Statistics and

Probability
 Review on
Random Variable
A random variable is a variable whose possible values are
determined by chance.

A random variable is a function that associates a numerical

value with every outcome of an experiment. Its domain is a
sample space and its range is some set of real numbers.

Example:
Say that X represents the number of heads that appear in
tossing a coin. The possible values of the random variable X
are 0 and 1.
A discrete random variable can only take a finite (countable)
number of distinct values.
Distinct values mean values that are exact and can be represented
by whole numbers.

A continuous random variable can assume an infinite number of

values in an interval between two specific values. This means they
can assume values that can be represented not only by whole
numbers but also by fractions and decimals.
Probability Distribution
of a Discrete
Random Variable
 PROBABILITY

Probability is a measure of
likelihood/chance that an event will happen
in the future
 Probability Distribution
• A probability distribution tells you what the probability of
an event happening is.
• Probability distributions can show simple events, like
tossing a coin or picking a card. They can also show
much more complex events, like the probability of a
certain drug successfully treating cancer.
 Probability Distribution of a
Discrete Random Variable
• The probability distribution of a discrete random variable
is a list, a table, a graph, or a formula of
probabilities associated with each of its possible
values.

• It is also sometimes called the probability distribution

function or the probability mass function.
Example
Let X represent the number of heads that appear in flipping a
coin. Construct the probability distribution of the random variable
X when the coin is flipped three times.
Example
Let X represent the number of heads that appear in flipping a coin.
Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X when the coin
is flipped three times.
Outcome Number of Heads
H- Heads HHH 3
T- Tails HHT 2
HTH 2
THH 2
HTT 1
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0
Example
Let X represent the number of heads that appear in flipping a coin.
Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X when the coin
is flipped three times.
Outcome Number of Heads
HHH 3
X P(X)
HHT 2 1
3
HTH 2 8
3
THH 2 2
8
HTT 1
3
THT 1 1
8
TTH 1 1
0
TTT 0 8
Example
Let X represent the number of heads that appear in flipping a coin.
Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X when the coin
is flipped three times.
X P(X)
1
3
Probability Distribution Function 8
or Probability Mass Function 3
2
8
3
1
8
1
0
8
 Properties of a
Probability Distribution
Properties of Probability Distribution
1. The probability of each outcome is between 0 and 1;
That is, the probability can be 0, the probability can
also be 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of the random variable
is equal to 1 or 100%.
Properties of Probability Distribution
1. The probability of each outcome is between 0 and 1; That is, the
probability can be 0, the probability can also be 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of the random variable is equal to 1 or
100%.
X P(X)
1
3
8
2
3 The Probability Distribution is valid
8 since it satisfies both properties.
3
1
8
1
0
8
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
 Probability Mass Function
of a Discrete Random Variable
(More examples)
Example: Let X represent the number of heads that appear in flipping a coin.
Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X when the coin
is flipped three times.

X P(X) Probability Mass Function

1
1 𝑃 𝑋=0 =
3 8
8 3
3 𝑃 𝑋=1 =
2 8
8 3
3 𝑃 𝑋=2 =
1 8
8 1
0
1 𝑃 𝑋=3 =
8
8
Example 2: Number of Smartphones Sold for the Past 15 Days

DAY 1 3 DAY 6 1 DAY 11 2

DAY 2 2 DAY 7 3 DAY 12 4

DAY 3 5 DAY 8 2 DAY 13 2

DAY 4 4 DAY 9 5 DAY 14 5

DAY 5 1 DAY 10 1 DAY 15 3

Find the probability that the shop will be able to sell at least three
smartphones on any given day.
DAY 1 3 DAY 6 1 DAY 11 2

DAY 2 2 DAY 7 3 DAY 12 4

DAY 3 5 DAY 8 2 DAY 13 2

DAY 4 4 DAY 9 5 DAY 14 5

DAY 5 1 DAY 10 1 DAY 15 3

NUMBER OF SMARTPHONES SOLD NUMBER OF DAYS

1 3
2 4
3 3
4 2
5 3
Find the probability that the shop will be able to sell at least three
smartphones on any given day.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
NUMBER OF PROBABILITY OF
NUMBER OF DAYS
SMARTPHONES SOLD SELLING x SMARTPHONES
3
1 3
15
4
2 4
15
3
3 3
15
2
4 2
15
3
5 3
15
Find the probability that the shop will be able to sell at least three
smartphones on any given day.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
𝑃 𝑋≥3
NUMBER OF PROBABILITY OF
NUMBER
SMARTPHONE SELLING
OF DAYS
S SOLD x SMARTPHONES
3
= 𝑃 𝑋 = 3 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 4 + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
1 3
15 3 2 3
4 = + +
2 4
15
15 15 15
3 𝟖
3 3
15 =
2
𝟏𝟓
4 2
15
5 3
3 The probability that at least 3
15
8
smartphones will be sold is 15 or 53.33%
 Mean of a
Discrete Random
Variable
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
The long-run average value that would result from repeatedly
running the experiment.

Let X be the random variable. The expected value of X, also

referred as the mean of X, is expressed by the formula

𝜇 = 𝐸 𝑋 = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ]
Steps in computing for the Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
1. Construct the probability distribution.
2. Determine the value of 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 .
3. Add the values of 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 to determineΣ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ].
Example
Determine the mean of the following probability distribution.

𝑿 𝑃 𝑋 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
1 0.17
2 0.21
3 0.25
4 0.22
5 0.15
Example
Determine the mean of the following probability distribution.

𝑿 𝑃 𝑋 𝑿∙𝑃 𝑋
1 0.17 0.17
2 0.21 0.42
3 0.25 0.75
4 0.22 0.88
5 0.15 0.75
Example
Determine the mean of the following probability distribution.

𝑿 𝑃 𝑋 𝑿∙𝑃 𝑋
1 0.17 0.17
2 0.21 0.42
3 0.25 0.75
4 0.22 0.88
5 0.15 0.75
Total 2.97
The mean of the probability distribution is 2.97.
Example
A bakeshop recorded the number of customers they have on a
given day along with its corresponding probability. How many
customers do they have on average?

No. of Customers Probability

40 0.23
50 0.32
60 0.29
70 0.16
Example: A bakeshop recorded the number of customers they have on
a given day along with its corresponding probability. How many
customers do they have on average?

𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
40 0.23 9.2
50 0.32 16
60 0.29 17.4
70 0.16 11.2
Total 53.8

On average, they have 54 customers.

 Variance of a
Discrete Random
Variable
The variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random
variable describes the dispersion or the variability of the
distribution.
𝜎2 = 0
The values are identical.

Example: 1,1,1
Since they are all 1 (identical), the variance is 0.
The variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random
variable describes the dispersion or the variability of the
distribution.
VARIANCE

Small High
The data points tend to The data points are very
be very close to the spread out around the
mean and to each other. mean and from each other.
The variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random
variable describes the dispersion or the variability of the
distribution.

Variance:
𝜎2 = Σ 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝜇2

Standard Deviation:
𝜎= Σ[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ] − 𝜇2
Example: Determine the variance and the standard deviation of
the given probability distribution.
𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
1
0 0 The mean is
8 3
3 3 𝜇 = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ] =
1 2
8 8
3 6
2
8 8
1 3
3
8 8
𝟑
Total
𝟐
Example: Determine the variance and the standard deviation of
the given probability distribution.

𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

1
0 0 0 0 The mean is
8
𝟑
3 3 3 𝜇=
1 1 𝟐
8 8 8
3 6 12
2 4 Σ 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 =𝟑
8 8 8
1 3 9
3 9
8 8 8
𝟑
Total 3
𝟐
Example: Determine the variance and the standard deviation of
the given probability distribution.

𝜎 2 = Σ 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝜇2
2
3
𝜎2 =3−
2
The variance is
2
9 3
𝜎 =3− 𝜎2 =
4 4
2
3
𝜎 =
4
Example: Determine the variance and the standard deviation of
the given probability distribution.

𝜎= Σ[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ] − 𝜇 2

3
Since the variance is 𝜎2 = 4

3
𝜎 =
4
3 The Standard Deviation is 𝜎 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
𝜎 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
2
Practice Exercise
Example: Construct a Probability Distribution. Find the Mean,
Variance, and Standard Deviation.

(X) P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

0 5/36 0 0 0

2 9/36 18/36 4 36/36

3 11/36 33/36 9 99/36

4 7/36 28/36 16 112/36

5 4/36 20/36 25 100/36

Total 𝜇 = 99/36 347/36
Example: Construct a Probability Distribution. Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation.

𝜎 2 = Σ 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝜇2 𝜎= Σ[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ] − 𝜇2 𝝁 = 99/36
𝜎 2 = 347/36 − 99/362
𝟐
𝟐𝟗𝟗
𝜎 2 = 347/36 − 121/16 299 𝝈 =
𝜎= = 1.44 𝟏𝟒𝟒
144
299
𝜎2 = 𝝈 = 1.44
144
Assessment
Example: Construct a Probability Distribution. Find the Mean,
Variance, and Standard Deviation.

(X) P(X) 𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)

0 1/25 0 0 0

3 4/25 12/25 9 36/25

4 3/25 12/25 16 48/25

6 8/25 48/25 36 288/25

7 9/25 63/25 49 441/25

Total 𝜇 = 135/25 813/25
Example: Construct a Probability Distribution. Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation.

𝜎 2 = Σ 𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝜇2 𝜎= Σ[𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃 𝑋 ] − 𝜇2 𝝁 = 135/25
𝜎 2 = 813/25 − 135/252
𝟐
𝟖𝟒
𝜎 2 = 813/25 − 729/25 84 𝝈 =
𝜎= = 1.83 𝟐𝟓
25
84
𝜎2 = 𝑂𝑅 3.36 𝝈 = 1.83
25
Thank
You!