UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC UNIT-1-5
COMPUTER GRAPHICS USING CAD LAB. (22MEH-102)

Experiment No. 4
Aim: Drawing three questions of Projection of Points (Individual points, combination of two points
calculating the length of front and top views and shortest distance)
THEORY
Projection: A projection is defined as a view of an object that is visible to an observer from a particular
direction. This view may or may not be the true shape of the object. For example the view that is visible from
the top is known as the Top View, view visible while observing from front is known as Front View and the
view visible while observing from the side (left or right) is known as Side View. To draw a projection we need
3 basic entities which are as follows:
1. Object: An object is needed whose projections are to be drawn.
2. Observer: An observer is needed who observes the object from different directions to form different
views.
3. Plane of Projection: Projection can only be drawn on a solid surface known as Plane of Projection.
Quadrant System:

3D View of Quadrants

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 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC UNIT-1-5
COMPUTER GRAPHICS USING CAD LAB. (22MEH-102)

2D View of Quadrants
 The above figures show the 3D and 2D view of all the quadrants. There is a basic rule that is followed
while drawing the projections of the objects which says, after the completion of drawing the projections
of the objects on HP and VP i.e. Top and Front views respectively the HP rotates by 90° in the Clockwise
direction. This is done so as to bring the Top view drawn on HP in the plane of Front view which is drawn
on VP. Like this both of the views can be represented on a single view.
 The view formed after the rotation of HP in which both FV and TV are visible is known as Orthographic
Projection.
 For locating the object that in which quadrant does the object lie a direction of the observer is predefined
as shown in the figures. For example according to the direction of the observer if an object (say a point A)
o lies above HP and in front of VP the point lies in 1st quadrant
o lies above HP and behind VP, the point lies in 2nd quadrant
o lies below HP and behind VP, the point lies in 3rd quadrant
o lies below HP and in front of VP, the point lies in the 4th quadrant
 A line joining the HP and VP is known as reference line and is denoted by XY.
 In 1st quadrant FV is drawn above and TV is drawn below the reference line.
 In 2nd quadrant FV and TV both are drawn above reference line.
 In 3rd quadrant FV is drawn below and TV is drawn above reference line.
 In 4th quadrant FV and TV are both drawn below reference line.
 The projections for same dimensions in 1st and 3rd are mirror images of each other and similarly projections
drawn in 2nd and 4th are the exact mirror images of each other for the same dimensions.
Rules for drawing the Projections:
While representing different projections of an object there are some basic rules and notations that are to be
followed. These are as follows:
1. Top view is always drawn on Horizontal Plane (HP). Top view is also known as Plan View or simply Plan.
2. Front view is always drawn on Vertical Plane (VP). Front view is also known as Elevation.
3. Side view is always drawn on Profile Plane (PP). Side view is also known as End View.

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 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC UNIT-1-5
COMPUTER GRAPHICS USING CAD LAB. (22MEH-102)

Notations:
S.No Type of Projection Draw Notation for Line AB Plane
n on object Point A ABCD
1 Top View HP a ab abcd
2 Front View VP a’ a’b’ a’b’c’d’
3 Side View PP a” a”b” a”b”c”d”

Some Cases of Projection of Points and their Orthographic Views

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 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC UNIT-1-5
COMPUTER GRAPHICS USING CAD LAB. (22MEH-102)

Questions to be drawn on AutoCAD

1. Draw the projections of the following points on a common XY line when point
a. A is 30 mm above HP and 40 mm in front of VP
b. B is 30 mm above the HP and 40 mm behind VP
c. C is 30 mm below the HP and 40 mm behind VP
d. D is 30 mm below the HP and 40 mm in front of VP
e. E is in the HP and 40 mm behind the VP
f. F is in the VP and 40 mm below HP
g. G is in both HP and VP

Note: Keep the distance between two consecutive projectors as 20 mm.

Figure-4.1 : Projections of Individual Points

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 UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC UNIT-1-5
COMPUTER GRAPHICS USING CAD LAB. (22MEH-102)

2. Point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP and point B is 25 mm below HP and 40

mm behind VP. The end projectors are 40 mm apart. Draw the projections of the points and find
the length of the front view and the top view of the line joining points A and B.

Figure-4.2 : Projections of Combination of Two Points

3. A point A is 25 mm above HP and is in first quadrant. Its shortest distance from XY line is 50
mm. Draw its plan and elevation.

Figure-4.3 : Projections of Point with Shortest Distance