network programming:
The sockets networking API (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional.
Link: https://books.slashdot.org/story/03/12/03/2144222/unix-network-programming-
vol-1
 Tanenbaum, A. S., & Van Steen, M. (2016). Distributed systems: Principles and
paradigms (2nd ed.). Pearson.
Link: https://vowi.fsinf.at/images/b/bc/TU_Wien-Verteilte_Systeme_VO_(G
%C3%B6schka)_-_Tannenbaum-
distributed_systems_principles_and_paradigms_2nd_edition.pdf

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