CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

SUBJECT: BUSINESS STATISTICS WITH COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

NAME: GENESSA L. BASILISCO

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: BUSINESS STATISTICS WITH COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS

1. Explain thoroughly the role of statistics in the field of business. Cite a concrete
example that illustrates the same.

Statistical research in business enables directors to analyze performance,

predict future business environments, and effectively manage the relationship
between critical thinking and practices embedded in data-driven decision-making.
Statistics help professionals understand queries, comment on ads, set prices,
and respond to changes in consumer demand. Statistical analysis helps uncover
connections in your data. This is based on the use of different forms of analysis.
Descriptive analysis examines what happened. Another analysis helps explain
why. Directors can use verbatim data to analyze successes and failures. This is
also called "cause and effect analysis. “Common processes for descriptive and
personalized analytics include business, marketing, finance, and operations.
Predict potential opportunities and trends based on; simply report on what
happened. It also provides stylish predictions about what will happen. Common
predictive analytics operations include fraud detection and security, threat
assessment, marketing, and operations. Traditional analytics, are aimed at
finding stylish approaches to specific business situations. This includes knowing
what can happen, why it happens, and how to deal with it. Continuous
optimization of information transforms traditional analytics and gives directors the
ability to manage association action plans in real-time. Statistical research
provides directors with the information they need to form informed opinions in
uncertain situations. Directors decide how to proceed in areas such as auditing,
financial analysis, and market research while analyzing the company's statistical
surveys.

For statisticians working in any field, top-notch statistical software is the

most important tool. There is no doubt that many pots receive large amounts of
data during operation. Thanks to the Internet, it's easier than ever to track your
guests' every move, from opening emails to visiting your company's website.
Statisticians examine these records and draw broad conclusions about company
practices and etiquette. Again, there are many different packages for statistical
analysis in the corporate world. The scope of company documents is wide-
ranging. It is used for a variety of purposes, from profit forecasting to evaluating
production strategies, short- and long-term growth strategies, and adjusting
organizational structures. Many aspects of an organization can be rendered
harmless depending on the extent to which records are collected and used

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

effectively. For example, a company that manufactures physical products may

want to perform product testing. As manufacturing processes become
increasingly robotic, it is no longer possible to manually inspect each product.
Therefore, product segmentation, which reads a particular product segment and
determines the initial production rate, is a practical process of statistical analysis
within an organization.

2. Discuss step by step, the process of enabling the analysis tool pack in Microsoft
Excel that allows users to perform statistical functions.

The introduction of Excel has simplified statistical calculations. Getting

virtually any statistical measurement or graph from a data collection now only
requires some clicks of the mouse. The Data Analysis ToolPak is probably
disabled for your copy of Excel when you have by no means used it. To see
when you have it, visit the "data" web page first. The analytical group can then be
determined in the top proper corner of your screen. Follow those commands to
enable this plug-in if the data analysis option is unavailable.

To access Add-Ins, select File > Options. To access the Excel Add-ins,
click Go after selecting Manage from the drop-down menu. To install add-ins for
Excel on a Mac, select File > Tools > Excel Add-ins from the file menu. Make
sure Analysis ToolPak is selected in the Add-Ins box, and then hit OK. Click
Browse to find Analysis ToolPak if it isn't already selected in the Add-Ins
available box. Click "Yes" if you are prompted that the Analysis ToolPak is not
already installed on your computer.

3. Discuss comprehensively, dependent and independent variables.

In research, a variable is a characteristic that can take on different values,

such as size, age, temperature, or test results. Researchers often manipulate or
measure independent and dependent variables in studies to test causal
relationships. This is due to the independent variable. An independent variable is
a variable that is manipulated or changed in an experimental study to examine its
effects. Independent variables are also called explanatory variables (which
explain an event or outcome), and predictor variables (which can be used to
predict values).

Dependent Variable) Right-hand variable (appears on the right side of the

regression equation). These terms are particularly used in statistics to estimate
the extent to which changes in an independent variable can explain or predict
changes in a dependent variable. A dependent variable is a variable that
changes due to the manipulation of an independent variable. It is the outcome
you want to measure and it "depends" on the independent variable. In statistics,

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

the dependent variable is called the response variable (responses to a change in

another variable), the Outcome variable (represents the outcome you want to
measure), the Left-tail variable (displayed on the graph) (left side of the
regression equation) The dependent variable is what we record after the
independent variable has been manipulated. Using this measurement data, use
statistical analysis to determine whether and how much an independent variable
affects a dependent variable. Based on our findings, we can estimate the
following:

The extent to which changes in the independent variable cause changes

in the dependent variable. You can also predict how much the dependent
variable will change as a result of Variation in independent variables. Simply put,
an independent variable is a variable that is not influenced by other factors in the
experiment. The independent variable may be a person's age. Age is fixed and
cannot be changed by outside influences. The intention is to investigate the
possibility of a causal relationship between or beyond Variables intended to
determine whether a change in one of the various variables (an established
variable) is due to an independent variable. A dependent variable, on the other
hand, is exactly what it sounds like. It's based on something else.

There is another concern here as well. The amount of analysis you

performed, a satisfactory sleep the night before, and even how hungry you were
on the day of the test can all influence your score and establish it as a variable.
When looking for relationships between phenomena, researchers typically pay
attention to factors that influence the behavior of observed variables.

4. Enumerate and discuss, with examples, the 4 levels of measurement

It is important to understand the characteristics of your data before you

begin any investigation or analysis. A dataset contains a variety of variables,
some of which may be recorded more accurately than others. The scale type with
the least information is the nominal scale type. To easily classify a variable or
observation, you only need numbers on a nominal scale. A fund manager may
decide to label small-cap stocks as 1, corporate bonds as 2, derivatives as 3, and
so on. There are four types of measurements you need to understand: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio. Each subsequent scale not only meets the same
criteria as the previous scale but also provides a higher level of precision. Like
nominal scales, ordinal scales categorize variables into numbered sets organized
into a specific hierarchy. Here we show how to use ordinal scales to estimate the
importance of income variables (middle-income, middle-income, and high-income
people).

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

Like nominal scales, ordinal scales categorize variables into numbered

sets organized into a specific hierarchy. For example, you can use an ordinal
scale to rank variable income into three levels: low, medium, and high. This
metric suggests that the top mutual fund manager significantly outperforms her
second-best manager.

In addition to the information that ordinal scales provide, interval scales

ensure that gaps between values are consistent. This means that interval scales
are similar to ordinal scales, only that they tend to have continuous values.
There are discrete points between the lowest and highest points. Temperature
measurement is an example of an interval scale. The difference between 60 and
65 degrees Celsius is the same as the difference between 50- and 55 degrees
Fahrenheit. In other words, a difference of 5℃ has the same meaning and
interpretation of both eras.

The main difference between ratio scales and interval scales is that ratio
scales have a "true zero". Weight in kilograms is a common type of ratio data.
Unlike temperature (interval data), where a value of 0 degrees does not indicate
"no temperature" but extremely cold, an object with a weight of 0 kg actually has
no weight. Monetary systems are another application of the ratio scale. Lack of
economic resources is a common disease. If there is a true zero point, we can
say that 100 pesos is twice as much as 50 pesos.

5. Why is there a need to use a sample instead of a population? Explain.

A population is the entire group about which you want to draw

conclusions. For example, there is a specific group that you collect data from.
The sample size is always smaller than the total population. In research,
population does not always mean people. This can mean a group that contains
elements of whatever you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations,
countries, species, organisms, etc.
Most research questions can be answered without having to contact the
entire population. The term "population" is used to describe the total number of
people about whom generalizations are made. The term "sample" is used to
describe the selection of people from whom data is collected. Using a sample is
better because it is a more accurate representation of the whole than using the
entire population. However, since this is an imaginary population, its size is
unlimited. Consider a report describing the effectiveness of cutting-edge
medicine
treatment We don't know how widespread the effect of this procedure is, so we
need to get some people to test it first. Sampling is done because it is not
possible to collect data from the population. It can take too long for all group

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

members to participate in data collection, even in small populations when data is

needed quickly.

If a sample is studied instead of the entire population, it is a much faster

process and saves time. It is practical. Most studies aim to draw conclusions
based on large populations. These populations are too large to collect data
for each element in them.

6. Differentiate descriptive and inferential statistics and provide specific examples.

Descriptive statistics summarize the characteristics of a dataset.

Inferential statistics can be used to test hypotheses and assess whether data can
be generalized to the general population. Descriptive statistics are used to
describe the data, and inferential statistics are used to make predictions.

Descriptive and inferential statistics provide a variety of tools that can be

used to draw conclusions about your data. Descriptive statistics help describe
and organize known data using graphs, bar graphs, etc., while inferential
statistics aim to draw conclusions and generalize about population data.

Between descriptive and inferential statistics, the former uses tools such
as central tendency and variance, while the latter uses techniques such as
hypothesis testing and regression analysis. Confidence interval. In this article,
you will learn about descriptive and inferential statistics, their differences, and
related formulas and examples.

Descriptive statistics are some of the statistics that can be used to

describe data. Used to summarize the attributes of a sample to derive patterns.
group. This allows researchers to present data in a more meaningful way and
makes it easier to interpret.

In descriptive statistics, he uses two tools to organize and describe data.

These are stated as follows:

Measures of central tendency – This help describe where the data is

centered using measurements such as the mean, median, and mode.

Measures of dispersion – These measures help determine how widely the

data is spread out within the distribution with respect to the center point and
absolute deviation is a measure of dispersion.

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics used to make inferences about

a population by analyzing samples. When population data is very large, it

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

becomes difficult to use it. In these cases, a specific sample is taken that is
representative of the entire population. Inferential statistics draw conclusions
about the population based on these samples. To select a suitable sample from
the population, sampling strategies such as simple random sampling, cluster
sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling should be applied. Some
techniques used in inferential statistics are: Continues below:

Hypothesis testing – This technique uses hypothesis testing, such as Z-

tests, F-tests, and T-tests, to draw conclusions about population data. To do this,
you need to propose null and alternative hypotheses and test your decision
criteria.

Regression Analysis – Such techniques are used to ascertain the

relationship between dependent and independent variables. The most commonly
used regression type is linear regression.

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to provide an overview of key

characteristics of a dataset. The term "descriptive statistics" can be used for both
individuals and individuals. Quantitative observations and the whole process of
extracting insights from these data. Descriptive statistics can be used to
characterize an entire population or just one population. A small subset of that is
the sample. I don't really care about the difference between the two types of data,
because descriptive statistics are just for illustration. It turns out that the goal of
descriptive statistics is to provide a general overview of a dataset. The results of
inferential statistical analysis typically take the form of probabilities rather than
simple statements of fact, as the focus is on drawing conclusions rather than
reporting. To no one's surprise, inferential statistics are primarily based on the
reliability and validity of the sample data used to draw conclusions about the
population as a whole.

7. Explain comprehensively the following, with examples:

a. Two-Tailed T-Test vs. One-Tailed T-Test

Specifically, "single-sided" and "double-sided" refer to the location of the rejection

zone. A null hypothesis test that expresses the alternative hypothesis in one
direction is called a "one-sided test. This is just one of the tails that get caught up
in the critical zone. In contrast, in the presence of an alternative hypothesis, a
two-tailed test of the null hypothesis has critical regions at both ends of the
distribution.
Not proven in one direction. The alternative hypothesis is presented in one
direction with a one-tailed test. The opposite undirected hypothesis test is a two-
tailed test. An example of a one-sided test is a left-to-right search. Although it is a

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

correlation, all kinds of relationships can exist between variables. In contrast, a

two-tailed test determines whether a correlation exists between variables,
regardless of which direction the correlation points. A unilateral test decides
Whether the estimated test parameter is greater than or equal to the critical
value. In contrast to a two-tailed test, the results obtained can be either inside or
outside the critical value. One-tailed tests are generally used when the direction
of an interaction or difference is implied by the research hypothesis. However, if
this is not the case, a two-tailed test is used.

b. Paired vs. Unpaired T-Test

When two samples are "paired," it means that they contain the same number of
individuals to be analyzed. There is no difference between a paired t-test and a
one-sample t-test. If the samples are not paired, it means they are different for
each group of people. As the name suggests, a two-sample t-test is the same as
an unpaired t-test. In a paired test each subject will be tested at two different time
points. This typically includes pre- and post-treatment evaluations. appropriate or
It is important to pair subjects before data collection. The independent samples t-
test with replicates is another name for this method. A good way to illustrate this
is to compare the weight loss of two groups where everyone did the following:

Same eating habits. These people undergo a series of tests before starting a
new diet and again a few weeks later. An individual's weight loss during a diet is
measured by her performance on two tests administered simultaneously to the
same group of people. When two unrelated people, such as a subject and a
patient, provide data for a test, we say that the test was performed on unpaired
data. The data collected are assumed to follow a normal distribution with the
same standard deviation.

Both samples are the same, but this is not required. Cancer patients and healthy
participants are used as examples of this type of test. If the variances of the two
populations being compared are equal, it is a student's test
T-test.

8. When to use, regression analysis. Cite the conditions and give examples.

Use regression analysis to describe the relationship between a set of

independent variables and a dependent variable. Regression analysis creates a
regression equation where the coefficients represent the relationship between
each independent variable and the dependent variable. First, regression analysis
is widely used for forecasting and forecasting, where its use significantly overlaps
with the field of machine learning. Second, in some situations, regression
analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between independent and

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

dependent variables. For example, if you measure your child's height every year,
you may find that he grows about 3 inches a year. This trend of three inches per
year can be modeled using a regression equation.

Regression analysis gives you an equation to graph so you can predict

your data. For example, if you have gained weight in recent years, it can predict
how much you will weigh in ten years if you gain weight at the same rate.
Regression allows you to reliably determine which factors are most important,
which factors can be ignored, and how these factors affect each other. To fully
understand regression analysis, it is important to understand the following terms:

Dependent Variable: This is the most important factor you are trying to
understand or predict.

Independent variables: These are factors that you hypothesize will affect
your dependent variable. Regression analysis, like most multivariate statistics,
allows you to conclude that there is a relationship between two or more variables.
These relationships are rarely precise because many variables, not just the
variables being studied, account for the variation. When you claim that students
who study more have better grades, you are really assuming that there is a
positive relationship between one variable, learning, and another variable,
grades. You can then finalize your conclusion and test your hypothesis by
collecting a sample of data from a few students (number studied, grades) and
use regression to see if the association in the sample is strong enough to
conclude with certainty that there is an association in the sample. The study of
the Note that even if students who study more get better grades, the relationship
would not be perfect in the population; the same amount of learning does not
produce the same grades for every student (or every student).

Some students take more difficult courses such as chemistry or statistics;

some are more intelligent; some learn effectively; and some get lucky and find
that the professor asked them exactly what they understood best. Grades are
assigned for each study volume. If there is a relationship between learning and
grades, the position of the grade distribution changes in a controlled manner as
you move from lower to higher grades. Regression analysis is one of the most
widely used and powerful multivariate statistical methods because it infers the
presence and form of a functional relationship in a population. When you learn
how to use regression, you can estimate the slope of a parameter and the
intercept of a function that combines two or more variables. This estimation
function allows you to infer or predict things like unit costs, interest rates, or sales
under various conditions. Although regression techniques seem limited in their
applications, statisticians have developed several variations of regression that
greatly increase the usefulness of this technique.

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

Predicting the value of the dependent variable for individuals for whom
information about the explanatory variables is available, or estimating the effect
of the explanatory variable on the dependent variable, are two of the most
common reasons for performing regression analysis. Regression analysis can be
used to find patterns in the data. You may have an idea that your caloric intake
affects your weight; Regression analysis can help you test this hypothesis. Using
the graphical equation obtained from the regression analysis, you can
extrapolate information about your information. It can tell you how much you've
gained over ten years if, for example, you've gained weight steadily over the past
several years. It also contains several information about the reliability of your
model. Introductory courses cover some of the most basic statistical concepts
and methods, such as scatterplots and linear plots regression However, more
sophisticated methods such as multiple regression may emerge.

For example, if the average snowfall in your area is decreasing due to

global warming and you are asked to predict how much snow will fall this year,
what do you think will happen? Assuming the following chart is correct, you can
estimate a range of 10 to 20 inches. A better approximation can be made by
regression, but yours is already excellent.

9. Enumerate and discuss specific requirements before a Chi-Square Test can be

administered in a given data set.

The data used to calculate the chi-square statistic must be random, raw,
mutually exclusive data from the independent variables and a sufficiently large
sample. For example, the result of tossing a fair coin satisfies the following
criteria: The chi-square test is often used to test hypotheses. This is a non-
parametric test. This test is also called the chi-square test club. This test uses a
contingency table to analyze the data. A contingency table, also known as a
crosstab, crosstab, or two-way table, is a configuration in which data is classified
according to two categorical variables. Categories for one variable are displayed
in rows and categories for the other variable are displayed in columns. Each
variable must have at least two categories. Each cell reflects the total number of
cases for a particular category pair.

The chi-square statistic is a measure of the difference between the

observed and expected frequency of an outcome for a set of events or variables.
Chi-square is useful for analyzing such differences in categorical variables,
especially nominal variables in nature. The chi-square statistic depends on the
magnitude of the difference between the actual and observed values, the
degrees of freedom, and the sample size. The chi-square statistic allows you to
test whether two variables are related or independent. Can also be used for

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

suitability testing between the observed distribution and the theoretical frequency
distribution.

The chi-square test is used to determine statistical significance. A strength

test is then performed. A t-test of independence can only draw conclusions for
continuous variables. The chi-square test is limited to categorical data. A
limitation is that only discrete categories can be compared, not continuous ones.
Even the chi-square test of independence cannot draw any conclusions about
causality. Because we can only evaluate the relationship between them.
Categorical variable. The chi-square statistic can only be calculated if the
following conditions are met: Two categories of designs. Participants from
different groups are not related and categorical variables are not paired. The
minimum number of occurrences for a particular cell is 1 and the maximum
number of occurrences is 1.
There are two possible configurations for the data from the beginning. The
chi-square independence test must be performed in a specific way, and that
method is determined by the data structure. To do this, you need at least two
categorical variables in your data. For a categorical variable to be meaningful, it
must be divided into at least two classes. In clinical research, this is a chi-square
test of independence because the variables are generally nominal.

A powerful hypothesis testing tool. Unlike other statistical measures, chi-

square (2) provides information not only about the statistical significance of
differences but also about the categories that are primarily responsible for those
differences. This statistic is one of the most powerful in a researcher's toolkit due
to the breadth and depth of information it can provide.

10. “I only believe in the statistics that I doctored myself” This slanderous remark was
attributed to Churchill, possibly by Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.
Discuss the implication of this statement in modern times, in business, and in
yourself as a graduate student.

Statistics are everywhere and affect us all. Every day we are faced with
reviews about cars, hospitals, schools, and political candidates that can influence
our decisions. Some experts believe that British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli
said, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics," which is
almost the same as the word "statistics. It has existed for a long time. The
problem is not the statistics, but how they are misused and misunderstood. Let's
discuss five of the most common problems. Using percentages inappropriately
without knowing the underlying numbers. Opinion polls claiming differences
without evidence. Almost every day we see political polls tracking presidential
candidates. If you conduct a scientific study using a random sample of the

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

population, it is natural that changes will occur many times. Manipulated non-
random sample. Making conclusions based on one or very few studies, statistical
significance. It may or may not be of practical importance. In everyday use, the
word "important" means important or noteworthy. Statistics can show statistically
significant differences, but they don't tell you much. Whether it's the media
reporting inflated numbers, companies publishing false test results, or
governments presenting fabricated data to support their claims, they are all guilty
of publishing false information. I am. recently,

Everyone from government agencies to nonprofit organizations is

constantly collecting and reporting new information. If you don't know anything
about your data source, look into its history. The most reliable sources of
information are those cited in the literature. Scientific or official publications.

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

SUBJECT: BUSINESS RESEARCH

NAME: GENESSA L. BASILISCO

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: BUSINESS RESEARCH

1. It is considered the most important part of research, without it, there is no

research in the first place. What is it? Explain with your best and most convincing
argument, why is it so.

For me, the research question is the most important part of research. The
research question allows you to recognize the techniques you need to use in
your research activities. This allows you to identify all the steps required to
conduct the study, sampling strategy, research design, research analysis, and
research instruments to be used. It shows gender. Consideration Investigation. In
some scientific fields, research problems are often posed in the form of different
questions. Exploratory questions do not dictate how something should be done,
do not provide inaccurate or broad statements, and do not raise questions of
value.

The importance of a research question is to introduce the reader to the

importance of the topic being studied. Readers are made aware of the
importance of reading and the research questions and hypotheses to follow.
Place the problem in a selected context that defines the parameters to be
investigated. set the framework
To report the results, we suggest what might be important to the conduct of the
study and provide an explanation of how the results represent this information. A
research problem is a preliminary step in conducting research. Research
questions help you perceive the research process in a more sophisticated way.
Most novice researchers think that research problems are easy to formulate, but
this is not actually the case. Formulating a research question requires
researchers to think deeply. Scientific research problems can be solved Abuse of
scientific procedures. In fact, the goal of a research question is to identify the
purpose and intent of the study. It's impossible without goals and objectives.
Decide on research methods. The research question helps determine each step
of the research process, including the research design, sampling strategy, and
survey. Instrument and research analysis. The research question must be very
clear, as the research method itself raises additional questions. If one is missing

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

a clean and well-explained study can confuse researchers. Additionally, the

research question or problem must be provocative.

Researchers are appropriately involved in research. The research problem

must be feasible within your resources. If not, it will be difficult for anyone to
tackle it. You need to be clear about how much time, energy, and money it will
take to produce a viable study. In the social sciences, research questions
determine how to solve the “so what?” problem. query. The question “So what?”
is relevant to research questions that have passed the relevance test (the quality
of the measurement method to provide reproducibility and precision). Please
consider this answer "So What" queries require a commitment to the item to
show that you have not only studied the material but also have an idea about its
significance. By clearly stating your research question, you can better understand
the motivation and goals of your research. This is what happens when you don't
know the difficulty level of the investigation It's probably impossible to specify
which method to use. Create a plan for your learning journey by first defining the
questions you want to answer together along with your inspection. Entrepreneurs
can use the power of market research to identify and address a variety of
problems. Market researchers provide businesses with the opportunity to use
data and evaluation to overcome important challenges. A collection of literature,
theory, or practice descriptions of this element in one place. Interests, conditions
that need to be improved, efforts that need to be eliminated, or thorny topics that
require deeper awareness and more comprehensive evaluation are examples of
learning problems. In many fields of social science, the problem being studied
takes the form of a survey. Examples of questions that are not necessarily
research questions include questions that ask you to provide instructions, make
comprehensive statements, or query values.

2. Cite at least 5 important parts of a research proposal, explain each part.

1. Research Title – Create a catchy and memorable name that will stand out from
the crowd. It also aims to encourage readers to learn more about it Get inspired
and come back to it later. Additionally, the title should accurately reflect the main
idea of the study. Given the time involved in conducting research, it is important
to choose a topic that truly excites you. The title should be detailed enough to tell
the reader what the project is about, but short enough not to be overwhelming or
too complex to understand. The aim is to grab the reader's attention and
persuade them to read more. The title of your research proposal should be short
and concise, yet informative. The title of your proposal may differ from the title of
your final research project; this is completely normal. Their insights will help you
find a better title for your final project. The title of your research proposal is the
first thing your reader will see, so it should be clear and concise. You should

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

describe the main topic, nature, and location of your research. To be memorable
and accurate, it should be 12 words or less in length.

2. Research Background – The research proposal must accurately and

specifically rationalize the background of the topic. A comprehensive breakdown
of important aspects of the topic is not absolutely necessary, but it should be
included. It also includes a complete history of the place and a detailed analysis
of its major milestones. Researchers also want to be clear about why they care
so much about the problem they are studying. Here you need to indicate which
area or situation the topic applies to. The purpose of this section is to provide
background on the proposal.

3. Purpose of the study: It is critical that the desires correspond with the
questions being asked. Goals should clearly state what you want to achieve with
your means. These tests cannot be carried out and additional measures need to
be developed.
They suggest using the route there. Goals and objectives are what you want from
your research. to implement the proposal. Your goal will be the overall result or
whatever you want to accomplish in research. Goals tend to be narrower and
more focused. More often, you must provide a description of how each goal
works. Help you achieve your learning goals.

4. Review of relevant literature – Gather written works and demonstrate their

applicability. About your desired topic. Any comprehensive work that is really
worth visiting should be presented. Contributions from all major authors and
leading experts within the site reference. Be sure to include both current and
older literature. Provides competing arguments depending on subject area and
topic. the study. Justification must be based on existing research.

5. Delimitations and Limitations of the Study- Limitations that the researcher can't
manipulate or conquer need to be disclosed, as need as any delimitations that
the
researcher has determined to disregard at some point in the study. Delimitations
are the regulations imposed on the studies via way of means of the researcher.

3. Discuss, with specific examples, the role of research in the field of business with
respect to the following conditions.
a. Research as an agent of positive change.

Corporate research is part of the corporate intelligence process. It

is usually done to determine if the agency can reach and take over the
new location. Rejecting competitors and seriously choosing how to
promote and market your products. These studies can be completed using

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

qualitative or quantitative research strategies. Business research acts as a

catalyst in identifying capacity risks, issues, and opportunities. It provides
a detailed assessment of your customers and target market, helping you
build better relationships with your target market and tap into potentially
missing territories. Additionally, questions of fate are expected to arise
because employers are willing to deal with uncertainty and prepare in
advance. Competition in the market continues uninterrupted, providing
businesses with opportunities to provide better options to fight against
competitors. In addition, business research performs intensive valuations
to help companies better manage and optimally utilize their assets. Stay
up to date with current trends and competitor reviews.

Business research is extremely important in today's business. By

observing the study over a long period of time, many groups were able to
reach their peaks. Every company today needs a research and
development department to anticipate early and future business
opportunities. They deal with research for commercial purposes in support
of advertising, promotion, and marketing of products and services. Before
starting production, it is important to first research and identify customer
needs. Advertising marketing research, and manufacturing are also
required. Because it enables the direct flow of products and offerings from
the manufacturing floor, to the store, to the stocking area, to distribution
and marketing, to profit-driven marketing. Modern advertising and
marketing management in commercial business is now practical in these
areas. The trader wants to establish a research department for a high-
performing commercial company advertising and marketing, management,
and development. Market research is important for all companies, whether
they are in a small or large industry, and both companies are focused on
their product offering. Research in modern companies requires the
collection of information, information about the company's manufacturers
and products, and the provision of overall services in the market.

Business management is one of the simplest approaches to

identifying customers, markets, and competitors. Such research allows
companies to understand market needs and performance. With the help of
such research, companies can reduce costs and develop solutions and
products tailored to market demands and perfect target groups. On-the-job
business research allows senior leaders to build strong teams and teach
and mentor as needed. Business research allows companies to study their
competitors, thereby giving them an advantage to stay one step ahead of
them. Conducting such research avoids failure by providing concepts to
researchers at the right time and the target market at the right time to
announce the product or answer. This helps us recognize brand pricing

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

and customer satisfaction, which is important to continually innovate and

meet customer needs. This helps the organization increase sales and
market share. Additionally, a business degree will help you hire the best
applicants for various roles within your company. By conducting such a
study, an organization can conduct its SWOT analysis and identify its
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This information can be
used to make wise decisions to ensure the success of your commercial
venture. Learning business administration is the first step for anyone.

A trading company owner wants to start a trading company and

survive or stand out in the market. The most important thing is to enable
the company to develop in terms of sales, market share, and brand price.
You can realize this by studying business administration opportunities and
threats. This allows you to recognize the problem and use that
information. You can make meaningful decisions to deal with problems
appropriately. This increases visibility from your customers and helps you
speak better with your customers and stakeholders. By conducting
company research in advance, you can minimize risk and uncertainty.
Commercial business research allows you to properly plan the financial
results and investments you need. Such research can help defuse
resistance within economic sectors.

Business research allows companies to make smart decisions

about where and how much to spend. Business research allows
companies to keep abreast of the market and its developments and make
appropriate improvements to stay ahead of the competition. Earning a
business degree can give you some prestige. Surveys are one of the most
widely used knowledge-gathering strategies, especially for conducting
business research. Research involves asking a group of people a number
of research questions in various formats such as online surveys, online
surveys, and questionnaires. Today, most large companies use this
method to collect data and use it to understand the market and make
acceptable business decisions. Various surveys such as cross-sectional
surveys. Conducting research studies can include longitudinal studies,
which are necessary to collect data from different subject groups at
specific points in time, or longitudinal studies, which are necessary to
collect data from different subject groups over different periods of time.
often includes the implementation of to detect changes in respondent
behavior. As technology advances, surveys can now be sent online via
email or social media. Example: An organization needs to track the
website's NPS score, regardless of website visitor satisfaction. Increased
traffic to your website or visitors staying longer on your website can
increase your search engine rankings.

Prepared By. Norberto M. Secretaria, Ph.D.

 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

b. Research as a source of destruction.

Studying business administration can be expensive. Business

research is usually based solely on assumptions. Studying business
administration can take time. Business research can sometimes lead to
misinformation. A biased population or small epistemic group. Because
the market is changing rapidly, the results of business research can
quickly become outdated. Disadvantages of company research include the
time it takes, research costs, and inaccurate information. Market research
takes time to analyze new trends and fashions. In some cases, market
research fails to analyze trends and results in negative reactions from
companies. Analyzing new trends in your industry is time-consuming and
expensive. Modern times are changing time, fashion, and trends change
overnight. Therefore, market research does not reveal industry fads or
trends.

The disadvantages of business research are cost, lack of time,

inaccurate information, and a constantly changing market. Conduct market
research for new products. Products can be expensive. For example, you
may need to hire a research company to investigate. For small
businesses, this can be prohibitive. However, developing a product
without first doing market research can also be costly, as market research
allows you to expand on the product that customers actually want. Biased
populations and poorly worded studies can lead to false or misplaced
feedback. Additionally, market research on new product trends can also
help you understand customer attitudes toward new products, including
purchase intent. However, these intentions do not lead to any real income
in the future. Market research also provides a small awareness group that
may not make a definitive statement about the new product market.
Research requires an extensive process of collecting and reading records
and is time-consuming. Additionally, if you want to conduct relevant
market research, you need to collect and review records within a certain
period of time. Otherwise, you will look older quickly. They also need to
make short-term product decisions to gain a competitive advantage over
other products before losing potential market opportunities. It can be
difficult to allocate all market research steps to a limited schedule. As
market parameters are translated, the period over which market research
records are applicable may be limited. Data collected for a new product
launch may already be outdated by the time the product is ready for
launch. To ensure that your research remains applicable, you must
continually check the conversion status in your market and update your

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

data accordingly. If documents are not replaced, the investigation may not
accurately reflect the facts on the ground.

Companies need to develop new products when old products reach

the end of their lifecycle. It also creates new products that outperform
other competitors, such as when Google introduced the Android operating
system to prevent it from monopolizing the technology market. Before
developing a new product, market research must be conducted to
determine the potential market for the product. Including regularly testing
and verifying customer preferences for new products. However, market
research has various disadvantages for new product development. It has
traditionally been demonstrated that companies want to be adaptable,
adaptable, and innovative to meet ever-changing market demands
(Schoemaker et al., 2018). Situational factors such as uncertain outcomes
and external shocks influence people's and authorities' preferences for
new opportunities. Entrepreneurs benefit from economic benefits because
the costs incurred through unconventional use of assets exceed the costs
incurred when using the assets alone or in other combinations. For
example, if an entrepreneur obtains materials and makes jeans that sell
for 30 pesos, and instead he needs to make a jeans bag that sells for 50
pesos, the entrepreneur can make a profit. Because the cost of the asset
has increased with usage. Entrepreneurs are likely to make this
comparison because, in competitive resource markets, production rates
are set using the costs required to divert scarce assets from competing
applications.

4. What is a sample, and how to determine the sample size? Discuss well and give
examples.

Sample size is a research term used to define the number of people

representing the population included in a research study. Sample size
refers to full width. Diversity is periodically broken down into sub-
companies based on demographics such as age, gender, and location so
that the diversity of respondents can be seen at a glance and the overall
pattern is representative of the population as a whole.

Determining the ideal sample size is one of the most important elements
of statistical analysis. If the sample length is simply too small, it no longer
has valid results and does not fully reflect the reality of the population
being studied. On the other hand, a larger sample has a smaller margin of
error and is more representative, but a sample size that is too large can
significantly increase the cost and time required to conduct the study. This
diversity is usually expressed as n. The length of the pattern affects its

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

statistical properties: 1) the accuracy of the estimates, and 2) the energy

of the observations to draw conclusions. To use an example, compare the
overall performance of a marathon runner who eats oatmeal for breakfast
to the overall performance of someone who doesn't eat oatmeal. Because
you may not be able to adjust your diet.

We know the behavior of every marathon runner in the world, but we

rarely want to know about any part of this large population. This could
mean randomly selecting the top 100 runners for trial observation. The
sample size or n in this case is 100. The results of the study aimed to
describe the entire runner population, based on records obtained from a
sample of 100 runners. No matter how careful you are in choosing your
100 runners, some mistakes will still happen.
Check the results. This is due to the fact that we are not talking to all our
stakeholders. It is impossible to study all instances in which these sports
are performed simultaneously, so it is impossible to say exactly how
oatmeal consumption affects overall walking performance. This level of
error is called sampling error. This affects the accuracy of the population
description for all runners. Although sampling error is unavoidable, it can
be reduced by choosing the sample size. Large samples tend to be
related to small samples.

There is room for error. It makes sense. To understand exactly how

oatmeal consumption affects walking performance, we would like to
examine and evaluate many examples. However, there is one factor that
does not affect sampling error as you increase the sample size. This
phenomenon is called diminishing returns regulation. When determining
sample size, different observations or replicates are selected to capture
statistical patterns. Sample size is an important feature in empirical
research that involves drawing conclusions about a population from a
sample. The test is in progress.

The size used in testing is typically determined solely by the cost, time,
and convenience of data collection, and the need to provide sufficient
statistics.
strength. In complex studies, there may be many unique sample sizes. For
example, in a stratified survey, each stratum may have a unique size. The
census searches records for the entire population. Therefore, the
assumed sample size is the same as the population. In an experimental
design, if the sample is divided into different treatment groups, each group
may have a different sample size. Sample size can be selected in various
ways. By using experience, small samples, although sometimes
unavoidable, can lead to large confidence intervals and the risk of errors in

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

statistical inference tests. If excessive precision is required (low

confidence intervals), using a target variance for estimates derived from
subsequently obtained patterns indicates that the estimator has a low
target variance. The use of targets for the power of statistical tests should
be implemented as soon as a pattern is captured. The higher the desired
confidence level, the longer the pattern length (given normal accuracy
requirements).

Sample size is a term used in market research to define the number of

subjects included in a sample. Based on the sample size, the general
population can be determined and the consultant will collect a collection of
topics to consider from the real population for a specific study. For
example, if you need to predict how a particular age group will react to a
new product, you first check this using a sample that serves as an advisor
to the core population. The sample size in this case can be determined
using the diversity of people in that age group being surveyed. In order to
use statistical formulas to determine the sample size, it is first of all
necessary to select important measurements among the measurements
performed, and this is usually only the result of qualitative research
performed. It is based on. This means that researchers can monitor the
size of variables and determine specific signs that explain their
development. Therefore, researchers can specify appropriate indicators to
observe the decision on the frequency of visits to industrial sectors and
describe this variable as the general weekly frequency of business trips for
the organization in question. Professional literature indicates a selection of
this opportunity. Below, we elaborate on the sampling concept with
respect to the variables to be investigated. The aim can be to compare
certain characteristics of the advertising and marketing phenomena under
study. For example, researchers can also track the identity of consumers'
opportunities regarding indoor relevance. It compares a variety of typical
interior design attributes. The selection of this option is well explained in
the specialized literature based on the concept of characterized sampling.

In fact, most people prefer completely accurate results, so money and

time are often the deciding factors. Assuming that the process described
above has the necessary resources to better implement the announced
changes, review the functionality of the process before and after
implementing the change. This allows us to place a high value on the
performance improvements achieved and interpret their impact as
expected economic outcomes of revenue that can be estimated through
the use of business leaders. If you are a market researcher in Cebu City
and would like to participate in a survey or survey, please note the
following: This study aims to evaluate new mobile phone hobbyists so they

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

can be brought to market quickly. I want to apply a buyer's comments from

Cebu City to gauge enthusiasm for the new device before its release. For
example, Cebu City has an estimated total population of 1.89 million. To
meet the needs of the purchasing panel, we use the sample length
willpower formula to randomly draw 700 people from the pool of eligible
respondents. You can find out how your audience will react to your new
offer from the comments you receive. However, choosing a sample length
isn't just about sending a survey virtually to as many people as possible.
Although the pattern length is huge,
It can be a waste of money and time. An inconclusive result is a final result
run with a sample length that is too small to draw meaningful conclusions.

5. Cite and discuss the different sampling techniques.

It is of utmost importance to select a representative sample of participants

to participate in the study. The generalizability of effects may depend on
the approach chosen. In the scientific world, the most common sampling
methods are probability sampling and nonprobability sampling. Likelihood
sampling allows researchers to calculate the probability that a particular
variable is included in a sample.

With nonprobability sampling, it is difficult to determine the probability that

a particular component is present in the sample. Probability sampling is
best if you want to generalize the conclusions of your study to the entire
population. Probability sampling is difficult because it is more time-
consuming and costlier than nonprobability sampling.

Random sampling and representative sampling are other names for

probability sampling. The method of selecting a sample from a population
is often referred to as random sampling. Random sampling ensures that
all members of the population have an equal probability of being selected
or at least a known probability of being selected.

When performing analysis on a small group of people, it is almost

impossible to gather knowledge from all the people in that group. Instead,
choose a sample. A sample is the actual group of people who participate
in a study. To draw valid conclusions from your results, you must carefully
decide how to select a sample that is representative of the entire group.

Probability sampling is a random selection that allows meaningful

statistical conclusions to be drawn about the group as a whole.

Prepared By. Norberto M. Secretaria, Ph.D.

 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

Nonprobability sampling provides the convenience of easily collecting data

through nonrandom selection or other criteria.

The methodology section of your thesis or dissertation should clearly

explain how you selected your sample.

In probability sampling techniques, all members of the population are at

risk of being selected. It is specifically used in quantitative research. If you
need to produce outcomes that are consultants of the entire population,
probability sampling strategies are the maximum valid choice.

Types of probability samples:

a. Simple random sampling is a simple random pattern in which all members

of the population have the same risk of being selected. The sample must
consist of the entire population. Devices such as random number
generators or other strategies that are completely risk-based can be used
to perform this type of sampling. Example: simple coincidence, Sampling
involves selecting a simple random sample of 100 employees of company
X. In the company database he assigns a range of 1 to 1000 to each
employee and using a random number generator he selects 100 numbers.

b. Each member of the population is indexed by area. However, instead of

randomly generating numbers, people are selected at regular intervals.
Example: Systematic sample survey All employees in a company are
recorded in alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, randomly select
area 6 as the starting point. From area 6 onwards, every 10 men and
every 10 women participate. If a list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, etc.), you
will get a list of 100 people. When using this technique, it is important to
ensure that this is the case. There are no hidden patterns in the list that
could distort the pattern. For example, if a human resources database
communicates staff between groups and indexes group participants by
seniority, a programming language may overlook people in lower-level
roles, resulting in a bias toward senior employees. There is a risk that a
pattern will emerge.

c. Stratified Sampling Stratified sampling divides a population into

subpopulations that may differ in important ways. This allows you to draw
clearer conclusions by ensuring that each subgroup is well-represented
within the pattern. Calculate how many people should be surveyed from
each subgroup based on the general proportion of the population. Then
select a sample from each subgroup using random or systematic
sampling. Example: Stratified sample: This company employs 800 female

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

employees and 200 male employees. You need to make sure that the
pattern reflects the gender stability of your company, allowing you to
divide the population into two tiers based solely on gender. We then
randomly sample each group and select 80 women and 20 men to obtain
a representative sample of 100 individuals.

d. Cluster Sampling: Cluster sampling involves further dividing the population

into subgroups. However, each subgroup must have characteristics
comparable to the sample as a whole. Instead of surveying each subgroup
of people, you randomly select an entire subgroup. If possible, it could
consist of all people from all sample clusters. If the clusters themselves
are large, you can use one of the strategies above to include more people
from each cluster in the pattern. This technique is suitable for managing
large, dispersed populations. However, large differences between clusters
increase the risk of errors in the pattern. It is difficult to ensure that the
clusters studied are truly representative of the entire population. Example:
Sample cluster: The company has offices in 10 cities across the country
(all cities have offices to a greater or lesser extent) the same range of
personnel in equivalent roles). Since he cannot go to each workplace to
collect data, he selects three workplaces using a random sample.

Workplace – These are clusters. In a no-probability pattern, people are

selected based on completely random criteria, and not everyone is likely
to be included. This type of pattern is easier and cheaper to access.
However, there is a greater risk of sampling bias. In this way, the
conclusions drawn about the population may be weaker and more limited
than when using probability samples. Even when using an impossible
pattern, care must be taken to frame it as an advisor to the population
whenever possible. Non-likelihood sampling strategies are regularly used.
The purpose of these forms of research is not to test hypotheses about
large populations, but rather to extend preliminary information about small
or understudied populations.

i. Convenient sampling. Useful patterns basically consist of patterns

that are most accessible to researchers. This is an easy and
inexpensive way to collect preliminary data. However, there is no
way to determine whether the pattern matches the population, so
the results are not generalizable. For example: Convenience
sampling: After each instruction, ask other students to fill out a
survey on this topic so that you can find out reviews about the
university's study support services. This is a convenient way to
collect data. However, because we sampled high-achieving

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

students who took the same courses at the same level, the sample
is not necessarily representative of all students at the university.

ii. Voluntary response sampling. Similar to the convenience pattern,

the spontaneous response pattern in particular is based solely on
ease of access. Rather than researchers selecting members and
immediately contacting them, people participate as volunteers
(such as by completing a public online survey). Voluntary response
samples always have at least some bias, as some people tend to
volunteer more naturally than others. Example: Self-response
sample: Submit a survey. All students at your university, and many,
are determined to complete this course. This will definitely give you
some insight on this topic. However, because those who responded
are likely to be people with strong opinions about the provision of
academic support, we cannot guarantee that their opinions are
evidence-based for all college students.

iii. Targeted selection. This type of sampling, also known as judgment

sampling, requires researchers to use their knowledge to select a
sample. Provides maximum benefit to the research function. It is
often used in qualitative studies where researchers want to
leverage targeted results. Give priority to certain phenomena in
order to draw statistical conclusions or when the population is very
small and special. There must be a strong and purposeful pattern.
Clean standards and intent to include. Be sure to explain your
inclusion and exclusion criteria. Example: Targeted sampling: A
university's ratings and reviews of students with disabilities so that
students with special needs can be specifically selected and
various records about their ratings and course offerings collected. I
would like to know.
iv. Snowball Sampling When access to the population is difficult,
snowball sampling can be used to recruit members among different
members. the diversity of people you have. As you come into
contact with more people, you gain access to the "snowman".
Example: Snowball sampling: You learn about reports of
homelessness in your city ever since. A list of all homeless people
in a city may not exist, and it is impossible to draw a random
sample. He met like-minded people to participate in the study and
they may put you in touch with other homeless people you know in
the area.

6. What are the purposes and functions of a hypothesis?

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Graduate School Department

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

A hypothesis is a specific prediction based on previous research that can

be tested with an experiment. Most people have formed and tested informal
hypotheses in their daily lives without realizing it.

A hypothesis serves as an answer to a research question and guides data

collection and interpretation. Hypotheses allow researchers to not only discover
relationships between variables, but also to predict relationships based on
theoretical guidelines and empirical evidence. The meaning or function of a
hypothesis in research is to help provide a link between the underlying theory
and a specific research question. It helps in data analysis and measures the
validity and reliability of the study. Provide evidence or evidence to prove the
validity of the study. A hypothesis in a systematic context is a testable statement
about a relationship between two or more variables or a proposed reason for
some phenomenon found.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what a study is

expected to accomplish. We expect there to be differences, but we do not specify
how each institution differs. A hypothesis is a testable statement about a
research question. A hypothesis bridges the gap between the overall query you
want to investigate (the research query) and a concise statement about what the
relationships between variables will be.

Improves clarity, specificity, and focus when addressing hypotheses for

research questions. Although it is possible to conduct reliable research without
formally formulating a hypothesis, hypothesizing makes it less likely that reliable
results will be obtained. Conversely, you can generate as many hypotheses as
you see fit as part of your research project. You can conduct perfectly valid
research without these hunches and guesses, but they are a starting point for
testing a hypothesis. As researchers, we make informed guesses about a
phenomenon, scenario, or disease

Network or software occurrences based on limited records and anecdotal

evidence only. Most of the time, we think we have tested our guesses by
collecting statistics that help us see if they are correct. There are three possible
conclusions regarding the review method. Our guess may be right, slightly right,
or completely wrong. Without this type of validation, no conclusions can be drawn
about the accuracy of the assumptions. Hypotheses are a great starting point for
exploratory research and facilitate testing of current theories. A hypothesis is a
statement that serves as a guide for similar investigations and studies. It also
proposes theories, explains social phenomena, extends concepts, serves as a
link between concepts and research, proposes empirically testable relationships
between phenomena, and suggests optimal approaches to analysis. You can

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

also advocate. This will help you decide which type of research will be most
helpful.

7. How important is it, to have a sound and well-formulated review of related

literature? Discuss well in the sense of how it dictates the direction of a specific
research.

A literature search allows you to find both old and new data. This saves
you the trouble of thinking about everything from scratch. Proper citations allow
you to adopt the principles of authors in your field (i.e., references to reviewed
texts that are relevant to your needs). Learning how to properly conduct and
document research is also a requirement of most educational programs. If you
want to do well in class, you should follow your teacher's instructions and study
the books recommended in lectures and tutorials. Reading is a skill and many
subjects require critical analysis and evaluation. If done correctly, it goes beyond
just using statistics.

An area where you can recognize it and start putting it into practice.
Recognizing something requires the ability to critically question it. That's why it's
important to include literature opinions in all studies. This will demonstrate your
abilities and facilitate your growth as a researcher and student. You can show
your evaluators that you have completed the challenge by providing a directory of
all rated assets you used and a list of chapters and pages. By looking at what
others have done to study similar topics, you can learn what worked and what
didn't when it comes to learning strategies and information series techniques.
You can use the information provided here to examine the successes and
failures of various researchers. They may be able to suggest strategies and
techniques that you didn't know about before. For the sake of argument, let's
assume your topic is the impact of a single experimental method versus a
traditional method on the overall performance of 8th-grade science students.

8. Discuss the nature, scope, and limitations of qualitative and quantitative

research, and give examples in the business context.

Qualitative and quantitative learning techniques and methods are often

used in many areas of school learning, such as sociology, psychology, and
history. The purpose of qualitative research is to promote as accurately as
possible the recognition of the social truths of people, communities, and cultures
by those affected as they see and enjoy them. This allows for more intensive
observations of people and communities in their natural environments. “How” and
“why” questions about how a phenomenon or behavior works in a particular
situation are the focus of qualitative research, which is exploratory in nature. This
helps in drawing hypotheses and conclusions from seemingly meaningless

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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Master in Business Administration

datasets. Considering the time and resources required, it is unusual to use

samples from large statistical sets in qualitative designs. The main criticism is
that examiners lack sufficient validity or reliability. When dealing with qualitative
statistics, traditional requirements for reliability and validity can be difficult to
apply because of the inherent subjectivity of statistics and because statistics
occur in special situations. Relationships, causes, effects, and dynamic
processes are all topics that can be traced back to qualitative explanations.
Qualitative research is conducted in a more narrative and descriptive style and
can prove useful to practitioners who can utilize these reviews to delve into less
accessible sources and gain new perspectives.

9. Explain how data privacy law affects the conduct of research.

Quantitative research methods typically require a variety of contributors

within the sample. However, such comprehensive studies are difficult to carry out
due to lack of resources. Parties from many developing countries participated.
Researchers may encounter problems during trials. Control the order in which
respondents are asked to answer survey questions (Baxter 2008). Reactions are
often time-specific and determined by events that occur within that specific time
frame. Quantitative research methods involve the use of standardized
questionnaires that contain a limited range of questions. Research inspiration
says this can happen, so it must be true. Therefore, this effect should not be
interpreted as a complete picture of what happened. Furthermore, the researcher
can select the answers, which limits the respondents' choices. Quantitative
research requires sophisticated statistical analysis, but even researchers with
non-factual backgrounds can perform it. I find it difficult to do anything. Since
statistical analysis is based on a specialized scientific field, it is very difficult for
people without prior knowledge of mathematics to fully understand it.

10. Cite and explain at least 5 ethical principles of research.

There are many ethical issues that arise when studying at the bachelor's
or master's level. Both (a) do good things or (benevolence) and (b) non-malice
are the basis of these ethical concepts (so-called non-abuse). In practice, this
means that researchers must (a) obtain informed consent from potential research
participants; (b) minimize the risk of harm to members; (c) protect the anonymity
and confidentiality of Members; (d) not engage in fraudulent activity; (e) gives the
member the right to discontinue the study; There are many reasons why it is
important for researchers to adhere to ethical Creating clues for fate research is
very important to advance learning, uncover truth, and eliminate mistakes.
Research collaboration requires a high degree of trust, responsibility, mutual
respect, and equality among a wide range of people and institutions, all of which
are fostered by adhering to ethical standards. Many organizations and institutions

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

have developed their own laws and policies regarding the learning of ethics.
Researchers receiving government funding face many exceptional institutional
policies.

SUBJECT: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

NAME: GENESSA L. BASILISCO

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND GOOD
GOVERNANCE

1. Which is better about corporate social responsibility, mandated or voluntary?

Explain your position well.

CSR is basically voluntary; There are no exact legal guidelines regulating

this. Aimed at achieving social and ecological goals during the daily route of
commercial activities. CSR usually considers voluntary initiatives. Early
compliance with regulations. Voluntary CSR approaches are those that involve
self-imposed commitments and negotiated measures for companies regarding
CSR. This usually stems from the fact that companies themselves issue a set of
rules. Codes of conduct are one of the most well-known voluntary approaches to
CSR. A central question of system change in business and economics is whether
companies should have more obligations, must be optional or mandatory.

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

In my opinion, the company's social commitment to volunteering is top-

notch. The most effective sustainability plans for government agencies are those
that proactively support stakeholders and are conscious of minimizing their
disastrous consequences. In any case, it is impossible for government agencies
to continue to exist if they are willing to remove all dangerous consequences
from the environment. Therefore, it should not be a subject of discussion. It
should be the law not to harm others. Forcing serious consequences on a group
can resolve tensions between the group and society. This is why ethical
responsibility is the best way to do your best merit. Today's financial and political
systems are dangerous, but they are no longer intentional. Existing plans
encourage all groups to destroy the environment and society by making
corporate obligations voluntary rather than mandatory. They will reappear in our
destructive institutions with the same disgust we felt before slavery. This is a
doomed war between generations to find a place in a severely devastated
environment. Companies committed to CSR know how important it is to balance
financial and social concerns. What makes them successful is not necessarily
making money, but rather supporting others and improving the industry. A
company's approach and code of ethics must each include its CSR efforts. When
people have to do something, they are always tempted to find a way around the
rules. In some cases, fraud can be difficult to detect. However, if a business
company ignores its social responsibilities, stakeholders will eventually notice
and be punished. Belief and loyalty are associated with voluntary CSR. It comes
from within the company and is influenced by the goal of improving operations
and increasing value. This has a psychological purpose. Although CSR is
communicated from the top down, it may not be recognized as a corporate
initiative at all.

In my opinion, corporate social responsibility should be encouraged and

voluntary, not imposed. CSR is no longer a law but is closely tied to values.
Value cannot be specified. When pressure is applied, we can be encouraged,
taught, and awakened. Where there is regulation, there is also fraud. When
people are pressured to do something, there is a constant temptation to do it.
Adopt the rules. In some cases, fraud is not so easy to detect. But when a
company decides to stop being socially responsible, stakeholders are more likely
to expose it and punish it for its actions. When CSR is forced through regulation,
political and partisan tastes are more likely to get in the way. It should be used as
a smooth power tool. I believe that a smooth CSR approach (voluntary CSR and
public funding) is far more effective than a strict CSR approach (mandatory
regulation). A gentle flow is at the soul of corporate sustainability. Voluntary CSR
is linked to belief and commitment. It comes from within the company and tends
to change things and create value. There's a spiritual reason for it. This is
because CSR has been imposed on companies from the outside and they can no
longer recognize it as their own. Companies need to consider how to approach

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

this to increase their competitiveness. Voluntary CSR is also an option.

Afterward, I became socially happy Responsible groups are likely to be more
aggressive than those who are not.

It begins at the end of the law and is influenced by the use of preferences
to maintain competitiveness and maximize the effectiveness of management and
corporate resources. It is not necessarily determined by law, but rather by society
and consumer needs. Its effectiveness lies precisely in the fact that it is
voluntary. Sustainability reporting is an initiative born out of business. It no longer
comes from outside, but from within, from the government. So, is it appropriate to
formalize these voluntary efforts and make them mandatory? If so, why? Perhaps
we need to first address the question of whether we want all groups to be socially
responsible to completely change the industry, or whether we should focus only
on large companies. I think there is. And if sustainable reporting is legitimate for
everyone, what would the average metrics be? And could they be the same for
certain groups? Sustainable reporting with the help of a task force Report on
improvements. It has to be done and is an obligation. However, the
establishment of regulations must be undertaken at the initiative of the operating
company itself. It is potentially more environmentally friendly and may reduce the
burden of group management, as the group itself may express expertise in the
interests. The economic region now realizes that its future is truly sustainable.
Reports may need to be expanded for improvement.

2. Discuss the concept of “Greenwashing” and its implications to the future of the
business in the quest of promoting corporate social responsibility.

In the 1980s, the term “greenwashing” emerged to describe false

environmental promises made by corporations. Greenwashing is a
communication and advertising approach pursued with the help of agencies and
other organizations. It consists of advocating environmental discourse in order to
convey an environmentally responsible image to the public. However, the
authenticity of the recordings no longer matches, or only poorly matches, the
content of the messages shared. The term comes from a combination of the
words "green" and "brainwashing" and was coined in the early 1990s with the
help of NGOs who wanted to expose the environmentally harmful practices of big
business groups. It became popular in the 2000s as agents began to understand
that buyers were concerned about the impact on their operations. Greenwashing
creates doubt and skepticism that is dangerous to the system. Successfully
engage in CSR practices and sustainable improvement approaches.

Modern technology companies are notorious for their negative influence

on the herbal world. Companies contribute to innovation. The current
deterioration of ecosystems due to the overuse of plant sources and the emission

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

of dangerous compounds that pose the greatest risk to the earth's organic
diversity. Therefore, a number of steps need to be taken now to reduce the dire
consequences for businesses, families and groups in the region and stop them
from worsening. Corporations have recently posed a major threat to the Earth's
biodiversity, contributing to its ongoing degradation ecosystem due to the
emission of large amounts of dangerous compounds and overexploitation of
existing plant sources. Companies that practice environmental social
responsibility (CSR) voluntarily consider the environmental impact of their
business activities while meeting criminal requirements and generating profits.
The application of such technology will lead to sustainable improvements and
improve people's standard of living. Indeed, the purpose of any business is to
make a profit, and it must do so ethically.

The rationale for wasting or irresponsible consumption of plant resources

is tenuous at best. We cannot risk the fate of future generations in the short-term
profit. Therefore, the relationship between the concept of corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and sustainable improvement cannot be determined when
considering the management of corporate socially responsible behavior.
Examples of greenwashing by companies include low-emission vehicles, clean
energy, green computing, or “green IT.” Almost all car manufacturers praise it.

The environmental impact of electric, hybrid or primarily fuel-friendly

versions in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. These companies “forget” to
document the (albeit inexperienced) origin of the energy that charges the
batteries, as well as the issue of recycling highly polluting lithium-ion batteries,
leading to fraudulent There are even scandals about pollution control and other
"improved" numbers data. Fundamentally all energy stakeholders in the world
are talking about voluntary intentions to expand renewable energy networks.
However, it is also true that many people hold the opposite position. In their
strategy to acquire knowledge and attract investment, they choose to promote
and market energy based solely on fossil fuels and nuclear power. New
technologies are preferred, especially IT, which is basically the environment's
best friend. These enable things like saving paper and reducing your carbon
footprint through the possibility of online and remote working. This is why many
technology companies declare this era to be Earth's Holy Grail. That's a bit of
greenwashing. why? Because technical devices consist of technical additives.
These additives are made from rare earth minerals, the exploration of which
(through mining activities) can be extremely harmful to the environment.

3. Discuss the following in the lens of corporate social responsibility:

a. Sustainability

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

Sustainability essentially refers to reducing the burden on the

environment by reducing consumption, such as reducing, recycling, and
reusing. Corporate responsibility includes sustainability and refers to the
broader relationship between an organization, its key stakeholders, and
the community. Sustainability refers to the ability of various systems and
processes to sustain themselves ecologically, socially, and economically
over the long term. Sustainability has its roots in nature. However, since
then, resource economics has become more important from the
perspective of sustainable development and social equality. CSR is a
corporate initiative that contributes to corporate social sustainability.
Corporate social sustainability is about employees, their families, and local
communities. We support society as a whole to improve people's quality of
life, the environment, and the economy in the long term. Simply put,
corporate sustainability refers to a set of practices aimed at optimizing the
overall financial, social, and environmental aspects of a company's long-
term performance.

For systems, the purpose of sustainability is to ensure their

continued viability. Considering these criteria, corporate social
responsibility (CSR) can be considered to focus on the ethical aspects of
environmental responsibility. In turn, it will become socially sustainable.
Both CSR and sustainable corporate practices help ensure that a
company's balance sheet does not suffer at the expense of its ethical
obligations to stakeholders. However, CSR is not the same as corporate
sustainability or collective social obligation. The company's social
sustainability intention is to improve human life, the herbal world, and the
financial system in the long term through collaboration with employees,
their families, and local communities.

b. Social Responsibility

Social responsibility is that this is the general way in which

individuals are responsible. Social and ecological benefits. Therefore,
when social responsibility is applied to business, it becomes corporate
social responsibility. On the other hand, Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) refers to corporate social responsibility that ensures that business
processes do not harm, but rather benefit society and the environment.
The term social responsibility is commonly used, but in the business
world, it is referred to as corporate social responsibility. Therefore, the
term Corporate social responsibility is only used in the business world and
business language. Therefore, this is also the difference between social
responsibility and corporate social responsibility. Specific goals further
contribute to the difference between social responsibility and corporate

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

social responsibility. The purpose of social responsibility is to ensure that

individuals or social units do not harm, but rather benefit society and the
environment. The same goes for corporate social responsibility. However,
when it comes to CSR, companies are also striving for profit. Additionally,
another difference between social responsibility and corporate social
responsibility is that social responsibility concerns individuals or social
entities, whereas corporate social responsibility concerns businesses.

Responsibility is a related concept. However, the application makes

the distinction possible. When social responsibility is applied to business,
it becomes corporate social responsibility. Increased access to capital and
markets, higher revenues and profits, reduced labor costs, improved
productivity and quality, a stronger talent base, improved brand reputation,
more engaged customers, enhanced decision-making, and reduced risk.
Mitigation is just one example of an aggressive policy. Benefits from a
well-implemented CSR strategy. For an individual or organization to be
considered socially responsible, they must take responsibility for their
actions and make a significant contribution to society. Individuals and
institutions such as governments, nonprofit organizations, and
associations have a duty to consider what is better when making decisions
that affect them. After all, social duty is a code of conduct that individuals
and businesses can follow to ensure that they always behave in a way
that is appropriate for society as a whole. As a result, it becomes difficult
for people to pursue actions that benefit rather than harm society and the
planet.

c. Business Ethics

Doing the right thing, or committing to good business ethics, is not

the same as corporate social responsibility. For companies, CSR means
acting in the interests and interests of local communities wherever
possible, sometimes even at the expense of beneficial opportunities that
may have a negative impact on the environment or people. To do.
Business ethics is a broader concept that governs all the actions of
businesses and their employees. Businesses that operate ethically often
make decisions that support strong corporate social responsibility. In other
words, if we try to rebuild the CSR pyramid. Given that it cannot be based
on profitability, business ethics may be a suitable alternative. Because
ethics influences everything else in the pyramid, companies are
developing a more consistent approach to modern CSR, from profits to
corporate responsibility to protect the environment.

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

There are many ways an agency can benefit from a commitment to

ethics and CSR. Companies need to worry about more than the long-
talked-about bottom line. This is due to a mistaken impression of the
distinction between ethics and values. Ethical behavior is central to ethics,
and a person's intermediate ideals and beliefs shape behavior. When it
comes to morality, it is influenced by ideas of good and bad and values.
Business ethics is a controversial topic, especially in the wake of recent
events such as accounting scandals, environmental destruction, and
government wages. More broadly as he relates to CSR, it can affect
investment morale and impact sustainable entrepreneurship. Managing
CSR well also makes it easier to achieve commercial goals. Achieve
corporate goals, reduce costs, and strengthen ties with key target groups
including investors, employees, and consumers. Therefore, it is important
that groups do this. A CSR department has been established whose main
mission is to comprehensively supervise CSR initiatives.

4. Explain the following formula: Profit = Economic Value + Social Value.

A company's profit represents its ability to sell goods or services at a price

higher than its cost of production. However, production and consumption are not
just technical decisions. These summarize the total economic and social value
added that a company generates. In other words, "social value" is an all-
encompassing term. The net benefits an organization provides to society.
Support the local economy in a variety of ways, including providing jobs for local
people and purchasing goods from others. Neighboring businesses are one
example. Other examples include promoting equal opportunities and reducing
waste. These techniques produce socially beneficial outcomes, but at the
expense of other issues in the pursuit of profit maximization. In summary, it
makes sense to implement social fees as long as they do not negatively impact
financial results.

5. Which should be a priority with respect to corporate social responsibility,

stakeholders or shareholders? Explain your response well.

To make money, you need to provide a valuable service or product that

people are willing to pay for because it makes their lives more enjoyable. A
company's balance sheet benefits from this. Meanwhile, vendors are invested in
its performance, and employees are motivated to contribute to the company's
success through collective efforts. If businesses do not consistently play the role
of being good neighbors, residents of a free society will use political means to
limit their activities or even shut them down completely. Successful business
owners recognize the interconnectedness of their company's stakeholders. New
corporate narratives aim to maximize price increases for all of these audiences,

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

including returns to shareholders. Again, shareholders are those who own shares
in the company. Anyone who owns stock in a company invests in that company.
Owners are shareholders, and those with vested interests are stakeholders. As
mentioned earlier, shareholders are just one type of stakeholder. Both equity
investors and preferred investors are considered shareholders. Stakeholders
include shareholders, creditors, bondholders, employees, consumers, suppliers,
governments, and others with an interest in the company or corporation. The
main difference is that they are shareholders. Fear of making a profit. Investors
are more interested in the company's performance. That's why I think it's much
more important to focus on stakeholders.

6. What do you think is the role of corporate governance in the promotion of CSR
programs? Explain

Many organizations recognize that if they want to be successful, they also

need to contribute to society. Initiatives like this truly represent the essence of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Corporate governance is the concept of
CSR is important in the financial field. Corporate governance (CG) is a term
borrowed from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) to describe the strategies used to regulate large government agencies
and organizations. Corporate resistance to his CSR law is self-evident, but the
public blessing of citizen participation can no longer be ignored. Such
cooperation will adjust the nature of the employer-employee relationship, ensure
the suitability and safety of enterprises, combat prejudice, and ensure that
everyone receives fair remuneration according to his or her share. It has
produced some positive results, including the introduction of laws and regulations
aimed at work. Both large and small businesses can benefit from improved CSR
requirements and increased overall design incentives. Performance where
governments can provide the regulatory framework and tools to monitor
compliance.

7. What are the current challenges of CSR? Cite at least two, and provide examples
each, on why is it so?

As the virtual and physical worlds blend into every element of our lives,
companies can no longer afford to see themselves as separate from the societies
in which they operate. Lives and customers connect with groups further apart
than in past analog eras. Today's successful companies are leveraging the
concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to prevent long-term costs and
secure their market position.

A. Calls for full information disclosure and openness. Increasingly,

those involved in enabling companies, including customers,

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

suppliers, employees, shareholders, and network groups, expect

companies to respond more openly and responsibly to their wishes
and concerns. clear, precise. Comprehensive reporting on
economic and business activities requires authorities to adopt
corporate strategies that allow them to collect, organize, analyze,
and manage data in a more environmentally friendly way.

B. A clash of corporate cultures and priorities. A consistent stance on

business ethics issues and a company's stance on political,
environmental, and social issues is important for any organization.
However, it may be difficult for distributors to obtain all. Staff are on
the same page, especially when multiple departments have
personal priorities and dreams that may align with the company's
end goals but are not aligned with CSR initiatives. Employee
consent and Secure top management approval through a
consistent approach to education, training, organizational
requirements, and management. corporate play. An important part
of this discussion is to include, implement, and expand CSR
activities. Dialogue across various clinical and operational networks
is also required. Various panels outlining beliefs and aspects of
CSR. CSR evaluation strategies mentioned in the literature take a
cautious approach and use more nuanced criteria that consider the
characteristics of the industry and country in which a company
operates. For CSR, to quantify compliance, enterprise networks
must re-evaluate their implementation of standards.

8. What is the importance of corporate accountability?

The term corporate responsibility refers to the overall performance of

public servants in non-economic areas consisting of social responsibility,
sustainability, and corporate governance. Corporate responsibility asserts that
overall economic performance is no longer an employer's top priority and that
shareholders are no longer the best people for which employers should be held
accountable. In reality, it consists of stakeholders consisting of staff and network
contributors as individuals who require accountability.

Corporate responsibility is not only part and synonym of his CSR but is
also increasingly used in different contexts. An organization's commitment to
integrity and morality can be demonstrated through the use of accountability
mechanisms. Organizations in today's world have a fundamental problem in the
area of accountability. For a company to be successful, it must stabilize its

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

component needs, wants, and expectations through basic business operations.

Responsible business practices are just one part of his CSR. A responsible
business company must be transparent in all respects. Unknowingly, customers
support a business based solely on producing at the lowest price. Strategies for
purchasing rare items. Additionally, the overall sustainable performance of the
business environment and constraints on its growth.

The communities where these workers are located are negatively affected
by these cut-price business practices. Corporate Responsibility uses design
thinking and global regulation to prosecute companies responsible for disrupting
existing supply chains and creating horrific working conditions that put humanity
back in the equation. Corporate accountability is a non-financial commitment of
public companies. The premise of back-of-company obligations is that
companies should be responsible to their employees and network associates just
as they are to generate profits for their shareholders. This idea is very important
for people who value moral investing. Corporate responsibility is strikingly
different from corporate social responsibility, which is a voluntary initiative.

9. If you are a CSR officer of a company that profits out of harming the health of its
consumers, say manufacturing cigarettes, or intoxicating alcoholic drinks; What
CSR programs will you implement to ensure the promotion of sustainability, and
health among your customers, without you getting fired for destroying your
company’s sales? Lay out your CSR plan, and how are you going to implement it
without adverse effects on the business that provides your needs.

Nevertheless, even in jurisdictions where the marketing or sale of products

is prohibited, it is possible to profit from health hazards through CSR initiatives.
For example, everyone involved needs to ensure that the public and all levels of
government understand the full story behind tobacco companies' "social
responsibility" efforts. There is no need to reverse tobacco companies' so-called
"social responsibility" efforts in any way. unless necessary to achieve that this is
required by law in the form of an annual report. The parties will no longer be able
to authorize tobacco companies or their agents to publicly disclose this.

Certain socially responsible sports or the costs associated with these

sports. Tobacco companies have successfully used CSR as a political tool to
enforce corporate policies and damage competitors. Investing in local academic
institutions is an integral part of tobacco companies' social obligations and
popularity manipulation. By putting their names on foundation pillars and
buildings, tobacco companies can not only legitimize themselves but also
influence educational research. Competition has become so intense that
withstanding intense scrutiny from government officials, non-governmental
organizations, the media, and the general public is a major challenge. Social

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 CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master in Business Administration

obligations in the health care system are now increasing and becoming very
important. Accepted. In conclusion, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and
organizational ethics are important to regain the lost recognition from skeptics
and organizations around the world.

10. In the face of what seems to be blatant indifference on the part of world
governments in addressing the current condition of our environment, do you
agree with the statement that “Only business can save the planet?” Explain your
side.

Business leaders are increasingly keen to develop environmentally

friendly products, services, and business practices that further improve the
economy. The chorus of voices demanding and demanding demands is loudest.
Regarding the above statement, I believe it is appropriate and will leave it as is.
Protecting the environment is no longer the best path to sustainability when it
comes to attracting today's youth. The problem now lies in all investment
activities. If we do not act, the protection of your supply chain is at risk.
Integrating a company's environmental and social impact into economic markets
is essential. The current economic system is concerned with the estimation of
monetary and financial capital. Consider what happened in the world of
technology. As public trust in companies began to decline due to privacy policies,
inventory fees also began to decline. Investors recognized this company as a
threat. Therefore, they did not have much confidence in the company's ability to
maintain and increase coin flow. This trend can be seen at some point in the
corporate world. Analysts, investors, asset managers and fund managers are
increasingly taking this into account when researching companies and assessing
risk.

Prepared By. Norberto M. Secretaria, Ph.D.