FINAL TEST SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC

Emeliya Sukma Dara Damanik, M. Hum

ARRANGED BY

Sandi Putra Handoko (0304182073)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBiyah SCIENCE AND TEACHER TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

FIELD

2021
 PREFACE
Praise and thanks the authors say to the presence of Allah SWT who has given
his blessings and graces so that the authors can complete a paper Final Test
precisely and according to a predetermined time.

The authors also thanks to Emeliya Sukma Dara Damanik, M. Hum as a

lecturer in English Teaching and Strategy who has given his confidence to the
authors to compile this paper. The preparation of this paper aims to improve the
ability to enrich and to enlarge our knowledge.

Nobody is perfect but Allah SWT. The authors realize that the preparation of
this paper still has errors and is not perfect. Therefore, the authors expect input in
the form of constructive criticism and suggestions for further improvement of the
paper.

Hopefully, this paper can be useful for all. Finally, the author apologizes if
there are many mistakes. Thanks

Medan, 01st July 2021

Authors,

Sandi Putra Handoko

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I.....................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS.............................................................................................1

A. Definition of Semantic............................................................................................................1

B. Scope of Semantic...................................................................................................................2

C. Approaches to the Study of Semantics....................................................................................3

D. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II...................................................................................................................................5

STUDY OF MEANING..................................................................................................................5

A. Types of Meaning...................................................................................................................5

B. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER III................................................................................................................................10

WORD AND SENTENCE............................................................................................................10

A. Sense Relations.....................................................................................................................10

B. Semantic and The Nature of Lexicon (Word Formation).....................................................11

C. Sentential Meaning................................................................................................................13

D. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER IV................................................................................................................................14

SEMANTIC AND LITERATURE; LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE MEANING......................14

A. The nature of literary language...........................................................................................14

B. Aspects of literary language...............................................................................................16

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 C. The relationship between semantics and literature.............................................................17

D. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER V.................................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION TO PRAGMATICS........................................................................................19

A. Definition of pragmatics.......................................................................................................19

B. Deixis.....................................................................................................................................20

C. Speech Act Theory................................................................................................................22

D. Politeness...............................................................................................................................23

E. Impoliteness...........................................................................................................................23

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................25

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS

A. Definition of Semantic

a. According to Ferdinand de Saussure (1966) Semantics believes that it consists of (1)

interpreting elements, in the form of language sounds and (2) interpreted elements or the
meaning of the first element. Both of these elements are symbols, while the symbolic or what is
found is something different outside the normal language called reference or specified thing.

b. According to Tarigan (1985: 2) Saying that semantics can be used in a broad sense and a
simple sense. Semantics in a simple sense is defined as the observation of the relationship of
symbols with things which are a medium for the application of these things.

c. According to Verharr (2001: 384), it can be divided into two, namely grammatical semantics
and lexical semantics. The term semantics is used by linguists to refer to a branch of linguistics
that moves on the arrangement of meanings or language analysis that studies values.

d. According to Chaer (2009: 6-11) Semantics is an arrangement or component of language that

is converted into an object of research which is divided into four categories, namely, (1) Lexical
semantics, which is a type of semantic in which the object is and is the lexical elements of a
language. (2) Grammatical semantics is a semantic whose object of research is the grammatical
content of the morphological structure, (3) Syntactical semantics is a type of semantic which is
the main center of its target or its focus center is based on parts related to syntax, (4) Semantics
is one type of semantics that coincides with the use of language styles, namely metaphor, irony,
litotes and so on.

e. According to Charles Morrist Delivering if semantics examines 'networks of symbols with

objects that are For Examples of applying these symbols'.

f. According to JWM Verhaar; (1981:9) Conveys that semantics is the concept of meaning from
the concept of meaning, namely the branch of language that examines a meaning.

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g. According to Lehrer; (974:1) Semantics is the study of meaning. For Lehrer, semantics is a
very broad field of analysis, because it also touches on aspects of the structure and function of
language so that it can be linked to psychology, philosophy, and anthropology.

h. According to Kambartel (in Bauerk, 1979: 195)

Semantics assumes that language consists of structures that reveal meaning when associated with
objects in the experience of the human world.

i. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (Encyclopedia Britanica, vol.20, 1996: 313)

Semantics is the study of the relationship between a linguistic distinction with the relationship of
mental processes or symbols in speech activity.

j. According to Dr. Mansoer pateda Semantics is a sub-discipline of linguistics that deals with
the meaning of k. According to Abdul Chaer, Semantics is the science of meaning or about
meaning. That is one of the 3 (three) levels of language analysis (phonology, grammatical and
semantic)

B. Scope of Semantic

Semantics studies language with lexical or grammatical designs and references. Semantic
explores what is meant by Y. A language of the study explains the meaning starting from the
level of phonology, morphology, syntax, and interviews.

Semantic analysis at the phonological level is in the form of phoneme analysis as a comparison
of meaning in opposites. Semantic analysis in terms of morphology, namely the meaning of
lexemes and words. Semantic analysis in terms of syntax is the meaning in language, namely
phrases, clauses, and sentences. Semantic analysis of discourse content is the meaning of a
paragraph or the meaning of a text.

Leech (1983/1993: 8-10) states that the meaning formed by one language unit is associated with
a non-linguistic context, namely speech situations and certain cultural values are objects of
pragmatic analysis. Wijana (1996: 2-3) and Purwo (1990: 16) prove that the meaning in the
semantic analysis is context-free, while the meaning studied in pragmatics is a context-bound
meaning.

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From the description above, it can be understood that semantics is a subsystem of language
analysis that examines the meaning of language units that are not accompanied by non-linguistic
contexts. The scope of semantic analysis is in the form of the meaning of language units in
words, phrases, clauses and sentences, and texts.

C. Approaches to the Study of Semantics

Semantics is one of several branches of linguistics. Semantics if interpreted into English is called
semantics. The word semantics comes from the Greek word sema (noun) which means 'sign;
semelon (verb) means 'to mark'. Semantics is a field of linguistics that studies the relationship
between linguistic symbols and the scopes they signify or in other words the field of study in
linguistics that studies a meaning in language.

Semantics is part of the structure of language that has meaning in a particular language, looking
for the origin and development of the meaning of each word.

Semantics is (1). The part of the structure of language that deals with the meaning of expressions
and also with the meaning structure of a speech (2). System and investigation of meaning and
meaning in a language in general

Semantics is a part of linguistics that examines and analyzes the meaning of vowel units which
refers to the relationship of meaning between the units in question.

From the opinion above, we can see that semantics is knowledge or the part of linguistics that
studies meaning. Now, what is meant by meaning? As stated earlier, when talking about the
meaning of many things that must be resolved. One of them is the meaning of the meaning itself.

(a) Conceptual theory According to this theory, meaning is the speaker's mental image of the
subject he is talking about.

(b) Reference or Correspondence theory According to this theory, meaning is a direct

relationship between linguistic parts and their relation.

(c) Contextual theory This theory tries to apply the meaning of each word through the commonly
found collocation. For For Example the word army. This word is clarified using a pair of words

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that are commonly used or related to the word soldier, such as: war, front line, commander,
corporal, pistol, shooting range, trench, defense, and so on.

D. Conclusion

Semantics is one of several branches of linguistics. Semantics if interpreted into English is called
semantics. The word semantics comes from the Greek word sema (noun) which means 'sign;
semelon (verb) means 'to mark'. Semantics is a field of linguistics that studies the relationship
between linguistic symbols and the scopes they signify or in other words the field of study in
linguistics that studies a meaning in language.

CHAPTER II

STUDY OF MEANING

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A. Types of Meaning

According to Geoffrey Leech (1976), the types of meaning include:

1. Connotative Meaning
The connotative meaning is an untrue meaning which is generally satire and is a
denotative meaning that has been added. In the connotative sense, there are positive and
negative connotative meanings. For Example: the word woman, a woman is included in
the positive connotation while the word woman has a negative connotative meaning.
2. Stylistic Meaning
This stylistic meaning relates to the style of word choice in connection with social
differences and fields of activity in society. For Examples: houses, cottages, palaces,
palaces, residences, residences, and residencies.
3. Affective Meaning
Affective meaning is a meaning that relates to the speaker's feelings towards the
interlocutor or the object being discussed. The affective meaning will be more real when
used in spoken language. For Example: "shut your mouth!" he snapped at us. The word
will sound harsh to the listener.
4. Meaning of Reflection
The meaning of reflection is the meaning that appears by the speaker when
responding to what he sees. For Example: the words ouch, oh, ah, wah, amboi, gosh,
5. Collocative Meaning
Collocative meaning is a meaning that relates to the characteristics of certain
meanings that a word has from some synonymous words so that the word is only suitable
to be used in pairs with certain other words. So the collocative meaning must be
appropriate and in its place. For Example: the word handsome is synonymous with men,
the word girl is synonymous with beautiful.

6. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning, namely the meaning that emphasizes the logical meaning.
Sometimes these meanings are called 'denotative' or 'cognitive' meanings. Conceptual

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 meaning has a very complex and complex structure, but can be compared and related to
similar arrangements at the phonological and syntactic levels.
7. Thematic Meaning
Thematic meaning, which is the meaning that is communicated according to the
way the speaker or writer arranges the message, in terms of sequence, focus and
emphasis. The communicative value is also influenced by the use of active and passive
sentences. For Examples are as follows:
What did the lecturer teach? And
By whom is semantics taught?
The first sentence wants to know more about the object, while the second sentence
emphasizes who the subject is.

Types of Meaning According to Abdul Chaer

1. Lexical Meaning
The lexical meaning is the actual meaning, according to the results of our sensory
observations, the meaning of what it is, and the meaning in the dictionary. The meaning
in the dictionary is the basic meaning or concrete meaning. For For Example, the lexeme
"Kuda" means a kind of animal.
2. Grammatical Meaning
The grammatical meaning is the meaning that occurs after the grammatical
process (Affication, Reduplication, Sentenceization). The difference between lexical and
grammatical meanings is that lexical meaning is the basic meaning/meaning of the word
for word, while grammatical meaning is a new meaning that appears when the words
become a sentence.
For Example: the word "horse" means the lexical animal while the grammatical
meaning can be a means of transportation or the like. For For Example, I went to the
market by horse.

3. Contextual Meaning
Contextual meaning is the meaning of a laksem or word that is in a context.

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 For For Example, the contextual meaning of the word head in the following sentences:

a. There is no white hair on grandmother's head yet.

b. As the principal, he had to reprimand the student.
c. The phone number is on the letterhead.
4. Referential Meaning
Referential meaning is a word that has its referent. So that a word can be called
referential if there is a reference or reference. Words such as horse, red, and pictures are
including words that mean referential because there are references in the real world.
5. Non-referential Meaning
Non-referential meaning is a word that has no reference in the real world. For For
Example the words and, or, and because. These words have no reference in the real
world.
6. Denotative Meaning
The denotative meaning is the original meaning, the original meaning, or the
actual meaning possessed by a word. For For Example, the word "thin" (meaning
denotative which means the state of a person's body that is smaller than the normal size).
The word "Flowers" (means denotative i.e. flowers as we see in the garden).
7. Connotative Meaning
The connotative meaning is another meaning that is added to the denotative
meaning that is related to the sense of a person or group of people who use the word. For
For Example, the word “Slim” in the For Example above has a neutral connotation. But
the word "Slim", which is synonymous with the word skinny has a positive connotation,
namely a pleasant value; people would love to be said to be slim. On the other hand, the
word “Slender”, which is also synonymous with the words thin and lean, has a negative
connotation, an unpleasant taste value, people will feel bad if they say their body is thin.
8. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning is the meaning that a lexeme has regardless of context or any
association. The word "Horse" has the conceptual meaning of "a kind of four-legged
animal that is usually ridden", and the word "House" has the conceptual meaning of "a
building where humans live".
9. Associative Meaning

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 The meaning of association is the meaning of the word relating to the relationship
of the word to something outside the language. For For Example, the word jasmine is
associated with something holy or sacred, the word red is associated with courage, the
word crocodile is associated with evil or evil. The meaning of this association is the same
as the symbols or symbols used by a language-speaking community to express other
concepts, which have similarities to the nature of the situation, or the characteristics of
the original concept.
10. What is the meaning of the word
The meaning of the word is a general meaning, rough and unclear. The words
"Hand" and "Arm" as words, their meanings are usually considered the same, as in the
following For Example:
a. His hand was injured by broken glass.
b. His arm was injured by broken glass.

So, the word hand and the word arm in the two sentences above are synonymous or mean
the same thing.

11. Meaning of Terms

The meaning of the term is a definite, clear, not doubtful meaning, even without
the context of the sentence and it should be remembered that the meaning of the term is
only used in certain scientific fields/activities. For For Example, the words "Hand" and
"Arm" are For Examples above. The two words in medicine have different meanings.
“Hand” means “part from the wrist to the fingers”. While the word "arm" is "part of the
wrist to the base of the shoulder". So the words "Hand" and "Arm" as terms in medical
science are not synonymous, because their meanings are different.
12. Idiom Meaning
The meaning of an idiom is a meaning that cannot be predicted from the meaning
of its elements, both lexically and grammatically. For For Example, grammatically the
form "Selling a house" means "the one who sells receives money and the one who buys
receives his house", but in Indonesian the form "Selling teeth" does not have that
meaning, but means "laugh out loud". So that meaning is called the idiomatic meaning.
13. Proverb Meaning

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 Proverbs have meanings that can still be traced or traced from the meaning of
their elements. Because of the association between the original meaning with its meaning
as a proverb. For For Example, the proverb “Like a dog and a cat means about two
people who never get along. This meaning has an association that animals whose names
are dogs and cats when they make a sound are always fighting, never peaceful.

B. Conclusion

According to Geoffrey Leech (1976), the types of meaning include:

1. Connotative Meaning
The connotative meaning is an untrue meaning which is generally satire and is a
denotative meaning that has been added. In the connotative sense, there are positive and
negative connotative meanings. For Example: the word woman and woman, woman is
included in the positive connotation while the word woman has a negative connotative
meaning.
2. Stylistic Meaning
This stylistic meaning relates to the style of word choice in connection with social
differences and fields of activity in society. For Examples: houses, cottages, palaces,
palaces, residences, residences, and residencies.

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 CHAPTER III

WORD AND SENTENCE

A. Sense Relations

The sense relation is a paradigmatic relationship between words or predicates. There are several
types of logical relations as a result of the semantic relationship between form and meaning and
between two meanings which will be discussed in the following sections.

1. Synonym
Synonymy is a state or phenomenon in which words sound different (different in
pronunciation) but have the same or identical meaning as another word or phrase.

The concrete form of synonymy is called “synonymy”.

For Examples:

 Small = little
 Big = large
 Mother and father = parents
 Politician = statesman
2. Polysemy
Polysemy is a state or phenomenon in which words have more than one meaning.
In other words, it can be described as multiple meanings of the word. Words are
considered etymologically related.
The concrete form of polysemy is called "polyseme".
For Example:
 Simple (English is a very plain subject)
 Plain With nothing added or not decorated in any way (this blouse is too plain)
3. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is a state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between a more
general term (lexical representation) and a more specific For Example. The concrete form
of a set of words (certain For Examples) is called a "hyponym".

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 For Example:

 Lexical representation: red, yellow, green, purple, black, colored.

 Thus we can say that: "red is a color hypodote", and so on.

4. Antonym
Antonyms are states or phenomena in which words have a sense connection
involving the opposite of meaning. The concrete form of the antonym is called
"antonym" (opposite).
Antonyms can be:
Binary antonyms pair up and between them exhaust all relevant possibilities. If one
applies, the other cannot, and the verse is otherwise.
For Example: true - false, dead - alive, married - unmarried, equal - different.Converse.
5. Conversion If a lexic describes the relationship between two things (or people) and some
other lexime describes the same relationship when two things are mentioned in the
opposite order, then the two lexicles are CONVERSIONS to each other.
For Example: bellows - above, love - hate, hidden - reveals, own - belongs.Gradable
antonyms.
6. Two lexicals are gradeable antonyms if they are at opposite ends of the continuous rating
scale (a scale that usually varies according to the context of use).
For Example: tall - short, long - short, smart - stupid, up - down, love - hate.

B. Semantic and The Nature of Lexicon (Word Formation)

Types of Word Formation

1. Etymology
Is the study of the origin and history of a word. It comes from the Greek word
"Etymon" meaning native + logia meaning study.
2. COIN
Is the discovery really new? term. The most typical sources are trade names
created for commercial products. For For Example: Teflon, Kleenex, Xerox, aspirin,

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 nylon, Vaseline, zipper, etc. New words based on the names of people or places are
called eponyms, for For Example: spangler, sandwich, jean, etc.
3. LOAN
Take over words from other languages. Throughout its history, English has
adopted a large number of words from other languages, for For Example: croissant
(French), dope (Dutch), sofa (Arabic), etc. Other languages borrow terms from English
such as the Japanese usage of suupaamaaketto (supermarket), taipuraitaa (typewriter),
etc.
4. COMMUNICATION
It is a combination of two separate words to produce one form. For For Example:
bookshelves, fingerprints, wastebaskets, etc.
5. SCRAPBOOK
Is the reduction of word elements, for For Example: television (television), Aussie
(Australia), Bookie (bookmarker), etc.

6. BACK FORM
For For Example: emotion becomes emote, option becomes opt, liaison becomes liaise,
etc.
7. CONVERSION
Is a change in the function of the words. Changes can be in the form of category
changes and function shifts. For Example: bottle, butter, chair are words that change from
nouns to verbs
8. Acronym
New words formed from the initial letters of other word sets.
For For Example: CD, NATO, UINSU, etc.

C. Sentential Meaning

Sentences process meaning exclusively based on the words they contain and their
grammatical arrangement. We can assume that grammar is associated with compositional
principles, i.e. the rules that tell us how to structure the meaning of the constituent constructs to
derive the global meaning of the construction.

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 Although a sentence, beyond a certain usage, has no truth value, it does have a truth
condition, i.e. a condition that must be held for the sentence to be used to make a true statement.
The aspects of sentence meaning used to make, in certain situations, true or false are collectively
known as the propositional content of the sentence.

D. Conclusion

Sentences process meaning exclusively based on the words they contain and their
grammatical arrangement. We can assume that grammar is associated with compositional
principles, i.e. the rules that tell us how to structure the meaning of the constituent constructs to
derive the global meaning of the construction.

Although a sentence, beyond a certain usage, has no truth value, it does have a truth
condition, i.e. a condition that must be held for the sentence to be used to make a true statement.
The aspects of sentence meaning used to make, in certain situations, true or false are collectively
known as the propositional content of the sentence.

CHAPTER IV

SEMANTIC AND LITERATURE; LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE MEANING

A. The nature of literary language

a. Literal Meaning

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 The Literal language uses words exactly according to conventionally
accepted meanings or denotations.
b. Figurative Meaning
Figurative language uses words in a way that deviates from their
conventionally accepted definitions to convey more complicated meaning,
colorful writing, clarity, or evocative comparison.

Types of Figurative Meaning

a) SIMILE
Comparison using like or as.
b) METAPHOR
A figure of speech that is applied to a word not literally.
c) PERSONIFICATION
Giving an object or animal-human properties.
d) ONOMATOPOEIA
Words that make a connection with their sound because of the name.
e) OXYMORON
The Figure of speech that contradicts the usual meaning.
f) HYPERBOLE
Exaggerations of speech that aren't serious.
g) ALLUSION
A way to bring something to mind without it being obvious.
h) IDIOM
A group of words not meaning what they say typically.
i) IMAGERY
Using places people or things to further represent things in a story.
j) SYMBOLISM
Using something relevant to represent something else important in a story.
k) ALLITERATION
Recurring more left or sound in a sentence.
l) IRONY

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 Using language that means the opposite making it funny.
c. FOR EXAMPLE SENTENCES MEAN DENOTATION AND
CONNOTATION
a) DENOTATION
i. Cloud's scapegoat has been sold in the market.
ii. Aura bought a green table to put in her room.
iii. The chair that Talia lifted was very light.

b) CONNOTATION
i. The sky is looking for a scapegoat so that he is not blamed.
ii. Surya and Indra must be at the court to resolve the conflict
between them.
iii. Ilma is a light-handed child.
d. FOR EXAMPLES OF LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE MEANING
a) LITERAL
i. She is a fast runner.
ii. His garden is full of beautiful flowers.
iii. I have a headache.
b) FIGURAL
i. She ran like a bullet.
ii. He has a green thumb.
iii. I feel like my head is going to explode.

B. Aspects of literary language

A Language is a tool for communication, in a broad sense. Joko Nurkamto (2001:

205) explains that communication is a dynamic transaction process that mandates
communicators to encode (to code) their behavior, both verbal and nonverbal, to produce
messages conveyed through certain channels of communication.
Porter and Samovar (1996) indicate that communication will be complete if the
intended communication perceives or understands the encoded behavior, gives meaning
to the behavior, and is influenced by it (in Joko Nurkamto, 2001: 205). Indeed, in reality,

15
the existence of language in social life cannot be considered as in a 'vacuum'. Language is
used as a vehicle for human communication.
In this case, Dwi Purnanto explained that it must have at least two main
characteristics; (1) language is used to transmit messages and (2) language is a code
whose use is determined jointly by members of a group or a society (in MIBAS,
1999:92).
Therefore, language is an aspect of social phenomena in human life. Given that
language is a social phenomenon, of course, non-linguistic factors or external language
factors greatly influence the use of the language. These non-linguistic factors include
social factors, education level, economic level, gender, age, and so on.
Other non-linguistic factors are situational factors, namely who is speaking, in
what language the conversation is held, to whom, when, where, and on what problem the
conversation is. The existence of these two factors in the use of language causes language
variations (Suwito, 1996:3-8).
Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (1995:81) indicate that there are two views in
language variation or language variety. First, the variety or variety of language is seen as
a result of the social diversity of language speakers and the diversity of language
functions. Second, the variety or variety of language already exists to fulfill its function
as a means of interaction in diverse community activities. Language variations in the use
of the written language of the type of fiction (literary language) tend to use an informal
variety. The use of informal variety can reflect a familiar, harmonious, and relaxed
atmosphere so that the main goal of the author to facilitate understanding for readers can
be achieved.
Writers are members of a particular language community. As a member of a
particular language community, a writer can play a dual role. The first role is to
participate in maintaining, developing, and preserving the language of the people. The
second role is a role that is not owned by ordinary members of society, especially in
terms of creating new forms of language that are owned by society. The new forms
created by writers can be in the form of new forms that follow the rules of language, can
also violate the rules or even deviate completely from the language rules of a language
community (Sugiarto, 1996:20).

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 Literary language can be the object of analysis in the field of linguistics. In this
case, what is meant is not to make a literary criticism, but rather to examine the element
of truth, the element of using language in literary creation. Therefore, literary language
can be studied micro linguistic and macro liguistic. Harimurti Kridalaksana (1985: 91)
has tried to distinguish between macro linguistic analysis and micro linguistic analysis.
In terms of macro linguistics, it can be proven or explained that a linguistic theory
can use literary language data. In terms of macro linguistics, language can be studied
interdisciplinary and applied. Research on literary language in macrolinguistics treats
literary language as data on language use. The analysis of literary language in terms of
interdisciplinary macro linguistics means language analysis that utilizes several fields of
analysis. A Sociolinguistic analysis of literary language means that the analysis uses
sociological theory and linguistic theory for its linguistic aspect.

C. The relationship between semantics and literature

Literature is a work of fiction that uses language as a medium for conveying

messages because the use of this language is related to semantics. However, in contrast to
scientific language and everyday language, literary language is an idiosyncratic form, that
is, the words used are the result of the author's creative expression. The use of unusual
language styles in everyday language or scientific language is often found in literary
works.
Metaphorical and allegorical language is part of what makes a literary work
interesting to read and interpret. The following is an For Example of allegorical language
in a poem by Sitor Situmorang. I am the lake Sail above me Face the small ripples that
shake lotus flowers Arriving at the shore Leave your boat, let me take care To understand
the above poem, Aminuddin (2003: 25) quoting Roman Ingarden suggests understanding
the concept of strata of meaning in literature.
Literary language has two layers, namely (1) the layer of sound or form, and (2)
the layer of meaning. At the level of meaning, there are several strata of meaning, namely
(a) literal meaning, (b) the author's fictitious world, (c) the world from a certain point of
view, and (d) metaphysical messages. To be able to understand literature well, one needs

17
 semantic knowledge as an initial provision before knowing other sciences, such as
semiotics, stylistics, and hermeneutics. Literary works have also lost the identity of the
source of speech, the certainty of the referents referred to, the context of speech that
definitely supports the message to be represented, and the limitations of writing itself in
representing speech sounds. The language code in literature has two layers, namely the
sound layer (form) and the meaning layer.

D. Conclusion
Facing the reality of the complexity of meaning in literary works, readers who
want to understand literary works seriously and correctly must also understand the
science of meaning (semantics). The role of semantics is very important in literary
analysis, especially in the study of meaning in style and the background of the process of
its presence. This is in line with Saussure's view who introduced the term significant,
which is an abstract image of sound in consciousness, and signifie, which is an outer
image in the abstract of consciousness referred to by the significant. To arrive at the
communication stage, the signficant element must have a concrete form and have
relationships and combinations according to the underlying system.

CHAPTER V

INTRODUCTION TO PRAGMATICS

A. Definition of pragmatics

Pragmatism focuses on the use of language in certain situations. Pragmatic aims to

explain how factors outside of language contribute to the literal meaning and nonliteral meaning
that speakers communicate using pragmatic language related to what language can do. Potential
events or events are of prime concern
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 Humans have to interact with each other. In this interaction, we need a means of
communication, namely the use of language and the association of speech instruments. One form
of interaction is to talk to each other or have a conversation. The idea of conversation is a face-
to-face verbal interaction between two or more participants and is more than just exchanging
information (Samsuri, 1995: 3).

The conversation that occurs is largely determined by the context of the actor's age (speaker
and interlocutor), gender, place of conversation, and others. It is in this conversation that
pragmatism is applied.

Pragmatic definition according to Levinson (1987: 5) is a study of language use or language

and functional perspective. This study explains aspects of language structure concerning non-
linguistic influences and causes.

A philosopher and logician, Carnap (1938: 27) explains that pragmatists study abstract
concepts. Pragmatists study the concept of a relationship which is a sign. Montague further said
that pragmatism is an "ideal" or "deictic" study. In this sense, pragmatism is related to reference
theory or deixis, namely the use of language that refers to certain references according to their
use.

Nababan (in Sarwiji et al., 1996: 1) defines pragmatism as the use of language to
communicate (communicate) according to and concerning the context and situation of the
wearer. Pragmatists have a wide range of research, including deixis, presuppositions,
conversational implicature, language action, and discourse analysis.

B. Deixis

Deixis (deixis) is a branch of linguistics, namely Pragmatic, the word deixis comes from
the Greek Deiktios which means "things of the direct designation". A word is said to be deictic if
the reference moves or changes depending on the time and place where the word is spoken.
Deixis can also be interpreted as a word whose reference changes depending on the context.

Deixis is also a part of linguistics, which is a part of pragmatics that has a relationship
with words or sentences that change due to the situation and context of the sentence.

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 Deixis is concerned with the way language encodes features of the context of speech and
also with how utterances interpret (Levinson, 1983: 54). The following are the three categories of
deixis:

1. Person deixis it is used to designate people, for For Example pronouns for the first person
('I'), the second person ('you'), and the third person ('he', 'she', or 'that').
2. Spatial deixis, used to point to a location. For Examples are the adverbs 'here', 'there',
'this', and 'that'.
3. Temporal deixi used to point to a precise location at the right time. This includes time
adverbs like 'now', 'then', 'soon', etc.

Personal Deixis

Personal deixis concerns the coding of participants in the speech event (in which it is
delivered to people who have had) because of musty The personal category is divided into three:
the category is the first person is the grammar of the speaker's own reference, the second person
is coding the speaker's preference for one or more Address. The third person encodes references
to people and entities who are not the speaker or address of the utterance in question.

Deixis Time

Time deixis refers to the relative time in which a conversation or conversation takes place.
Deixis time will be very easy to know whether the speaker and speaker understand the time of
the conversation and the course of the conversation and the purpose of the conversation. There
are several words fall into deixis time, including: now, yesterday, tomorrow, today, month, night,
etc.

Place Deixis

Place Deixis is a place relationship between the speaker and the thing in question. Levinson says
in Pragmatics Place deixis concerns the coding of spatial location relative to the participant's
location in the speech. Place or location can be deixis if the place or location can be seen from
the location of the people who communicate in speaking activities. Place deixis can be seen from

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the use of demonstrative pronouns such as: "this" and "that", and can also be seen as a
demonstrative adverb that expresses places such as: "here" and "there".

Social Deixis

Social deixis expresses or shows the difference in characteristics between the speaker and the
interlocutor or the writer and the speaker with the topic or reference referred to in the
conversation. Fillmore in Levinson states that social dexis concerns aspects of the sentence,
which reflect or determine determined by the particular reality of the social situation in which the
act of speech occurs.

Deixis discourse

Discourse deixis refers to such things as the use of this point for future elements of discourse
(Cruise, 2000:323). According to Levinson (1983:85), discourse deixis involves the use of
expressions in several utterances to refer to some part of the discourse content that utters
(including the use of the utterance itself). A word can be called discourse deixis if it refers to a
definite part of the text in which the reference is made. made into the current discourse.

C. Speech Act Theory

Definition of Speech Action'

There are several definitions of speech acts according to some experts:

1. Yule (1996): The act of speaking is the study of how speakers and listeners use language.
2. Back (1979): Action in verbal communication has a message of its own, so
communication is not only about language but also with action.

Classifications of Speech Acts

1. Representative
Representation is an act of speech made by utterances to the speaker on the truth
of the arguments expressed.
2. Instruction

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 Directives are areas of speech acting that the speaker uses to get someone else to
do something. These verbal actions include asking, questioning, ordering, ordering, and
suggesting.
3. Competitive
Commitment is an act of speech utterances commit the speaker to some future
action, this includes promising, threatening, offering, refusing, promising.
4. Declaration
A declaration is an act of speech that utters the immediate effect of a change in
institutional circumstances and which tends to rely on complex extra-linguistic
institutions.

D. Politeness

Politeness is the practical application of manners or etiquette so as not to offend others. It

is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can
sometimes be very rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context. While the purpose of
politeness is to refrain from behaving offensively so as not to offend others and make everyone
feel relaxed and comfortable with each other.

Types of Politeness

1. positive face
A positive face represents the desire for appreciation and approval by others. It is
a need to be accepted, even liked by others, to be treated as a member of the same group,
and to know that one's desires are shared by others. In short, a positive face is a need to
connect.\
2. Negative face
A negative face is a desire not to be slapped by other people. It represents the
need to be independent, to have freedom of action and freedom of imposition. In short, a
negative face represents the need for independence.

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E. Impoliteness

Impatience is a negative attitude towards certain behaviors that occur in certain contexts,
language, or behaviors that are evaluated negatively in certain contexts. They are negatively
evaluated because they attack someone's face (identity or rights). They cause certain emotional
reactions (eg hurt, anger) is also defined as 'behavior that aggravates the face in certain contexts.'
Impatience refers to behavior that worsens the face. Such behavior is more than face-threatening
behavior as defined by Leech (1983), Brown and Levinson (1987)

Types of Impoliteness

1. Bald on impatience record.

The bald on the recording is seen to be uneventful usually used on the speaker
section to the 12 faces of the hearer. The utterances are deployed in a direct, clear,
unambiguous, and concise manner in situations where faces are irrelevant or minimized.
For Example: "Close that door"
2. Positive impoliteness.
According to Culpeper (2003), The use of strategies designed to damage the
addressee's positive face wants. The strategy includes ignore the other, exclude the other
from an activity, be disinterested, unconcerned, unsympathetic, use appropriate identity
markers, use obscure or secretive language, seek disagreement, use taboo words, use
derogatory remarks.
3. Negative impatience.
According to Culpeper (2003), the use of strategies designed to damage the
negative face the receiver wants. It strikes at the negative the face of the recipient, which
is the basic claim to territory, personal preservation, right to non-intrusion. Culpeper
(1996) provides a list of For Examples of these strategies which include: a) Fear -
instilling a belief that actions that harm others will occur.
4. Sarcasm or politeness.
FTAs are carried out using a insincere strategy. Sarcasm is mock politeness for
social disharmony and it is the opposite of mockery which means making fun of
unpleasantness for social harmony (Culpeper, 2003). Sarcasm constituting the use of

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 individual or combined strategies and sticking to state and seems appropriate. On a
surface level, speech sounds polite but the meaning is the opposite. Here, the face-
threatening act is performed using a insincere politeness strategy.
A. Conclusion
We can judge the nature of a person or we can see the characteristics of that
person. From the politeness of language, we will be able to judge whether this person has
manners and nom adat or not.
Functions of impatience Culpeper (2011) claims that impatience has three specific
functions; affection; coercion and entertainment. Affective inequality often refers to an
exaggerated and targeted display of negative emotions towards another although it can
also be constituted by an exaggerated display of positive feelings in contexts that
otherwise prohibit the expression of emotional dispositions.

REFERENCES
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Nida, Eugene A. 1975. Componential Analysis of Meaning: an Introduction to Semantic

Structure. Paris: Mounton.

Pateda, Mansoer. 1986. Lexical Semantics. Ende: Nusa Indah.

Suhardi. 2015. Fundamentals of Semantics. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.

Ullmann, Stephen. 1977. Semantics: An Introduction to The Science and Meaning. Oxford: Basil

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 Blachwell.

Wijana, I Dewa Putu and Muhammad Rohmadi. 2008. Semantics: Theory and Analysis.

Surakarta: Yama Libraries

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