1,001 PROBLEMS TO

MASTER ALGEBRA

Second Edition
 The content in this book has been
reviewed and updated by the
LearningExpress Team in 2022.

Copyright © 2015 LearningExpress.

All rights reserved under International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by LearningExpress, New York.

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress.

Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Second Edition

ISBN: 978-1-61103-027-3
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Mark McKibben is currently a tenured associate professor of mathematics and computer science at Goucher
College in Baltimore, Maryland. He earned his PhD in mathematics from Ohio University in 1999, where his
area of study was nonlinear analysis and differential equations. His dedication to undergraduate mathematics
education prompted him to write textbooks and more than 20 supplements for courses on algebra, statistics,
trigonometry, pre-calculus, and calculus. He is an active research mathematician who has published more than
25 original research articles as well as a recent book entitled Discovering Evolution Equations with Applications
Volume 1: Deterministic Equations, published by CRC Press/Chapman-Hall.

v
Blank page
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ix

SECTION 1 Pre-Algebra Fundamentals 1

SECTION 2 Linear Equations and Inequalities 17

SECTION 3 Polynomial Expressions 65

SECTION 4 Rational Expressions 77

SECTION 5 Radical Expressions and Quadratic Equations 89

SECTION 6 Elementary Functions 101

SECTION 7 Matrix Algebra 123

SECTION 8 Common Algebra Errors 143

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 153

GLOSSARY 271

vii
blank page
 INTRODUCTION

M any of the questions you ask in everyday life, such as “How many song downloads can I buy with
a certain amount of money?” or “What percentage reduction in price would lower the cost of a
particular shirt to $20?” are solved using algebra. Although you might not have realized it,
you’ve been doing algebra for quite some time!
The set of rules and techniques that has come to be known as algebra revolves around finding values of
some unknown quantity that, when used, make a given mathematical statement true. Such a value might repre­
sent the length of the side of a fence, the number of minutes a jogger needs to run in order to catch the nearest
opponent, or the original cost of an item. Mastery of the rules and techniques embodied in the problem sets in
this book will arm you with the tools necessary to attack applied problems accurately and with ease.

How to Use This Book

This book has been designed to provide you with a collection of problems to assist you in reviewing the basic
techniques of algebra. It has been written with several audiences in mind. If you have taken an algebra course
and need to refresh skills that have become a bit rusty—this book is for you. Instructors teaching an algebra
course might find this repository of problems to be a useful supplement to their own problem sets. Teachers
and tutors might use the problems in this book in help sessions. Or, if you are a student taking algebra for the
first time, this book will provide you with some extra practice. Whatever your background or reason for picking
up this book, we hope that you will find it to be a useful resource in your journey through algebra!

ix
Blank page
 1
S E C T I O N

PRE-ALGEBRA
FUNDAMENTALS

T he basic arithmetic properties of whole numbers, integers, exponential expressions, fractions, and dec­
imals are fundamental building blocks of algebra. In fact, the properties used to simplify algebraic ex­
pressions later in the text coincide with the rudimentary properties exhibited by these number
systems. As such, it is time well spent to first gain familiarity with them and to then determine how to adapt
them to a setting in which variables are involved. These properties are reviewed in the first five problem sets in
this section. Translating verbal statements into mathematical ones and learning to deal with elementary alge­
braic expressions involving variables are the focus of the remaining four problem sets in this section.

1
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

Set 1 (Answers begin on page 153) 6. Which of the following whole numbers is
divisible by both 7 and 8?
The arithmetic properties of the set of whole num­ a. 42
bers are reviewed in this set. b. 78
c. 112
1. (15 + 32)(56 – 39) = d. 128
a. 142
b. 799 7. What is the estimated product when both 162
c. 4,465 and 849 are rounded to the nearest hundred
d. 30 and then multiplied?
a. 160,000
2. What is the value of 65,715 - 4 rounded to the b. 180,000
nearest thousand? c. 16,000
a. 20,000 d. 80,000
b. 16,000
c. 16,428 8. Which of the following choices is equivalent to
d. 16,429 5
5
5?
a. 3
5
3. Estimate the value of 7,404 - 74. b. 10
5
a. 1 c. 15
b. 10 d. 125
c. 100
d. 1,000 9. Which of the following choices is equivalent
to 35?
4. 12(84 – 5) – (3 X 54) = a. 8
a. 786 b. 15
b. 796 c. 243
c. 841 d. 125
d. 54,000
10. The whole number p is greater than 0, a
5. Which of the following expressions is equal to multiple of 6, and a factor of 180. How many
60,802? possibilities are there for the value of p?
a. 600 + 80 + 2 a. 7
b. 6,000 + 800 + 2 b. 8
c. 60,000 + 80 + 2 c. 9
d. 60,000 + 800 + 2 d. 10
e. 11

2
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

11. Which of the following is the prime factoriza­ Set 2 (Answers begin on page 154)
tion of 90?
a. 9
10 The arithmetic properties of the integers are reviewed
b. 90
1 in this set.
c. 2
3
3
5
d. 2
5
9 17. –25 - �4 – 9� =
e. 3
3
10 a. –30
b. –20
12. Which of the following is the set of positive c. –5
factors of 12 that are NOT multiples of 2? d. 5
a. { } e. 13
b. {1}
c. {1,3} 18. –4
–2
–6
3=
d. {1,2,3} a. –144
e. {2,4,6,12} b. 144
c. –9
13. Which of the following operations will result in d. 9
an odd number?
a. 36 + 48 19. 5 – (–17 + 7)2
3 =
b. 20
8 a. –135
c. 37 + 47 b. 315
d. 7
12 c. –295
e. 13 + 12 d. –45
e. 75
14. Which of the following equals 24?
a. 10 20. (49 - 7) – (48 - (–4)) =
b. 15 a. 19
c. 32 b. 5
d. 16 c. –5
d. –19
15. Which of the following expressions is equal to 5?
a. (1 + 2)2 21. In the equation y = 6p – 23, if p is a positive
b. 9 – 22 whole number, which of the following is the
c. 11 – 10
5 least value of p for which y is positive?
d. 45 - 3
3 a. 1
b. 2
16. Which of the following is a prime number? c. 3
a. 6 d. 4
b. 9 e. 5
c. 11
d. 27

3
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

22. –(5 · 3) + (12 - (–4)) = 28. If g > 0 and h < 0, which of the following
a. –12 quantities is always positive?
b. –18 a. gh
c. 12 b. g + h
d. 18 c. g – h
d. |h| – |g|
23. –2 (–2)2 – 22 =
a. 4 29. If g < 0 and h < 0, which of the following
b. –4 quantities cannot be negative?
c. –12 a. h – g
d. 12 b. g + h
c. –g –h
24. (32 + 6) - (–24 - 8) = d. 2g + 3h
a. –5
b. 5 30. If g < 0 and h < 0, which of the following
c. 4 quantities is the largest?
d. –4 a. –g + h
b. g – h
25. (–2[1 –2(4 – 7)])2 = c. g + h
a. –36 d. –g –h
b. 36
c. 28 31. If g < 0 and h < 0, which of the following
d. 196 quantities is the smallest?
a. –g + h
26. 3(5 – 3)2 –3(52 – 32)= b. g – h
a. 9 c. g + h
b. –36 d. –g –h
c. 15
d. 0 32. If g < –2, which of the following quantities is
the largest?
27. –(–2 –(–11 – (–32 – 5) – 2)) = a. g
a. 3 b. –g
b. –3 c. –g2
c. 4 d. (–g)2
d. –4

4
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

17 5
Set 3 (Answers begin on page 155) 36. 20 – 6 =
1
a. 5
The arithmetic properties of the set of fractions are 12
b. 14
reviewed in this set. 1
c. 60

33.
5 1
– 4= d. none of these
9
11
a. 18 9
36 37. 5 - 20 =
4
b. 5
63
a. 100
3
c. 4 300
5
b. 45
d. 18 c. 8
2 1 1 3
d. 10
34. 15 + 5 + 6 + 10 =
7
a. 36
38. Which of the following fractions is the largest?
4 5
b. a. 8
5
1 2
c. b. 3
750
8
d. none of these c. 11
4
d. 10
35. What fraction of the following figure is shaded?
1
39. Which of the following fractions is between 4
2
and 3 ?
5
a. 8
5
b. 6
8
c. 11
7
d. 10

3
40. Irma has read 5 of the novel assigned for her
English class. The novel is 360 pages long. How
1
a. 2
many pages has she read?
b.
1 a. 216
4
2 b. 72
c. 3 c. 300
3
d. 8 d. 98

5
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

5 4
41. 8 X 7=
u ) u–2)
–5

u )
3
7 10
a.
5
'' 45. 1 + - __
5 · __
3 =
14
20 u ) –10
7
b. ''
8 3
25 a. ''
2
c. ''
32 1
9 b. ''
2
d. ''
16 1
c. –'49'
21
42. What is the reciprocal of 42 ? d.
99
''
1 49
a. ''
2
21
b. –'42' 46. In Judy’s math class, there are m men in a class
c.
1
–'2' of n students. Which expression gives the ratio
of men to women in the class?
d. 2 m
a. 'n'
3 n
43. What is the additive inverse of 1 __
8? b. ''
m
8
__ m
a. 11 c. ' '
m–n
3
__ n
b. – 8 d. ' '
n–m
11
__ m
c. 8 e. ' '
n–m
11
d. – __
8
47. Which of the following fractions is closest in
1
44. Danny addressed 14 out of 42 envelopes. value to 2 ?
2
What fraction of the envelopes still needs a. ''
3
to be addressed? 3
b. ''
10
23
a. ''
42 5
c. ''
6
13
b. ''
21 3
d. ''
5
2
c. ''
3

! " – 3! " =
2
4 5 1
d. ''
7
48. 7 '' ''
6 2
17
a. '24'
17
b. '6'
61
c. '12'
5
d. ''4

6
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

Set 4 (Answers begin on page 157) 54. –5(–1 –5–2) =

a. –45
26
The basic exponent rules in the context of signed b. ''
5
arithemetic are reviewed in this set. 244
c. ''
5
244
d. –'5'
49. –53 =

#!u ") u! )
a. –15 3 –2 2 2
55. – –'2' – ''
3 =
b. 15
c. 125
a. –'35'
d. –125 8
b. –'9'
50. (–11)2 = c. 0
188
a. 121 d. –'4'
b. –121 1 2
u–'3')
!u )
1 –3
c. –22 56. – –'2' – ' =
9–2
d. 22
1
a. –'544'
51. What is the value of the expression 5(40)? b. –1
a. 0 7
c. ''
8
b. 1 9
d. –'8'
c. 5
d. 20
u! ) · (–3 + 2
0
57. – 2 2 –3 –1
) =
''
5
52. (22)–3 = a. 0
1 b. –17
a. ''
64 71
b.
1
–'32' c. –'9'
8
d. ''
71
c. –12

u )
–2
d. 2–5 58. 4–2 1 – 2(–1)–3 =
2
(1 – 3)
53. ''
–8 = a. 32
1
a. 1 b. –''
144
b. –1 c. 12–2
1

! "
c. –'2' 1 2
d. ''
28
1
d. '2'

7
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

59. –2–2 + (–13 + (–1)3)–2 = 64. If p is a fraction strictly between 1 and 2, which
''
–22
1 of the following has the smallest value?
a. –'10'
a. p
b. 3
b. p2
c. –5
5 c. p–2
d. –'16'
d. p–1

60. Which of the following quantities has the

greatest –1
value?
Set 5 (Answers begin on page 158)
! "
1
a. –'4'

3 Arithmetic involving decimals and percentages is the

b. – ' 1
8(–'4') focus of this set.

! "
1
c. 4 –'4' + 3 65. On an exam, Bart is asked to choose two ways
to determine n% of 40. He is given these four
! "
1 0
d. – – ''
4 choices:
I. n - 100
40
61. If p is a fraction strictly between 0 and 1, which II. (n
0.01)
40
of the following has the largest value? III. (n
100) -40
a. p IV. (n - 0.01)
40
b. p2
c. p3 Which two ways are correct?
d. p–1 a. I and II
b. I and IV
62. If p is a fraction strictly between 0 and 1, which c. II and III
of the following has the smallest value? d. II and IV
a. p e. III and IV
b. p2
c. p3 66. What is the result of increasing 48 by 55%?
d. p–1 a. 26.4
b. 30.9
63. If p is a fraction strictly between –1 and 0, c. 69.6
which of the following has the largest value? d. 74.4
a. p
b. p2
c. p3
d. p–1

8
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

67. Which of the following expressions show how 71. Which of the following inequalities is true?
to determine the sale price of a $250 car stereo a. 0.52 & 0.0052
that is being offered at a 25% discount? b. 0.52 & 0.052
I. 0.25 X $250 c. 0.00052 % 0.052
II. 0.75 X $250 d. 0.052 % 0.0052
III. (1 + 0.25) X $250
IV. (1 –0.25) X $250 72. Which of the following is 400% of 30?
a. I and III a. 1.2
b. I and IV b. 12
c. II and III c. 120
d. II and IV d. 1,200
e. III and IV 5 9
73. If '16' & x & ''
20 , which of the following is a
1
__ 1
__ possible value for x?
68. If 3 < x < 2 , which of the following is NOT
1
__
true? a. 4
1
__ 3
__
a. x >1 b. 5
1 3
b.
__
x >0 c. ''
8
_4_
c. 2 >
1
__
>3 d. 7
x

d. x < 2 74. 22.5% is equivalent to which of the following

decimals?
69. Rounding 117.3285 to the nearest hundredth a. 2.25
results in which of the following decimals? b. 0.225
a. 100 c. 0.025
b. 117.3 d. 0.0225
c. 117.33
d. 117.329 2
75. Which of the following is NOT less than '5'
1
a. '3'
70. What percentage of 300 results in 400? b. 0.04
a. 200% 3
1 c. ''
8
b. 133'3' 3
c. 500% d. ''
7

d. 1,200% e. 0.0404

9
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

76. Which of the following decimals is between Set 6 (Answers begin on page 159)
–0.01 and 1.01?
a. –0.015 This set contains problems that focus on evaluating
b. –0.005 algebraic expressions at numerical values.
c. 1.5
d. 1.15 81. What is the value of the expression
–2x2 + 3x – 7 when x = –3?
77. Which of the following decimals is equivalent a. –34
5 2
to '8' – '5'? b. –27
a. –0.25 c. –16
b. 0.225 d. –10
c. 0.25 e. 2
d. 0.275
7a
82. What is the value of the expression ' '
a2 + a
78. (3.09 1012) ! 3 = when a = –2?
a. 1.03 104 a. –14
b. 3.09 104 b. –7
c. 1.03 1012 c. –'4'
7

d. 1.03 3.3312
d. '47'
e. 7
79. 0.00000321 is equivalent to which of the
following?
83. What is the value of the expression 2ax – z
a. 3.21 10–6
when a = 3, x =6, and z = –8?
b. 3.21 10–5
a. 28
c. 3.21 106
b. 44
d. 3.21
105
c. 288
8 1 d. 20
80. What percentage of '9'results in '3' ?
1
a. '3'%
84. If y = –x3 + 3x –3, what is the value of y
b. 29.6%
when x = –3?
c. 37.5%
1 a. –35
d. 40'3'%
b. –21
c. 15
d. 18
e. 33

10
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

85. What is the value of the expression bx + z ! y

!u )"
7 3 a
1 90. What is the value of the expression ''2
5a + __
10a
_
when b = –5, x =6, y = '2' and z = –8?
when a = –2?
a. 46 1
a. –'10'
b. –46
2
c. –76 b. –'25'
d. 76 c. –'52'
m2 d. 25
84. What is the value of the expression ''
3 – 4m +
10 when m = 6? 6x2 4x
__
91. What is the value of the expression '2y'2 + 3y
a. –12
when x = 2 and y =3?
b. –2 4
c. 6 a. ''
9
d. 12 4
b. ''
3
e. 22 20
c. ''
9
21
87. What is the value of the expression d. ''
9
4(x –y)(2xy)(3yx) when x = 2 and y = –2? e.
13
''
3
a. 6
b. 8
c. 12 92. What is the value of the expression
a
d. 24 ab + __ 2 2
b + a – b when a = 1 and b = –1?
e. 384 a. –4
b. –3
12 c. –2
88. What is the value of the expression 7x + 'x' – z
when x = 6 and z = –8? d. –1
a. 52 e. 0
b. 36
c. 58 93. What is the value of the expression u(xy) y) x
d. 46 if x = 2 and y = –x?
a. –4
1
89. What is the value of the expression (3xy + x) · b. ''
256
!)
x
'' when x = 2 and y = 5?
y c.
1
''
16
a. 16
d. 4
b. 12.8
e. 16
c. 32.4
d. 80

11
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

94. What is the value of the expression 99. Simplify the expression 6(e–2)–2.

#! – 3"– 4a$ when a = 3, x = 6, and y =

x 1 a. 6e –4
y ''
2
''?
2
b. 6e 4
a. 6
c. 36e–4
b. –6
d. 36e4
c. 12
d. –12
100. What is the simplified result of the operation
(–45a4 b9 c5) - (9ab3c3)?
95. What is the value of the expression z2 – 4a2 y
1 a. –5a3b6c2
when a = 3, z =–8, and y = ''2 ?
b. –5a4b3c3
a. 4
c. –5a4b36c2
b. –28
d. –5a5b12c 8
c. –82
d. 46
101. Simplify the expression (2x3)3 · (4x3)2.
a. 64x15
96. What is the value of the expression 3x2b(5a – 3b)
b. 64x54
when a = 3, b = –5, and x = 6?
c. 48x15
a. –16,200
d. 48x54
b. –1,800

! ".
c. 0 4
102. Simplify the expression (ab)3
''
d. 1,800 b
a. a7
b. a12
c. a7b6
Set 7 (Answers begin on page 160)
d. a12b8
e. a12 b11
The problems in this set focus on simplifying alge­
braic expressions using the exponent rules. !"!" .
103. Simplify the expression '
x 2 y –2
''
y
''
x
xy
(3x2)3
(3 1
97. Simplify the expression ' ' a. ''
xy
x2x4
a. 9 x3
b. ''5
y
b. 27 x3
9 c. ''3
y
c. ''
x
d. x3y3
27
d. ''
x e. x5y5

98. Simplify the expression (4w9)3.

! "! ".
2a a–1
104. Simplify the expression ''
b
''
(2b)–1
a. 4w12 a. 1
b. 4w27 b. 2
c. 12w27 c. 2a
d. 64w27 d. 4
a2
e. ''2
b

12
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

105. Simplify the expression 3x2y(2x 3y2). 111. If 3x2 is multiplied by the quantity 2x3y raised
a. 6x6y2 to the fourth power, to what would this
b. 6x5y2 expression simplify?
c. 6x5y3 a. 48x14y4
d. 6x6y3 b. 1,296x16y4
c. 6x9y4
! " ! " ! ".
2 –2 –1
106. Simplify the expression a b 1 d. 6x14y4
'' '' ''
b a a
a. a
b.
1
'' 112. Express the product of –9p3r and the quantity
a
a3 5p – 6r in simplified form.
c. ''4
b a. –4p4r – 15p3r2
a4
d. ''4
b b. –45p4r + 54p3r2
a5 c. –45p4r–6r
e. ''4
b
d. –45p3r + 54p3r2
107. Simplify the expression (3xy5)2 – 11x2 y2 (4y 4)2.
a. –82x2y10
Set 8 (Answers begin on page 160)
b. 6x2y7 – 88x 2y8
c. –167x2y10
The problems in this set focus on simplifying arith­
d. 9x2y7 – 176x 2y8
metic combinations of algebraic expressions by using
2(3x2y)2 (xy)3 exponent rules and combining like terms.
108. Simplify the expression ''
3(xy)2 .
a. 6x5y3
113. Simplify the expression 5ab4 – ab4.
b. 4x5y3 a. –5ab4
c. 4x 2 y2
7 5
'' '' b. –5a2b8
7 5
'' ''
c. 4ab4
d. 6x 2 y2 d. The expression cannot be simplified further.
(4b)2x –2
109. Simplify the expression '
(2ab2x)2 .
'
114. Simplify the expression 5c2 + 3c – 2c2 + 4 – 7c.
16
a. ''
a2b2x4 a. 3c 2 – 4c + 4
4 b. –3c 4 – 4c 2 + 4
b. '2'2
ab
c. –10c2 – 21c + 4
4
c. ' '
a2b2x4 d. The expression cannot be simplified further.
2
d. '2'2
ab
115. Simplify the expression –5(x–(–3y)) + 4(2y + x).
110. The product of 6x2 and 4xy2 is divided by 3x3y. a. x + 7y
What is the simplified expresson? b. x – 7y
a. 8y c. –x – 7y
4y d. –x + 7y
b. ''
x
c. 4y
8y
d. ''
x

13
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

(–3x–1)–2 8
116. Simplify the expression 123. Simplify the expression 'x–'
2 + '9'(x2)2.
3x2 + 4ax – 8a2 + 7x2 – 2ax +7a2. 7
''x4
a. 9
a. 21x2 – 8a2x – 56a2
b. x4
b. 10x2 + 2ax – a2 62
c. ''x4
c. 10x4 + 2a2x2 – a4 9
d. The expression cannot be simplified further. d. The expression cannot be simplified further.

! "
b –2
117. Simplify the expression 9m3n + 8mn3 + 2m3n3. 124. Simplify the expression –(–a–2bc–3)–2 + 5 '2'3 .
ac
a. 19m7n7 a4c6
a. ''2
24b
b. 19(m3n + nm3 + m3n3)
4a4c6
c. 17(mn)3 + 2m3n3 b. ''
b2
d. The expression cannot be simplified further. 6a4c6
c. ''
b2
a4c6
118. Simplify the expression –7g6 + 9h + 2h – 8g6. d. ''
4b2
a. –4g6h
b. –2g6 – 4h 125. Simplify the expression
2w(z + 1)
c. –5g6 + h 3(z + 1)2w3 – '
((z + 1)w2)–1 .
'
d. –15g6 + 11h 2 3
a. 3(z + 1) w – w 3
1
b. 3(z + 1)2w3 – 'w'
119. Simplify the expression (2x )(4y ) + 6x y .
2 2 2 2
c. (z + 1)2w3
a. 12x 2y 2
b. 14x 2y 2 d. The expression cannot be simplified further.
c. 2x 2 + 4y 2 + 6x 2y 2
d. 8x 2 + y 2 + 6x 2y 2 126. Simplify the expression
2y(4x + 1)2
u )
–2
e. 8x 4y 4 + 6x 2y 2 –2(4x + 1)5 y–5 – ' ' .
((4x + 1)y––22)–3
y10
120. Simplify the expression (5a2 · 3ab) + 2a3b. a. ''
+ 10
16(4x +1)
a. 15a2b + 2a3b
b. 8(4x + 1)–10 y10
b. 17a6 b2
c. 8(4x + 1) –3 y–7
c. 17a3b
d. none of the above
d. The expression cannot be simplified further.
3x–1
121. Simplify the expression 2x–3 – 'x' 3 –1
4 – (x ) .
127. Simplify the expression –1

# ! "$
1 2y6
a. –2x –3 4z((xy–2)–3 + (x–3y6))–1 – '' ''
z x3 .
6 3
8zy zx
b. x–3 – 3x –5 a. x3 – 2y6
'' ''
c. –x–3 – x –2 3zx3
b. ''
2y6
d. The expression cannot be simplified further.
2zx3
c. ''
3y6
122. Simplify the expression (ab2)3 + 2b2 – (4a)3b6. 8zy6 zx3
d. x3 + 2y6
'' ''
a. 2b2 – 63a3b6
b. 2b2 – 11a3b6
c. a3b5 + 2b2 – 12a3b6
d. The expression cannot be simplified further.

14
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

2 5x4
128. Simplify the expression (0.2x–2)–1 + '5'x2 – '
(2x)2 .
' 132. Which of the following expressions represents
83 nine less than three times the sum of a number
a. ''x2
20
2 and 5?
b. ''x2
9 a. 3(x + 5) – 9
–21
c. ''x2
4 b. (3x + 5) –9
d. none of the above c. 9 – 3(x + 5)
d. 9 – (3x + 5)

Set 9 (Answers begin on page 161) 133. A hotel charges $0.35 for the first minute of a
phone call and $0.15 for each additional
This problem set focuses on interpreting verbal minute of the call. Which of the following
mathematical statements as symbolic algebraic ex­ equations represents the cost y of a phone call
pressions. lasting x minutes?
a. y = 0.15(x – 1) + 0.35
129. Two less than four times the square of a number b. x = 0.15(y – 1) + 0.35
can be represented as which of the following? c. y = 0.15x + 0.35
a. 2 – 4x2 d. x = 0.15y + 0.35
b. 4x2 – 2
c. (4x)2 – 2 134. Which of the following expressions represents
d. both b and c half the difference between a number and five?
a. x – 5
130. If the volume V in a water tank is increased by 1
b. '2'(x – 5)
25%, which of the following expressions 1
represents the new volume of water? c. ''x
2 –5
1 1
a. V + '4'V d. 5 – '2'x
b. 1.25V
c. V + 0.25V 135. Which of the following expressions describes
d. All three choices are correct. the sum of three numbers multiplied by the
sum of their reciprocals?
131. Jonathon is paying a math tutor a $30 one­ 1 1 1
a. (a + b + c) + ('a')('b')('c')
time fee plus $40 per hour for time spent 1 1 1
b. a('a') + b('b') + c('c')
tutoring. Which of the following equations
1 1 1
indicates how to compute x, the total amount c. (a + b + c) ('a' + 'b' + 'c')
Jonathon will be charged for h hours? 1 1 1
d. (a)(b)(c) + ('a')('b')(''c )
a. x = $30h + $40
b. x = $30 + $40h 136. Which of the following statements represents
c. x = ($30 + $40)h the equation 3x + 15 = 32?
d. x = $30h – $40 a. 15 less than 3 times a number is 32.
e. ($30 – $40)h b. 32 times 2 is equal to 15 more than a
number.
c. 15 more than 3 times a number is 32.
d. 3 more than 15 times a number is 32.

15
 – PRE-ALGEBRA FUNDAMENTALS –

137. Suppose that a desk costs D dollars, a chair 141. If q is decreased by p percent, then the resulting
costs E dollars, and a file cabinet costs F dollars. quantity is represented by which of the
If an office needs to purchase x desks, y chairs, following expressions?
and z file cabinets, which of the following a. q – p
p'
equations can be used to calculate the total b. q – ' 100
cost T? pq
c. –''
100
a. xF + yE + zD = T pq'
d. q – '
100
b. xE + yD + zF = T pq'
c. xD + yE + zF = T e. pq – '
100

d. xF + yD + zD = T
142. Two brothers decide to divide the entire cost of
taking their father out to dinner evenly
138. The value of d is increased by 50%, and then
between the two of them. If the three meals
the resulting quantity is decreased by 50%.
cost a, b, and c dollars, and a 15% tip will be
How does the resulting quantity compare to d?
added in for the waiter, which of the following
a. It is 25% smaller than d.
expressions represents how much each brother
b. It is 25% larger than d.
will spend?
c. It is 50% smaller than d.
d. It is 50% larger than d. a. 0.15(a + b + c) ! 2
e. It is the same as d. b. 1.15(a + b +c)
'' 2

c. (a + b + c) + 0.15(a + b + c)
'''
139. There are m months in a year, w weeks in a 2

month, and d days in a week. Which of the d. both b and c

following expressions represents the number
of days in a year? 143. If the enrollment E at a shaolin kung fu school
a. mwd is increased by 75%, which of the following
b. m + w + d expressions represents the new enrollment?
mw
c. ' a. 0.75E
'
d
b. E – 0.75E
d. d + 'wd'
c. '43'E
d. E + '43'E
140. If 40% of j is equal to 50% of k, then j is
a. 10% larger than k.
144. Mary gets a 15% discount on all orders that
b. 15% larger than k.
she places at the copy store. She places four
c. 20% larger than k.
orders that cost W dollars, X dollars, Y dollars,
d. 25% larger than k.
and Z dollars before the discount is applied.
e. 80% larger than k.
Which of the following expressions represents
how much it will cost her after the discount is
deducted from the total for these four orders?
a. 0.85(W + X + Y +Z)
b. 0.15(W + X + Y +Z)
c. (W + X + Y + Z) + 0.15(W + X + Y + Z)
d. (W + X + Y + Z) – 15(W + X + Y + Z)

16
 2
S E C T I O N

LINEAR EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES

E quations and inequalities, and systems thereof, that are composed of expressions in which the unknown
quantity is a variable that is raised only to the first power throughout, are said to be linear. Elementary
arithmetic properties (e.g., the associative and distributive properties of addition and multiplication),
properties of inequalities, and the order of operations are used to solve them.
A graph of a line can be obtained using its slope and a point on the line; the same is true for linear in­
equalities, with the additional step of shading the region on the appropriate side of the line that depicts the set
of ordered pairs satisfying the inequality. Systems are handled similarly, although there are more possibilities
regarding the final graphical representation of the solution. These topics are explored in the following 13
problem sets.

17
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

Set 10 (Answers begin on page 163) 150. What value of p satisfies the equation
2.5p + 6 = 18.5?
This set is devoted to problems focused on solving a. 5
elementary linear equations. b. 10
c. 15
145. What value of z satisfies the equation d. 20
z – 7 = –9?
3x 15
a. –2 151. What value of x satisfies the equation f10
f = ff
25 ?
b. –1 a. 2
c. 2 b. 2.5
d. 16 c. 3
d. 3.5
k
146. What value of k satisfies the equation ff8 = 8?
a. f81f 152. What value of x satisfies the equation
b. V88 2.3(4 – 3.1x) = 1 – 6.13x ?
c. 8 a. 8.5
d. 16 b. f451f
e. 64 c. 8.1
d. –8.5
147. What value of k satisfies the equation
–7k – 11 =10? 153. If 11c – 7 = 8, what is the value of 33c – 21?
15
a. –3 a. ff
11
b. –1 8
b. ff
3
c. 2 c. 16
d. 21 d. 24
e. 45
148. What value of a satisfies the equation
9a + 5 = –22? 154. What value of x satisfies the equation
a. –27 x 1
2 + 6 x = 4?
ff ff
b. –9 a. f1f
24
c. –3 f1f
b. 6
d. –2
17 c. 3
e. –f9f
d. 6

149. What value of p satisfies the equation

p 155. What value of b satisfies the equation
6 + 13 = p – 2?
ff 2
__ b
__
–3b – 3 = 3 ?
a. 6 2
__
b. 12 a. – 3
1
__
c. 15 b. – 5
d. 18 2
__
c. 3
20
__
d. – 9

18
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

156. What value of c satisfies the equation Set 11 (Answers begin on page 164)
3c
4 – 9 = 3?
ff
a. 4 This problem set is focused on solving intermediate
b. 12 linear equations.
c. 16
d. 20 161. What value of v satisfies the equation
–2(3v + 5) = 14?
157. What value of a satisfies the equation a. –4
–ff32 a = –54 ? b. –2
a. –81 c. 1
b. 81 d. 3
c. –36
d. 36 162. What value of x satisfies the equation
5
ff(x – 2) + 3x = 3(x + 2) – 10?
2
158. What value of x satisfies the equation a.
1
ff
5
1.3 + 5x – 0.1 = –1.2 – 3x? 2
b. ff
5
a. 0.3 1
b. 3 c. –ff5
2
c. 3.3 d. –ff5
d. –0.3
163. Twice a number increased by 11 is equal to 32
159. What value of v satisfies the equation less than three times the number. Find the
4(4v + 3) = 6v – 28? number.
a. 3.3 a. –21
b. –3.3 21
b. ff
5
c. –0.25
c. 43
d. –4 43
d. ff
5

160. What value of k satisfies the equation

13k + 3(3 – k) = –3(4 +3k) – 2k? 164. What value of a satisfies the equation
4_a____
+4 2 – 3a
_____
a. 1 7 =– 4 ?
30
b. –1 a. –ff
37
12
c. 0 b. ff
5
d. –2 c. 4
d. 6
e. 16

19
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

165. The sum of two consecutive even integers is 171. What value of x satisfies the equation
2x + 8 5x – 6
126. What are the integers? ff = ff ?
5 6
a. 62, 64 14
a. ff
3
b. 62, 63
b. 6
c. 64, 66 76
c. ff
20
d. 2, 63 –14
d. ff
3
166. What value of x satisfies the equation
0.8(x + 20) – 4.5 = 0.7(5 + x) – 0.9x ? 172. When ten is subtracted from the opposite of a
a. 8 number, the resulting difference is 5. What is
b. –8 the number?
c. 80 a. 15
d. –80 b. –15
c. 12
167. If 4x + 5 = 15, then 10x + 5 = d. –52
a. 2.5
b. 15 173. What value of x satisfies the equation
8 8
c. 22.5 9x + ff3 = ff3 x + 9?
3
d. 25 a. ff
8
e. 30 b. 1
8
c. ff
3
168. Ten times 40% of a number is equal to four less
d. 9
than six times the number. Find the number.
a. 12
174. Convert 50˚ Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius
b. 8 9
using the formula F = ff5 C + 32.
c. 4
a. 45° Celsius
d. 2
b. 2° Celsius
7 c. 10° Celsius
169. ff8 of nine times a number is equal to ten times
d. 122° Celsius
the number minus 17. Find the number.
a. 18.6
175. Determine a number such that a 22.5%
b. 80
decrease in its value is the number 93.
c. 1.86
a. 27
d. 8
b. 114
7b – 4 c. 115
170. Solve the following equation for b: a = ff
4
a d. 120
a. ff7
4a
b. ff
7
a+1
c. ff
7
4a + 4
d. ff
7
7a – 4
e. ff
7

20
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

176. Negative four is multiplied by the quantity 180. The sum of four consecutive, odd whole
x + 8. If 6x is then added to this, the result is numbers is 48. What is the value of the smallest
2x + 32. What is the value of x? number?
a. There can be no such number x. a. 9
b. 1 b. 11
c. 0 c. 13
d. 16 d. 15
e. 17

Set 12 (Answers begin on page 166) 181. If PV =nRT, which of the following represents
an equivalent equation solved for T?
In this problem set, we consider more advanced lin­ PV
a. T = ff
nR
ear equations and word problems that can be solved
b. PVnR = T
using linear equations. PVR
c. ff = T
n
1
177. What value of x satisfies the equation d. PV ¥
T = ff nR
1
ffx
–4
2 x+8
f
3 = ff
5 ? 182. Solve the following equation for A:
a. –8 C+A
B = ff
D–A
b. 8 BD – C
a. A = ______
1+B
c. –88
D–C
d. 88 b. A = _____
1+B
B–C
c. A = ff
C+B
178. What value of x satisfies the equation B+D
d. A = ff
C+B
5x – 2[x – 3(7 – x)] = 3 – 2(x – 8) ?
a. 23
183. If 30% of r is equal to 75% of s, what is 50% of
b. –23
23 s if r = 30?
c. ff
5
–23
a. 4.5
d. ff
5 b. 6
c. 9
179. Assuming that a � c, solve the following d. 12
equation for x: ax + b = cx + d e. 15
d+b
a. ff
a+c

b.
d–b
ff 184. If fg + 2f – g = 2 –(f + g), what is the value of
c–a
b–d g in terms of f ?
c. ff
a–c a. –1
d–b
d. ff
a–c b.
1
ff
f
4
c. ff
f

d. 2 – 2f
2 – 3f
e. ff
f

21
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

185. The length of a room is three feet more than 190. Solve the following equation for x:
5x – 2
_____
twice the width of the room. The perimeter 2–x = y
of the room is 66 feet. What is the length of 2 – 2y
a. x = _5_+__y_
the room?
2 + 2y
a. 10 feet b. x = _5___
–y
_

b. 23 feet 2 + 2y
c. x = _5_+__y_
c. 24 feet 2 + 2y
d. 25 feet d. x = – _5_+__y_

186. Solve the following equation for y: 191. A grain elevator operator wants to mix two
4 – 2x 1–y batches of corn with a resultant mix of 54
ff
3 – 1 = ff 2
1 – 4x pounds per bushel. If he uses 20 bushels of
a. y= 3ff
56 pounds per bushel corn, which of the
1 + 4x
b. y = ff 3 following equations gives the amount of
4x – 1 50 pounds per bushel corn needed?
c. y = ff3
1 + 4x a. 56x + 50x = 2x ¥ 54
d. y = – ff 3 b. 20 ¥ 56 + 50x = (20 + x) ¥ 54
c. 20 ¥ 56 + 50x = 2x + 54
187. The average of five consecutive odd integers is
d. 56x + 50x = (x + 20) ¥ 54
–21. What is the least of these integers?
a. –17
192. What value of x satisfies the equation
b. –19
–5[x – (3 – 4x – 5) – 5x] – 22 = 4[2 –(x–3)]?
c. –21
a. 11.5
d. –23
b. 10.5
e. –25
c. 9.5
a d. 8.5
188. If –6b + 2a – 25 = 5 and fbf + 6 = 4, what is the

( r?
2
value of b
ff
a
a.
1
ff
4
Set 13 (Answers begin on page 168)
b. 1
c. 4 Solving basic linear inequalities is the focus of this
d. –4 problem set.

189. If three more than one-fourth of a number is 193. What is the solution set for 3x + 2 < 11?
three less than the number, what is the value of a. {x : x > 3}
the number? b. {x : x > –3}
3 c. {x : x < 3}
a. ff4
b. 4 d. {x : x < –3}
c. 6
d. 8
e. 12

22
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

194. What is the solution set for –7x ≥ –35? 200. What is the solution set for x + 5 : 3x + 9?
7
a. {x : x < 5} a. {x : x : f2f}
b. {x : x ≥ 5} b. {x : x : –2}
c. {x : x < 5} c. {x : x : –2}
d. the set of all real numbers d. {x : x : 2}

195. What is the solution set for 1 – 2x > –5? 201. What is the solution set for –6(x + 1) : 60?
a. {x : x < 3} a. {x : x : –9}
b. {x : x > 3} b. {x : x : –9}
c. {x : x < –3} c. {x : x : –11}
d. {x : x > –3} d. {x : x : –11}

196. What inequality is represented by the following 202. Which of the following statements accurately
graph? describes the inequality 2x – 4 < 7(x – 2)?
a. The sum of seven and the quantity two less
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 than a number is greater than four less than
a. x < –4 two times the number.
b. x > –4 b. The product of seven and the quantity two
c. x : –4 less than a number is greater than four less
d. x : –4 than two times the number.
c. The product of seven and the quantity two
197. What is the solution set for 4x + 4 > 24? less than a number is less than four less than
a. {x : x < 5} two times the number.
b. {x : x > 5} d. The product of seven and the quantity two
c. {x : x < 7} less than a number is greater than four less
d. {x : x > 7} than two more than the number.

–x
198. What is the solution set for –8x + 11 < 83? 203. What is the solution set for f0.3f : 20?
a. {x : x > –9} a. {x : x : –6}
b. {x : x < –9} b. {x : x : –6}
c. {x : x > 9} c. {x : x : –60}
d. {x : x < 9} d. {x : x : –60}

199. What is the solution set for 204. What is the solution set for
–4(x –1) : 2(x + 1)? –8(x + 3) : 2(–2x + 10)?
1 a. {x : x : –10}
a. {x : x : –f3f}
1 b. {x : x : –10}
b. {x : x : –f3f}
1
c. {x : x : –11}
c. {x : x : f3f} d. {x : x : –11}
1
d. {x : x : f3f}
e. {x : x : 3}

23
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

205. What is the solution set for 210. How many different values of x satisfy the
3(x – 16) – 2 < 9(x – 2) – 7x? equation 2|x| + 4 = 0?
a. {x : x < –32} a. 0
b. {x : x < 32} b. 1
c. {x : x > 32} c. 2
d. {x : x > –32} d. more than 2

206. What is the solution set for 211. How many different values of x satisfy the
–5[9 + (x – 4)] : 2(13 –x)? equation –3|x| + 2 = 5|x| – 14?
a. {x : x : 17} a. 0
b. {x : x : –17} b. 1
c. {x : x : –17} c. 2
d. {x : x : 17} d. more than 2

207. What is the solution set for the compound 212. What values of x satisfy the equation
2 1
inequality –4 < 3x – 1 : 11? |3x – ff3 | – ff9 = 0?
a. {x : –1 < x : 4} 5 7
a. ff and ff
27 27
b. {x : 1 > x : –4} 5 5
b. ff and –ff
27 27
c. {x : –4 : x < 1} 7 7
c. ff and –ff
27 27
d. The solution set is the empty set. 5 7
d. –ff
27 and – 27
ff

208. What is the solution set for the compound

inequality 10 : 3(4 – 2x) – 2 < 70? 213. What values of x satisfy the equation
a. {x : 0 : x < 10} |3x + 5| = 8?
13
b. {x : –10 < x : 0} a. ff and 1
3
c. {x : 0 < x : 10} 13
b. –ff3 and 1
d. {x : –10 : x < 0} 13
c. –ff3 and –1
13
d. ff and –1
3

Set 14 (Answers begin on page 169)

214. How many different values of x satisfy the
equation –6(4 – |2x + 3|) = –24?
This problem set focuses on solving linear equations
a. 0
and inequalities that involve the absolute value of
b. 1
certain linear expressions.
c. 2
d. more than 2
209. What values of x satisfy the equation
|–x| – 8 = 0?
215. How many different values of x satisfy the
a. 8 only
equation 1 – (1 – (2 –|1–3x|)) = 5?
b. –8 only
a. 0
c. both –8 and 8
b. 1
d. There are no solutions to this equation.
c. 2
d. more than 2

24
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

216. How many different values of x satisfy the 222. What is the solution set for
equation |2x + 1| = |4x – 5|? 2 – (1 –(2 –|1 – 2x|)) > –6?
a. 0 a. (–4,5)
b. 1 b. (–,–4) U (5,)
c. 2 c. (–5, 4)
d. 3 d. (–, –5)U (4,)

217. What is the solution set for |x| > 3? 223. What is the solution set for
a. (3,) –7|1 – 4x| + 20 : –2|1 – 4x| – 15?
b. (–3,) 3
a. (–,–ff2 ]
c. (–3,3)
b. [2,)
d. (–,–3) U (3,) 3
c. (–,–ff2 ] U [2,)
3
218. What is the solution set for |–2x| > 0? d. [–f2f,2]
a. (–,0) U (0,)
b. the set of all real numbers 224. What is the solution set for
c. (–,0) |1 – (–22 + x) – 2x |: |3x – 5|?
5
d. The solution set is the empty set. a. (ff3 ,)
5
b. (–,ff3 )
219. What is the solution set for –|–x –1| : 0?
c. The solution set is the empty set.
a. (–,1) U (1,)
d. the set of all real numbers
b. (–,–1) U (–1,)
c. The only solution is x = –1.
d. The solution set is the empty set.

220. What is the solution set for |8x + 3| : 3?

a. [0,)
3
b. (–,–ff4 ]
3
c. [0,), U (–,–ff4 ]
d. none of these choices

221. What is the solution set for |2x – 3| < 5?

a. (–,4)
b. (4,)
c. (–4,1)
d. (–1,4)

25
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

Set 15 (Answers begin on page 171) 226. What coordinates are identified by point J
shown in the following Cartesian plane?
The basics of the Cartesian coordinate system are ex­
y
plored in this problem set.

225. What are the signs of the coordinates of points J

in the shaded quadrant?

y
x

a. (–4,–3)
b. (–4,3)
c. (–3,–4)
d. (3,–4)
e. (–3,4)
a. x value is negative, y value is positive
b. x value is positive, y value is negative 227. Consider the following graph and assume that
c. x value is negative, y value is negative ABCD is a square. What are the coordinates of
d. x value is positive, y value is positive point B?
e. none of these choices y

B C
(6,4)

A D
(–1,–3)

a. (–1,–4)
b. (–1,4)
c. (–1,6)
d. (–3,1)
e. (–3,4)

26
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

228. Consider the following graph and assume that 231. For all real numbers x < –2, points whose
ABCD is a square. What are the coordinates of coordinates are given by (|–x – 2|, –|–x – 1|)
point D? must lie in which quadrant?
a. Quadrant I
y
b. Quadrant II
c. Quadrant III
d. Quadrant IV
B C
(6,4) 232. If x is a positive real number and y is any real
number, which of the following is an accurate
x
characterization of the point (x, y)?
a. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
A D
(–1,–3)
Quadrant II, or on the x-axis.
b. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
Quadrant IV, or on the x-axis.
c. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
Quadrant II, on the x-axis, or on the y-axis.
a. (6,–4) d. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
b. (–6,4) Quadrant IV, on the x-axis, or on the y-axis.
c. (–6,–4)
d. (–4,6) 233. If x is any real number and y is a nonnegative
e. (6,–3) real number, which of the following is an
accurate characterization of the point (x, y)?
229. The point (2,–5) lies in which quadrant? a. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
a. Quadrant I Quadrant II, or on the x-axis.
b. Quadrant II b. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
c. Quadrant III Quadrant IV, or on the x-axis.
d. Quadrant IV c. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
Quadrant II, on the x-axis, or on the y-axis.
230. For all nonzero real numbers x and y, points d. The point (x, y) can be in Quadrant I, in
whose coordinates are given by (x2,(–y)2) lie in Quadrant IV, on the x-axis, or on the y-axis.
which quadrant?
a. Quadrant I 234. Assume a < 0. Which of the following points
b. Quadrant II lies in Quadrant IV?
c. Quadrant III a. (–a,a)
d. Quadrant IV b. (a,–a)
c. (a,a)
d. (–a,–a)

27
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

235. Assume a < 0. Which of the following points 240. If y is a nonpositive real number, which of the
lies in Quadrant III? following is an accurate characterization of
a. (–a2,a2) points of the form (1,–y)?
b. (a,–a2) a. For some values of y, the point (1,–y) will lie
c. (a2,a2) in Quadrant IV.
d. ((–a)2,–a2) b. There is no value of y for which the point
(1,–y) is on the x axis.
236. Assume a > 0. Which of the following points c. Both a and b are true.
lies in Quadrant II? d. Neither a nor b is true.
a. (–a,a)
b. (a,–a)
c. (a,a) Set 16 (Answers begin on page 173)
d. (–a,–a)
The problems in this set deal with determining the
237. For all negative integers x and y, points whose equations of lines using information provided about
coordinates are given by (–x3, xy2) lie in which the line.
quadrant?
a. Quadrant I 241. What is the slope of the line whose equation is
b. Quadrant II 3y – x = 9?
1
c. Quadrant III a. ff3
d. Quadrant IV b. –3
c. 3
238. For all negative integers x and y, points whose d. 9

( r
2
–x 1
(–y)3 , xy lie in which
coordinates are given by ff ff
quadrant? 242. What is the slope of the line whose equation is
a. Quadrant I y = –3?
b. Quadrant II a. –3
c. Quadrant III b. 0
d. Quadrant IV c. 3
d. There is no slope.
239. If x is any real number, which of the following
is an accurate characterization of points of the 243. What is the y-intercept of the line whose
form (–x,–2)? equation is 8y = 16x – 4?
1
a. For some values of x, the point (–x,–2) will a. (0,–f2f)
lie in Quadrant III. b. (0,2)
b. The point (–x,–2) is never on the x-axis c. (0,8)
c. Both a and b are true. d. (0,16)
d. Neither a nor b is true.

28
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

244. Which of the following lines contains the point 248. What is the equation of the line that passes
(3,1)? through the points (2, 3) and (–2, 5)?
a. y = 2x + 1 a. y = x + 1
1
b. y = 2x + 2 b. y = –ff2 x + 4
2 1
c. y = ff3 x – 2 c. y = –fff2 x
2 3
d. y = ff3 x – 1 d. y = –ff2 x
3
e. none of the above e. y = –ff2 x + 2

2 3
245. A line is known to have a slope of –3 and a 249. Transform the equation y = –ff
15 x – 5 into
ff

y-intercept of (0, 2). Which of the following standard form.

equations describes this line? a. –2x + 15y = –9
a. y = 2x – 3 b. 2x + 15y = 9
b. y = –3x + 2 c. 2x + 15y = –9
c. y = –2x + 3 d. 2x – 15y = –9
d. y = 3x – 2
250. What is the slope of the line whose equation is
246. Which of the following equations was used to –3y = 12x – 3?
construct this input/output table? a. –4
x y b. –3
1 7 c. 1
2 10 d. 4
3 13 e. 12
4 16
5 19 251. Which of the following lines has a negative
slope?
a. y = 3x + 4 a. 6 = y – x
b. y = 4x – 1 b. y = 4x – 5
c. y = 5x – 2 c. –5x + y = 1
d. y = 7x d. 6y + x = 7

247. Transform the equation 3x + y = 5 into slope-

intercept form.
a. y = 3x + 5
b. y = –3x + 5
1
c. x = ff3 y + 5
1
d. x = –ff3 y + 5

29
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

252. Determine the missing value of z that 254. Which of these statements is true?
completes the following table, assuming that all a. A vertical line need not have a y-intercept.
of the points are collinear. b. A horizontal line need not have a y-intercept.
c. A line with positive slope need not cross the
x y
x-axis.
–4 15
d. A line with negative slope need not cross the
–2 11
x-axis.
2 z
5 –3
255. A line has a y-intercept of (0, –6) and an
7 –7
x-intercept of (9, 0). Which of the following
a. –11 points must also lie on this line?
b. 0 a. (–6,–10)
c. 3 b. (1, 3)
d. 8 c. (0, 9)
d. (3, –8)
253. A line is known to pass through the points e. (6, 13)
(0, –1) and (2, 3). What is the equation of
this line? 256. Determine the value of y if the points (–3, –1),
1 (0, y), and (3, –9) are assumed to be collinear.
a. y = ff x – 1
2
1 a. 1
b. y = ff x + 1
2 b. –1
c. y = 2x – 1 c. –3
d. y = 2x + 1 d. –5

30
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

Set 17 (Answers begin on page 174)

The problems in this set deal with graphing straight

lines.

257. Which of the following is the graph of y = –3?

a. c.
y y
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5
–6 –6
–7 –7
–8 –8
–9 –9
–10 –10

b. d.
y y

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5
–6 –6
–7 –7
–8 –8
–9 –9
–10 –10

31
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

258. What is the slope of the line segment shown in 260. What is the slope of the line segment in the
the following graph? following graph?

(–3,0)
(10,2)
x

(0,–5)
(–2,–6)

5 y
a. ff
3
5 a. –2
b. –ff3
3 b. 2
c. –ff5
d.
3
ff c. –ff32
5
2
d. ff
3
259. Which of the following is an accurate
characterization of the slope of the y-axis?
a. It has a slope of zero.
b. Its slope is undefined.
c. It has a positive slope.
d. It has a negative slope.

32
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

261. Which of the following is the graph of

y = 2x + 3?
a. c.
y y
10 10

8
10 8

6
8 6

4
6 4

2
4 2

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 2 4 6 8 10
–2 –2
10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
–4
2 –4

–6
4 –6

–8
6 –8

–10
8–10

b. d.
y y
10 10

8 108
10
6 86
8
4 64
6
2 42
4
x 2 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
2
–2 –2
10 8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10
10 8 6 4 2 –4 2 4 6 8 10 –4
2
2
–6 –6
4
4
–8 –68
6
–10 –10
8
8

33
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

262. Which of the following is the graph of

y = –2x + 9?
a. c.
y y
y
10 10
10
8 8
8
6 6
6
4 4
4
2 2
2
x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x
10 8 6 4 2 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –2
2
–4 –4
4
–6 –6
6
–8 –8
8
–10 –10
–10

b. d.
y y
10 10

8 8
10
6 6
8
4 4
6
2 2
4
x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
2
–2 –2

10 8 6 4 2 –4 2 4 6 8 10 –4
2
–6 –6
4
–8 –8
6
–10 –10
8

34
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

263. Which of the following is the graph of y = –ff25 x

– 5?
a. c.
y yy
y
10 10
10
10
9 9
9
89 8
8
78 7
7
67 6
6
56 5
5
45 4
4
34 3
3
23 2
2
12 1
1
1 x
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ––1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 –1
–2–1 –2
–2
–3–2 –3
–3
–4–3 –4
–4
–5–4 –5
–5
–6–5 –6
–6
–7–6 –7
–7
–8–7 –8
–8
–9–8 –9
–9
–10–9 –10
–10
–10

b. d.
y
yy y
10 10
10 10
9
99 9
8
88 8
7
77 7
6
66 6
5
55 5
4
44 4
33
33
2
22 2
1
11 1
xx
xx –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–10–9–9–8–8–7–7–6–6–5
–10 –5–4–4–3–3–2–2–1–1 1 1 22 33 44 5 5 66 77 88 9 910
10 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1–1 –1
–2 –2
–2 –2
–3
–3–3 –3
–4
–4–4 –4
–5
–5–5 –5
–6
–6–6 –6
–7
–7–7 –7
–8
–8–8 –8
–9
–9–9 –9
–10 –10
–10 –10

35
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

264. What is the equation of the line shown in the 265. What is the equation of the line in the
following graph? following graph?
y y
10 y 10
9
8 10 8
9 7
6 8 6
7 5
4 6 4
5 3
2 4 2
3 1
x 2 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –21 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1
–2 –2 x
0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 –3
–4 2 –4
3 –5
–6 4 –6
5 –7
–8 6 –8
7 –9
–10 8 –10
9
10

a. y=x+7 a. y = –ff32 x + 5
b. y=x–7 b. y = ff32 x + 5
c. y = –x – 7 c. y = –ff23 x + 5
d. y = –x + 7 d. y = ff23 x + 5

36
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

266. Which of the following is the graph of

2 1
3 y – ff
ff 2 x = 0?

a. c.
y y
10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4
(4,4)

2 2
(4,3)

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2 –2

–4 –4

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

b. d.
y y
10 10

8 8

6 6
(–6,5)
4 4

2 2

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2 –2

–4 –4 (3,–4)

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

37
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

267. Which of the following lines has a positive

slope?
a. c.
y y

x x

b. d.
y y

x x

38
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

268. Which of the following lines has an undefined

slope?
a. c.
y y

x x

b. d.
y y

x x

39
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

269. The equation 0.1x – 0.7y = 1.4 is shown in which of the following graphs?
a. y
10

x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

b. y
10

x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

40
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

c. y
10

x
–20 –16 –12 –8 –4 4 8 12 16 20

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

d. y
10

x
–20 –16 –12 –8 –4 4 8 12 16 20

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

41
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

270. Which of the following describes a possible Set 18 (Answers begin on page 175)
scenario?
a. The graph of a line with positive slope can This set focuses on more advanced properties of lin­
cross into both Quadrants II and IV. ear equations, as well as more advanced word prob­
b. The graph of a line with negative slope lems modeled using linear equations.
cannot cross into both Quadrants I and II.
c. The graph of y = c, where c π 0, can cross 273. To which of the following lines is y = ff32 x –5
into only two of the four quadrants. perpendicular?
d. The graph of a vertical line cannot cross a. y = f32fx + 5
into both Quadrants II and III. b. y = 5 – f32fx
c. y = –f32fx – 5
271. Which of the following describes a possible d. y = f23fx –5
scenario? e. y = –f23fx + 5
a. The graph of x = c, where c π 0, cannot cross
the x-axis. 274. The graphs of which of the following pairs
b. The graph of y =c, where c π 0, must have a of linear equations would be parallel to
y-intercept. each other?
c. A line with an undefined slope can cross a. y = 2x + 4, y = x + 4
into both Quadrant I and Quadrant II. b. y = 3x + 3, y = –f31f – 3
d. A line whose graph rises from left to right c. y = 4x + 1, y = –4x + 1
has a negative slope. d. y = 5x + 5, y = f51fx + 5
e. y = 6x + 6, y = 6x – 6
272. Which of the following describes a possible
scenario? 275. The line y = –2x + 8 is
a. A line whose equation is of the form y = –x + a. parallel to the line y = f21fx + 8
c can cross into three of the four quadrants. b. parallel to the line f21fy = –x + 3
b. A line with positive slope need not cross the c. perpendicular to the line 2y = –f21fx + 8
x-axis. d. perpendicular to the line f21fy = –2x – 8
c. A line with negative slope need not cross the e. perpendicular to the line y = 2x – 8
y-axis.
d. A horizontal line has an undefined slope. 276. Which of the following is the equation of the
line perpendicular to y = ff43 x – 2 and passing
through the point (–6, 4)?
a. y = f43fx +4
b. y = f43fx – 4
c. y = f34fx – 4
d. y = –f34fx – 4
e. y = –f34fx + 4

42
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

277. Which of the following is the equation of the 282. A 60-foot piece of rope is cut into three pieces.
line parallel to y = 3x + 8 and passing through The second piece must be 1 foot shorter in
the point (4,4)? length than twice the first piece, and the third
a. y = 3x + 4 piece must be 10 feet longer than three times
b. y = 3x – 8 the length of the second piece. How long
c. y = ff31 x + 8 should the longest piece be?
d. y = – ff31 x + 8 a. 37 feet
b. 40 feet
278. Which of the following is the equation of the c. 43 feet
line that has y-intercept (0,12) and is parallel d. 46 feet
to the line passing through the points (4,2)
and (–5,6)? 283. At Zides Sport Shop, a canister of Ace tennis
a. y = ff94 x + 12 balls costs $3.50 and a canister of Longline
tennis balls costs $2.75. The high school tennis
b. y = –ff94 x + 12
coach bought canisters of both brands of balls,
c. y = –ff49 x + 2
spending exactly $40.25 before the sales tax. If
d. y = ff49 x + 12 he bought one more canister of Longline balls
than he did Ace balls, how many canisters of
279. Which of the following is the equation of the each did he purchase?
13
18 x + 5 and passing
line perpendicular to y = –ff a. 7 canisters of Ace balls and 6 canisters of
through the origin? Longline balls
18
a. y = –ff
13 x b. 6 canisters of Ace balls and 7 canisters of
13
b. y = ff Longline balls
18 x
18 c. 5 canisters of Ace balls and 6 canisters of
c. y = ff
13 x
13
Longline balls
d. y = –ff
18 x d. 7 canisters of Ace balls and 8 canisters of
Longline balls
280. Which of the following lines must be
perpendicular to a line with an undefined
slope?
a. x = –2
b. y = –2
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

281. Which of the following lines must be parallel

to a line with zero slope?
a. x = –2
b. y = –2
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

43
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

284. One essential step to ensure the success of a 286. Kari invested some money at 10% interest and
microgravity bean seed germination project is $1,500 more than that amount at 11% interest.
that 10 gallons of a 70% concentrated nutrient Her total yearly interest was $795. How much
solution be administered to the bean seeds. If did she invest at each rate?
the payload specialist has some 90% nitrogen a. $2,000 at 10% interest and $3,500 at
and some 30% nitrogen, how many gallons 11% interest
(accurate to 2 decimal places) of each should b. $2,500 at 10% interest and $4,000 at
she mix in order to obtain the desired solution? 11% interest
a. 2.50 gallons of the 30% nitrogen solution c. $4,000 at 10% interest and $5,500 at
with 7.50 gallons of the 90% nitrogen 11% interest
solution d. $3,000 at 10% interest and $4,500 at
b. 7.50 gallons of the 30% nitrogen solution 11% interest
with 2.50 gallons of the 90% nitrogen
solution 287. A small piggy bank is full of just nickels and
c. 6.67 gallons of the 30% nitrogen solution dimes. If the bank contains 65 coins with a
with 3.33 gallons of the 90% nitrogen total value of 5 dollars, how many nickels and
solution how many dimes are in the bank?
d. 3.33 gallons of the 30% nitrogen solution a. 32 nickels and 33 dimes
with 6.67 gallons of the 90% nitrogen b. 30 nickels and 35 dimes
solution c. 28 nickels and 37 dimes
d. 25 nickels and 40 dimes
285. How long would it take a girl riding a bicycle
at 17 mph to overtake her instructor riding at 288. Lori is twice as old as her sister, Lisa. In 5 years,
7 mph along the same path, assuming that her Lisa will be the same age as her sister was 10
instructor had a 3-hour head start? years ago. What are their current ages?
a. 2 hours 6 minutes a. Lisa is 12 years old and Lori is 24 years old.
b. 2 hours 15 minutes b. Lisa is 15 years old and Lori is 30 years old.
c. 3 hours c. Lisa is 20 years old and Lori is 40 years old.
d. 3 hours 12 minutes d. Lisa is 23 years old and Lori is 46 years old.

44
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

Set 19 (Answers begin on page 178) 290. Which inequality is illustrated by the following
graph?
y
The problems in this set deal with graphing linear in­
10
equalities in the Cartesian plane.
8
(0,7)

289. Which inequality is illustrated by the following 6

graph? (–2,3)
4

y
2
10
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
8
–2
6
–4
4
–6
2
–8
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–10
–2

–4
a. y : 2x + 7
–6
b. y : 2x + 7
c. y > –2x + 7
–8
d. y : –2x + 7
–10

a. y < –2 291. Which inequality is illustrated by the following

b. y : –2 graph?
y
c. y > –2 10
d. y : –2
8

2
(–1,1)
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2
(0,–3)
–4

–6

–8

–10

a. y < 4x – 3
b. y < –4x – 3
c. y : –4x – 3
d. y > 4x – 3

45
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

292. Which inequality is illustrated by the following 294. Which inequality is illustrated by the following
graph? graph?
y y

10 10

8 8

6
6
4
4
2
2 (2,2)
x
–9 –6 –3 3 6 9 12 15 18
x
–2 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2
–4

–6 –4

–8 –6

–10
–8

–10
a. y>8
b. y<8
a. y–x>0
c. x<8
b. x–y>0
d. x>8
c. y–x:0
e. x:8
d. x–y:0
293. Which inequality is illustrated by the following
295. Which inequality is illustrated by the following
graph?
y graph?
y
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2
(0,– 1 )
2–2 (3,–1)
–4
–4
–6
–6
–8
–8
–10
–10

a. x+y:2
a. f31fx + 2y > –1
b. x–y:2
b. x +2y : –3
c. x – y : –2
c. x + 6y > –1
d. x + y : –2
d. f31fx + 2 < –1

46
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

296. Which inequality is illustrated by the following 298. Which inequality is illustrated by the following
graph? graph?
y y

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 (0,4) 4 (1,4)

2 2
(0,1)
x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2 (2,–2) –2

–4 –4

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

a. 2y + 6x : 8 a. y : 3x + 1
b. 2y – 6x : 8 b. y > 3x + 1
c. 2y + 6x : 8 c. y < 3x + 1
d. 2y – 6x : 8 d. y : 3x + 1

297. Which inequality is illustrated by the following 299. Which of the inequalities is illustrated by the
graph? following graph?
y y

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

(1,1)
x x
–6 –4 2 4 6 8 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–10 –8 –2 10

–2 –2
(0,–2)

–4 –4

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

a. 3x + y +2 > 0 a. 3x + y : 7x + y – 8
b. 3x – y + 2 < 0 b. 3x – y : 7x + y + 8
c. 3x – y –2 < 0 c. 3x + y : 7x + y – 8
d. 3x + y – 2 > 0 d. 3x – y : 7x + y – 8

47
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

300. For which of the following inequalities is the

point (3,–2) a solution?
a. 2y –x : 1
b. x + y > 5
c. 3y < –3x
d. 9x – 1 > y

301. Which of the following graphs illustrates the

inequality y > 4?
a. c.
y y

10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

b. d.
y y
10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

48
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

302. Which of the following graphs illustrates the

inequality x > 4?
a. c.
y y

10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

b. d.
y y
10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

49
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

303. Which of the inequalities is illustrated by the Set 20 (Answers begin on page 180)
following graph?
2 ¥ 2 systems of linear equations are solved using the
y
elimination method in this problem set.
18

15 305. Given that both of the following equations

12 must be satisfied simultaneously, use the
(0,10)

9
(7,9)
elimination method to determine the value
6 of b.
3
5a +3b = –2
x
–20 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –3 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
5a – 3b = –38
–3
a. –6
–6
b. –4
–9
c. 6
–12
d. 12
–15
e. 13
–18

y 306. Use the elimination method to determine the

a. 28y : –2x – 14(y + 10) solution of the following system of linear
b. –28y : 2x – 14(y + 10) equations:
c. 28y : 2x – 14(y + 10) –x + 3y = 11
d. –28y : 2x – 14(y – 10) x – 5y = –3

304. Which of the following describes a possible a. x = 17, y = 4

scenario? b. x =1, y = 4
a. Points of the form (x, 2x), where x > 0, are c. x = 1, y = –4
in the solution set of the linear inequality d. x = –23, y = –4
y < x.
b. The solution set of a linear inequality can 307. Given that both of the following equations
intersect all four quadrants. must be satisfied simultaneously, use the
c. The solution set of a linear inequality elimination method to determine the value
y – 2x < –1 includes points on the line of x.
y = 2x –1. 3(x +4) – 2y = 5
d. Points of the form (8, y) satisfy the linear 2y – 4x = 8
inequality x < 8.
a. –2
b. –1
c. 1
d. 13
e. 15

50
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

308. Given that both of the following equations must 311. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of x. method to determine the value of n.

2x + y =6 2(m + n) + m =9
y
2 + 4x = 12 3m –3n = 24
ff

a. –2 a. –5
b. 0 b. –3
c. 1 c. 3
d. 3 d. 5
e. 6 e. 8

309. Given that both of the following equations must 312. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of ffxy . method to determine the value of a.

4x + 6 = –3y 7(2a + 3b) = 56

–2x + 3 = y + 9 b + 2a = –4

a. –6 a. –5
b. –1 b. –4
c. 0 c. –2
d. 1 d. 4
e. 6 e. 6

310. Given that both of the following equations must 313. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of b. method to determine the value of y.

–7a + ff4b = 25 1
2 x + 6y =
ff 7
b + a = 13 –4x – 15y = 10

a. –3 a. –10
b. 4 b. –ff21
c. 12 c. 2
d. 13 d. 5
e. 16 e. 6

51
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

314. Given that both of the following equations must 317. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of a + b. method to determine the value of xy.

4a + 6b = 24 –5x + 2y = –51
6a –12b = –6 –x – y = –6

a. 2 a. –27
b. 3 b. –18
c. 4 c. –12
d. 5 d. –6
e. 6 e. –3

315. Given that both of the following equations must 318. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of a + b. method to determine the value of (y – x)2.
1
2 (a +3) – b = –6 9(x – 1) = 2 –4y
ff
3a – 2b = –5 2y + 7x = 3

a. 5 a. 1
b. 15 b. 4
c. 20 c. 16
d. 25 d. 25
e. 45 e. 36

316. Given that both of the following equations must 319. Given that both of the following equations must
be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination be satisfied simultaneously, use the elimination
method to determine the value of ffdc . method to determine the value of (p + q)2.
c–d
ff
5 –2=0 8q + 15p = 26
c – 6d = 0 –5p + 2q = 24

a. 2 a. 4
b. 6 b. 5
c. 8 c. 25
d. 12 d. 49
e. 14 e. 81

52
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

320. Use the elimination method to determine 323. Given that both of the following equations
the solution of the following system of linear must be satisfied simultaneously, use the
equations: substitution method to determine the value of
÷ff�b .
a
4x – 3y = 10
a
5x + 2y = 1 2 =
ff b+1
3(a – b) = –21
a. x = 4, y = –3
16
b. x = 1, y = –2 a. fff
9
c. x = –1, y = –ff31 b. 2
ff
3
d. x = 2, y = –ff32 3
c. ff
4
4
d. ff
3
3
Set 21 (Answers begin on page 182) e. ff
2

2 ¥ 2 systems of linear equations are solved using the 324. Given that both of the following equations
substitution method and graphical techniques in this must be satisfied simultaneously, use the
problem set. substitution method to determine the value
of b.
321. Given that both of the following equations must –7a + ff4b = 25
be satisfied simultaneously, use the substitution b + a = 13
method to solve the following system:
a. –3
x = –5y b. 4
2x + 2y = 16 c. 12
a. x = 10, y = –2 d. 13
b. x = –2, y = 10 e. 16
c. x = 20, y = –4
d. x = –5, y = 1 325. Given that both of the following equations
must be satisfied simultaneously, use the
322. Given that both of the following equations must substitution method to determine the value
be satisfied simultaneously, use the substitution of a.
method to determine the value of x. 7(2a + 3b) = 56
2x + y = 6 b + 2a = –4
y
2 +4x = 12
ff
a. –5
a. –2 b. –4
b. 0 c. –2
c. 1 d. 4
d. 3 e. 6

53
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

326. Given that both of the following equations 329. Given that both of the following equations must
must be satisfied simultaneously, use the be satisfied simultaneously, use the substitution
substitution method to determine the value method to determine the value of x – y.
of ffdc . x+y
ff
3 =8
c–d
ff
5 – 2= 0 2x – y = 9
c – 6d = 0
a. –24
a. 2 b. –2
b. 6 c. 0
c. 8 d. 1
d. 12 e. 2
e. 14
330. Which of the following linear systems contains
327. Given that both of the following equations two parallel lines?
must be satisfied simultaneously, use the a. x = 5, y = 5
substitution method to determine the value b. y = –x, y = x – 1
of xy. c. x – y = 7, 2 – y = –x
d. y = 3x + 4, 2x + 4 = y
–5x + 2y = –51
–x – y = –6
331. How many solutions are there of the system of
a. –27 equations shown in the following graph?
b. –18
y
c. –12
d. –6
e. –3

328. Given that both of the following equations must

be satisfied simultaneously, use the substitution
method to determine the value of ab. x

10b – 9a = 6
b–a=1

a. –12
b. –7
c. 1
d. 7
a. 0
e. 12
b. 1
c. 2
d. infinitely many

54
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

332. Determine the number of solutions of the 334. Determine the number of solutions of the
following system of equations: linear system that has the following graphical
depiction:
y = 3x + 2
y – 3x = –2 y

10
a. 1
b. 0
c. infinitely many
d. none of the above

333. Use the substitution method to determine the x

2x –10 10
y given that both of the following
value of ff
equations must be satisfied simultaneously:

3x – y = 2
2y – 3x = 8

f34f
–10
a.
b. f54f
a. 1
c. 5
b. 0
d. 8
c. infinitely many
e. 12
d. none of the above

55
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

335. Determine the number of solutions of the Set 22 (Answers begin on page 184)
linear system that has the following graphical
depiction: The problems in this set consist of graphing systems
y
of linear inequalities.
10
337. The graphs of the lines y = 4 and y = x � 2
form the boundaries of the shaded region. The
solution set of which of the following systems
of linear inequalities is given by the shaded
region?
x
–10 10 y

14

12

10

–10
8

6
a. 1
b. 0 4

c. infinitely many
2
d. none of the above
xx
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
336. Determine the number of solutions of the –2
following system of equations:
–4

y = 3x + 2 –6
– 3y + 9x = –6
–8
a. 1
–10
b. 0
c. infinitely many –12

d. none of the above –14

a. y : 4, y : x + 2
b. y < 4, y > x +2
c. y > 4, y < x + 2
d. y : 4, y : x + 2

56
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

338. The graphs of the lines y = 5 and x = 2 form 339. The graphs of the lines y = –x + 4 and y = x + 2
the boundaries of the shaded region. The form the boundaries of the shaded region. The
solution set of which of the following systems solution set of which of the following systems
of linear inequalities is given by the shaded of linear inequalities is given by the shaded
region? region?

y y

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2 –2

–4 –4

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

a. y : 5, x : 2 a. y < x +2, y < –x + 4

b. y £ 5, x £ 2 b. y : x +2, y : –x + 4
c. y > 5, x < 2 c. y > x +2, y < –x + 4
d. y < 5, x < 2 d. y : x +2, y < –x + 4

57
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

340. The graphs of the lines y = ff41 x and y = –4x 341. The graphs of the lines 2y – 3x = –6 and y =
form the boundaries of the shaded region. The 5 – ff25 x form the boundaries of the shaded
solution set of which of the following systems region. The solution set of which of the
of linear inequalities is given by the shaded following systems of linear inequalities is given
region? by the shaded region?

y y

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2 –2

–4 –4

–6 –6

–8 –8

–10 –10

a. y > ff41 x, y : –4x a. 2y – 3x > –6, y > 5 – ff25 x

b. y < ff41 x, y : –4x b. 2y – 3x : –6, y : 5 – ff25 x
c. y > ff41 x, y : –4x c. 2y – 3x > –6, y < 5 – ff25 x
d. y < ff41 x, y : –4x d. 2y – 3x : –6, y : 5 – ff25 x

58
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

342. Which of the following graphs depicts the

solution set for the following system of linear
inequalities?

y>2
y : 2x + 1

a. c.
y y

10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

b. d.
y y

10 10

x x
–10 10 –10 10

–10 –10

59
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

343. The graphs of the lines 5y = 8(x + 5) and 344. The graphs of the lines y = 3x and y = –5 form
12(5 – x) = 5y form the boundaries of the the boundaries of the shaded region. The
shaded region. The solution set of which of the solution set of which of the following systems of
following systems of linear inequalities is given linear inequalities is given by the shaded region?
by the shaded region?
y
y 10

14 8

12 6

10 4

8 2

6 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

4 –2

2 –4

xx –6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2 –8

–4 –10

–6
a. y < 3x, y : –5
–8
b. y < 3x, y : –5
–10
c. y : 3x, y < –5
–12 d. y > 3x, y : –5
–14

a. 5y < 8(x + 5), 12(5 – x) : 5y

b. 5y : 8(x + 5), 12(5 – x) > 5y
c. 5y < 8(x + 5), 12(5 – x) : 5y
d. 5y > 8(x + 5), 12(5 – x) : 5y

60
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

345. The graphs of the lines 9(y – 4) = 4x and –9y = 346. The graphs of the lines y – x = 6 and 11y =
2(x + 9) form the boundaries of the shaded –2(x + 11) form the boundaries of the shaded
region. The solution set of which of the region. The solution set of which of the
following systems of linear inequalities is given following systems of linear inequalities is given
by the shaded region? by the shaded region?

y y

10 10

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

x x
–16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–2
–2

–4
–4

–6
–6

–8
–8
–10
–10

a. 9(y – 4) : 4x, –9y : 2(x + 9) a. y – x : 6, 11y : –2(x + 11)

b. 9(y – 4) < 4x, –9y < 2(x + 9) b. y – x > 6, 11y > –2(x + 11)
c. 9(y – 4) : 4x, –9y : 2(x + 9) c. y – x : 6, 11y : –2(x + 11)
d. 9(y – 4) > 4x, –9y > 2(x + 9) d. y – x < 6, 11y < –2(x + 11)

61
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

347. The graphs of the lines 5x– 2(y + 10) = 0 and 348. The graphs of the lines 7(y – 5) = –5x and
2x + y = –3 form the boundaries of the shaded –3 = ff41 (2x – 3y) form the boundaries of the
region. The solution set of which of the shaded region below. The solution set of which
following systems of linear inequalities is given of the following systems of linear inequalities is
by the shaded region? given by the shaded region?
y y
10
10
9

8
6

6
3

(– 3 ,0) 4
2 x
–16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
2
–3
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–6
–2

–9
–4
(0,–10)

–12
–6

–15 –8

–18 –10

a. 5x – 2(y + 10) > 0, 2x + y > –3 a. 7(y–5) > –5x, –3 < f41f(2x – 3y)
b. 5x – 2(y + 10) < 0, 2x + y < –3 b. 7(y–5) < –5x, –3 < f41f(2x – 3y)
c. 5x – 2(y + 10) : 0, 2x + y : –3
c. 7(y–5) < –5x, –3 > f41f(2x – 3y)
d. 5x – 2(y + 10) : 0, 2x + y : –3
d. 7(y–5) : –5x, –3 : f41f(2x – 3y)

62
 – LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES –

349. For which of the following systems of linear 351. For which of the following systems of linear
inequalities is the solution set the entire inequalities does the solution set consist
Cartesian plane? precisely of the points in Quadrant III, not
a. y > x + 3, y < x – 1 including either axis?
b. 2y – 6x £ 4, y : 2 + 3x a. x : 0, y < 0
c. y : x, y ≥ x b. x > 0, y > 0
d. none of the above c. x : 0, y > 0
d. x < 0, y < 0
350. For which of the following systems of linear
inequalities is the solution set the empty set? 352. For which of the following systems of linear
a. y > x – 3, y < x – 1 inequalities does the solution set consist of the
b. y > x + 3, y < x – 1 points on a single line?
c. y : x, y : 2x a. 2y – 6x < 4, y : 2 – 3x
d. y : 3x + 4, y : 3x +6 b. 2y – 6x : 4, y : 2 + 3x
c. 2y – 6x < 4, y > 2 + 3x
d. 2y – 6x : 4, y > 2 + 3x

63
blank page
 3
S E C T I O N

POLYNOMIAL
EXPRESSIONS

A lgebraic expressions consisting of sums of constant multiples of positive integer powers of the variable
are called polynomials. Simplyfying polynomials and understanding their graphical properties rely
heavily on the use of factoring. These topics are the focus of the following seven problem sets.

65
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

Set 23 (Answers begin on page 187) 358. Compute (2 – 3x3) – [(3x3 + 1) – (1 – 2x3)].
a. 2 + 8x3
The problems in this set focus on the basic definition b. –2 + 8x3
of and addition/subtraction of polynomials. c. –2 – 8x3
d. 2 – 8x3
353. Compute (x2 – 3x + 2) + (x3 – 2x2 + 11).
a. x3 + x2 + 3x + 13 359. What is the degree of the polynomial
b. x3 – x2 + 3x + 13 –5x8 + 9x4 – 7x3 –x2 ?
c. x3 + x2 – 3x + 13 a. –5
d. x3 – x2 – 3x + 13 b. 8
c. 9
354. Compute (3x2 – 5x + 4) – (–!!32 x + 5). d. 2
13
a. 3x2 – !!
3x–1
b. 3x2 – !!37 x – 1 360. What is the degree of the polynomial
13 –!!23 x + 5x4 –2x2 + 12?
c. 3x2 – !!
3x–9 a. 5
d. 3x2 – !!37 x – 9 b. –!!23
c. 4
355. Compute (!!31 x2 – !!51 x – !!32 ) – (!32!x2 – !!
7 1
10 x + !!
2 ). d. 1
a. –!!31 x2 – !190!x – !61!
b. –!!31 x2 + !!21 x – !!67 361. What is the degree of the constant polynomial 4?
c. –!31!x2 – !10
9 1
!x + !!
a. 0
6
b. 1
d. !!31 x2 – !!
9 1
10 x + 6
!!
c. A constant polynomial does not have a degree.
d. none of the above
356. Compute (9a2b + 2ab – 5a2) – (–2ab – 3a2 + 4a2b).
a. 5a2b + 8a2
362. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
b. 13a2b + 4ab – 8a2
a. 2
c. 5a2b + 4ab – 2a2
b. 2 – 3x – x2
d. 13a2b – 4ab –8a2
c. x – 3x–2
d. 1 – [1 – x2 – (2 – x)]
357. Compute (!!61 x2 + !32!x + 1) + (2x – !!32 x2 + 4) –
(!!27 + 3x + !!21 x2).
363. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
a. –x2 – !!31 x + !!23 a. –2–2x – 3–1
b. –!!34 x2 + !!35 x + !!23 b. (2x0)–3 + 5–2x2 – 3–1x
c. –x2 +!!35 x + !!23 c. (–2x)–1 – 2
d. –x2 + !!31 x + !!23 d. All of the choices are polynomials.

66
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

364. Which of the following statements is always Set 24 (Answers begin on page 188)
true?
a. The difference of two polynomials is a The problems in this set focus on the multiplication
polynomial. of polynomials.
b. The sum of three polynomials is a polynomial.
c. A trinomial minus a binomial is a polynomial. 369. Compute (3x3)(7x2).
d. All of the above statements are true. a. 21x5
b. 21x6
365. Which of the following statements is NOT c. 10x5
true? d. 10x6
a. The quotient of two polynomials is a
polynomial. 370. 2x(5x2 + 3y) is equivalent to which of the
b. The product of a constant and a polynomial following expressions?
is a polynomial. a. 5x3 + 6xy
c. The degree of the polynomial, in simplified b. 10x2 + 6xy
form, is the highest power to which the c. 10x3 + 6xy
variable is raised in the expression. d. 10x3 + 6y
d. The degree of a constant polynomial is zero.
371. Which of the following expressions is
366. Write the expression –(–2x0)–3 + 4–2x2 – 3–1x –2 equivalent to x3 + 6x?
in simplified form. a. x(x2 + 6)
1 2 !! 1 15 b. x(x + 6)
a. 8x – 3x – 8
!! !!

b. 1 2 !! 1 15 c. x(x2 + 6x)
16 x – 3 x – 8
!! !!
d. x 2(x + 6)
c. –!!81 x2 – !!31 x – 8
d. –!!81 x2 + !!31 x – !!
15
8 372. Compute 2x2(3x + 4xy – 2xy3).
a. 6x3 +8x2y – 4x3y3
367. Compute –(2 – (1 – 2x2 –(2x2 – 1))) – b. 6x3 +8x3y – 4x3y3
(3x2 – (1– 2x2)). c. 6x3 +8x3y – 4x2y3
a. –9x2 – 1 d. 6x2 +8x2y – 4x3y3
b. 9x2 – 1
c. 9x2 + 1 373. Compute 7x5(x8 + 2x4 – 7x – 9).
d. –9x2 + 1 a. 7x 13 + 9x9 – 14x6 – 16x5
b. 7x 40 + 14x20 – 49x5 – 63
368. Compute –22(2–3 – 2–2x2) + 33(3–2 – 3–3x3). c. 7x 13 + 2x4 – 7x – 9
a. x3 + x2 + !!25 d. 7x 13 + 14x9 – 49x6 – 63x5
b. –x3 + x2 + !!25
c. –x3 – x2 + !!25
d. x3 – x2 – !!25

67
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

374. Compute 4x2z(3xz3 – 4z2 + 7x5). 379. What is the product of (2x + 6)(3x – 9)?
a. 12x3z4 – 8x2z3 + 28x7z a. 5x2 – 54
b. 12x2z3 – 16x2z2 + 28x10z b. 6x2 – 54
c. 12x3z4 – 16x2z3 + 28x7z c. 6x2 + 18x – 15
d. 12x3z4 – 4z2 + 7x5 d. 6x2 – 18x – 15
e. 6x2 + 36x – 54
375. What is the product of (x – 3)(x + 7)?
a. x2 – 21 380. Compute –3x(x + 6)(x – 9).
b. x2 – 3x –21 a. –3x3 + 6x – 54
c. x2 + 4x – 21 b. –x3 + 3x2 + 24x
d. x2 + 7x – 21 c. –3x3 – 3x2 – 54
e. x2 – 21x – 21 d. –3x2 + 6x – 72
e. –3x3 + 9x2 + 162x
376. What is the product of (x – 6)(x – 6)?
a. x2 + 36 381. Compute (x – 4)(3x2 + 7x –2).
b. x2 – 36 a. 3x3 + 5x2 – 30x – 8
c. x2 – 12x – 36 b. 3x3 + 5x2 – 30x + 8
d. x2 – 12x + 36 c. 3x3 – 5x2 – 30x + 8
e. x2 – 36x + 36 d. 3x3 – 5x2 – 30x – 8

377. What is the product of (x –1)(x + 1)? 382. Compute (x – 6)(x – 3)(x – 1).
a. x2 –1 a. x3 – 18
b. x2 +1 b. x3 – 9x – 18
c. x2 – x – 1 c. x3 – 8x2 + 27x – 18
d. x2 – x +1 d. x3 – 10x2 – 9x – 18
e. x2 – 2x –1 e. x3 – 10x2 + 27x – 18

378. What is the value of (x + c)2? 383. Which of the following equations is equivalent
a. x2 + c2 to (5x + 1)(2y +2) = 10xy + 12?
b. x2 + cx + c2 a. 10x + 2y + 2 = 10
c. x2 + c2x2 + c2 b. 10x + y = 10
d. x2 + cx2 + c2x + c2 c. 5x + y = 5
e. x2 + 2cx + c2 d. 5x – y = 5

384. Compute (2x3 – 2x2 + 1)(6x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 9).

a. 12x6 + 2x5 – 24x4 – 2x3 + 25x2 – 5x – 9
b. 12x6 – 2x5 – 24x4 + 2x3 + 25x2 – 5x – 9
c. 12x6 – 2x5 – 24x4 – 2x3 – 25x2 + 5x – 9
d. 12x6 + 2x5 – 24x4 + 2x3 – 25x2 + 5x – 9

68
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

Set 25 (Answers begin on page 189) 391. Factor out the GCF: 125x3 – 405x2
a. –5x 2(25x – 81)
The method of factoring out the greatest common b. 5x(25x2 – 81)
factor (GCF) from a polynomial is the focus of this c. 5x 2 (25x – 81)
problem set. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

385. Factor out the GCF: 15x – 10 392. Factor out the GCF: 73x3 – 72x2 + 7x – 49
a. –5(3x – 2) a. –7(49x3 + 7x2 + x – 7)
b. 5(3x – 2) b. 7(14x3 – 7x2 – x + 7)
c. –5(3x + 2) c. 7(49x3 – 7x2 + x – 7)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

386. Factor out the GCF: 9x5 + 24x2 – 6x 393. Factor out the GCF: 5x(2x + 3) – 7(2x + 3)
a. 3(3x 5 + 8x2 – 2x) a. (2x + 3)(7 – 5x)
b. 3x(3x 4 + 8x – 2) b. (2x + 3)(5x – 7)
c. x(9x 4 + 24x – 6) c. (2x + 3)(5x + 7)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

387. Factor out the GCF: 36x4 – 90x3 – 18x 394. Factor out the GCF: 5x(6x – 5) + 7(5 – 6x)
a. 9x(4x3 – 10x2 – 2) a. (5x – 7)(5 – 6x)
b. 18(2x4 – 5x3 – x) b. (5x + 7)(6x– 5)
c. 18x(2x3 – 5x2 – 1) c. (5x – 7)(6x– 5)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

388. Factor out the GCF: x3 – x 395. Factor out the GCF:
a. x(x2 –1) 6(4x + 1) – 3y(1 + 4x) + 7z (4x + 1)
b. –x(x2 + 1) a. (6 – 3y + 7z)(4x + 1)
c. –x(x2 – 1) b. (6 – 3y – 7z)(4x + 1)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (–6 + 3y – 7z)(1 + 4x )
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
389. Factor out the GCF: 5x2 + 49
a. 5(x2 + 49) 396. Factor out the GCF: 5x(!!32 x + 7) – (!!32 x + 7)
b. 5(x2 + 44) a. 5x(!!32 x + 7)
c. 5x(x + 49) b. (5x – 1)(!!32 x + 7)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
c. (5x + 1)(!!32 x + 7)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
390. Factor out the GCF: 36 – 81x2
a. 9(4 – 9x2)
b. 9(4 – x2)
c. 9(x2 – 4)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

69
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

397. Factor out the GCF: 3x(x + 5)2 – 8y(x + 5)3 + Set 26 (Answers begin on page 190)
7z(x + 5)2
a. (x + 5)(3x – 8yx – 40y + 7z) The problems in this set focus on factoring polyno­
b. (x + 5)2(–3x + 8yx + 40y – 7z) mials that can be viewed as the difference of squares
c. (x + 5)2(3x – 8yx – 40y + 7z) or as perfect trinomials squared.
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
401. Factor completely: x2 – 36
398. Factor out the GCF: 8x y (x – 9) – 16x y
4 2 2 3 5
a. (x – 6)2
(x – 9)3 + 12 x5y3(9 – x) b. (x – 6)(x + 6)
a. 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x2 – 18x – 4y3x2 + 72xy3 – c. (x + 6)2
324y3 – 3x2y] d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
b. 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x2 – 18x + 4y3x2 – 72y3x
+324y3 – 3x2y] 402. Factor completely: 144 – y2
c. 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x2 + 18x – 4y3x2 + 72y3x – a. (12 – y)(12 + y)
324y3 + 3x2y] b. (11 – y)(11 + y)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (y – 12)(y + 12)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
399. Factor out the GCF: 8x4y2z(2w – 1)3 –
16x2y4z3(2w – 1)3 + 12x4y4z(2w – 1)4 403. Factor completely: 4x2 + 1
a. 4xyz(2w – 1)2[2x3 –4y3z3 + 6x3y3w – 3x3y3] a. (2x + 1)2
b. 4x2y2z(2w – 1)2[2x2 –4y2z2 + 6x2y2w – 3x2y2] b. (2x + 1)(2x – 1)
c. 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3[2x2 –4y2z2 + 6x2y2w – 3x2y2] c. (2x – 1)2
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

400. Factor out the GCF: –22a3bc2(d –2)3(1 – e)2 + 404. Factor completely: 9x2 – 25
55a2b2c2(d – 2)2(1 – e) – 44a2bc4(d – 2)(1 – e) a. (3x – 5)
a. 11a2bc2(d –2)(1– e)[2a(d – 2)2(1 – e) + b. (3x –5) (3x + 5)
5b(d – 2) + 4c2] c. (5x – 3)(5x + 3)
b. 11a2bc2(d –2)(1– e)[–2a(d – 2)2(1 – e) + d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
5b(d – 2) – 4c2]
c. 11a2bc2(d –2)(1– e)[–2a(d – 2)2(1 – e) + 405. Factor completely: 121x4 – 49z2
5b(d – 2) + 4c2] a. (11x2 – 7z)(11x2 + 7z)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. b. (12x2 – 7z)(12x2 + 7z)
c. (7z – 11x2 )(7z + 11x2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

406. Factor completely: 6x2 – 24

a. (6x – 2)(x + 2)
b. 6(x –2)2
c. 6(x – 2)(x + 2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

70
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

407. Factor completely: 32x5 – 162x 413. Factor completely: 75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2
a. 2x(4x2 + 9) a. 3x 2(5x + 1)(5x – 1)
b. 2x(2x – 3)2(2x +3)2 b. 3x 2(5x – 1)2
c. 2x(2x – 3)(2x + 3)(4x2 + 9) c. 3x 2(5x + 1)2
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

408. Factor completely: 28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x) 414. Factor completely: 9x2(3 + 10x) –24x(10x + 3)
a. 7x(x – 2)(x + 2)(5 – x) + 16(3 + 10x)
b. 7x(2 – x)(2 + x)(5 – x) a. (3 + 10x)(3x – 4)2
c. 7x(5 – x)(x2 + 4) b. (3 + 10x)(3x – 4)(3x + 4)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (3 + 10x)(3x + 4)2
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
409. Factor completely: x2(3x – 5) + 9(5 – 3x)
a. (x – 3)(x + 3)(3x – 5) 415. Factor completely: 1 – 6x2 + 9x4
b. (x2 + 9)(3x – 5) a. (1 + 3x2)2
c. (x2 + 9)(5 – 3x) b. (1 – 3x2)2
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (1 – 3x2)(1 + 3x2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
410. Factor completely: x(x2 + 7x) – 9x3(x2 + 7x)
a. x2(1 – 3x)(1 + 3x)(x + 7) 416. Factor completely: 8x7 – 24x4 + 18x
b. x2(x + 7)(1 + 9x2) a. 2x(2x3 + 3)2
c. x2(3x –1)(3x + 1)(x + 7) b. 2x(2x3 – 3)2
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. 2x(2x3 – 3)(2x3 + 3)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
411. Factor completely: 1 + 2x + x2
a. (x – 1)2
b. (x + 1)2 Set 27 (Answers begin on page 190)
c. (x + 1)(x +2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. Factoring polynomials using the trinomial method is
the focus of this problem set.
412. Factor completely: 4x2 – 12x + 9
a. (2x – 3)(2x + 3) 417. Factor completely: x2 + 2x – 8
b. (2x + 3)2 a. (x + 4)(x – 2)
c. (2x – 3)2 b. (x – 4)(x + 2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (x + 1)(x – 8)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

418. Factor completely: x2 – 9x + 20

a. (x – 4)(x – 5)
b. (x + 2)(x – 10)
c. –(x + 4)(x + 5)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

71
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

419. Factor completely: 6x2 + 11x – 2 426. Factor completely: x2(x + 1) – 5x(x + 1) +
a. (2x + 2)(3x – 1) 6(x + 1)
b. (3x + 2)(2x – 1) a. (x + 1)(x + 3)(x – 2)
c. (x + 2)(6x – 1) b. ( x + 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. c. (x – 1)(x – 3)(x + 2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
420. Factor completely: 12x2 – 37x – 10
a. (4x – 10)(3x + 1) 427. Factor completely:
b. (3x – 10)(4x + 1) 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) + (4 – x2)
c. (3x – 2)(4x + 5) a. (x – 2)(x + 2)(2x + 1)(x – 1)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. b. (x – 2)(x + 2)(2x – 1)(x + 1)
c. (x – 2)(x + 2)(2x – 1)(x – 1)
421. Factor completely: 7x2 – 12x + 5 d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
a. (7x –1)(x – 5)
b. (7x +1)(x + 5) 428. Factor completely: 27(x – 3) + 6x (x – 3) – x2(x – 3)
c. (7x –5)(x – 1) a. –(x – 3)(x + 3)(x + 9)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. b. –(x – 3)(x + 3)(x –9)
c. (x – 3)(x + 3)(x –9)
422. Factor completely: 9 – 7x – 2x2 d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
a. (9 + 2x)(1 – x)
b. (3 + 2x)(3 – x) 429. Factor completely:
c. (3 + x)(3 – 2x) (x2 + 4x + 3)x2 + (x2 + 4x + 3)3x + 2(x2 + 4x + 3)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. a. (x + 1)2(x – 2)(x – 3)
b. (x – 1)2(x + 2)(x + 3)
423. Factor completely: 2x3 + 6x2 + 4x c. (x + 1)2(x + 2)(x + 3)
a. 2(x + 2)(x2 + 1) d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
b. 2(x2 + 2)(x + 1)
c. 2x(x + 2)(x + 1) 430. Factor completely: 18(x2 + 6x + 8) – 2x2(x2 +6x + 8)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. a. 2(x + 2)(x + 4)(3 – x)(3 + x)
b. 2(x + 2)(x – 4)(x – 3)(x + 3)
424. Factor completely: –4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3 c. 2(x – 2)(x + 4)(3 – x)(3 + x)
a. 4x3(5 – x)(1 – x) d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
b. 4x3(x – 5)(x – 1)
c. –4x3(x –5)(x – 1) 431. Factor completely:
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further. 2x2(16 + x4) + 3x(16 + x4) + (16 + x4)
a. (16 + x4)(2x + 1)(x + 1)
425. Factor completely: –27x4 + 27x3 – 6x2 b. (4 + x2)(4 – x2)(2x + 1)(x + 1)
a. –3x2(3x + 1)(3x + 2) c. (4 + x2)(2 – x2)(2 + x )(2x + 1)(x + 1)
b. –3x2(3x – 1)(3x – 2) d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
c. 3x2(3x – 1)(3x – 2)
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.

72
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

432. Factor completely: 437. Which of the following is a complete list of

6x2(1 –x4) + 13x(1 – x4) + 6(1 – x4) zeros for the polynomial 5x(2x + 3) – 7(2x + 3)?
a. (1 – x)2(1 + x)2(2x + 3)(3x + 2) a. !!32 and –!!75
b. (1 – x)2(1 + x)2(2x + 3)(3x + 2) b. 2 7
3 and !!
!! 5
c. (1 – x)(1 + x)(1 + x2)(2x + 3)(3x + 2)
c. –!!32 and !!57
d. This polynomial cannot be factored further.
d. –!!23 and !!57

438. Which of the following is a complete list of

Set 28 (Answers begin on page 191)
zeros for the polynomial 5x(!!32 x + 7) – (!!32 x + 7)?
21
This problem set focuses on finding roots of poly­ a. 0 and –!!
2
1 21
nomials using factoring techniques and the Zero Fac- b. !5! and !!
2
tor Property. c. 1
–!!5 and –!!21
2
1 21
d. !!
5 and – !!
2
433. Which of the following is a complete list of
zeros for the polynomial x2 – 36?
439. Which of the following is a complete list of
a. 6
zeros for the polynomial 28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x)?
b. –6
a. 0, –2, 2, and 5
c. –6 and 6
b. –2, 2, and 5
d. 4 and 9
c. 0, –2, 2, and –5
d. –2, 2, and –5
434. Which of the following is a complete list of
zeroes for the polynomial 9x2 – 25?
440. Which of the following is a complete list of
a. –!!35 and !!35
zeros for the polynomial 75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2?
b. –3 and 3
a. !1! and –!!1
c. –!!53 and !!53 5 5

d. –3 and 5 b. 0 and !!51

c. 0 and –!!51
435. Which of the following is a complete list of d. 0, !!51 and –!!51
zeros for the polynomial 5x2 + 49?
a. 0 441. Which of the following is a complete list of
b. –1 and 0 zeros for the polynomial x2 – 9x + 20?
c. –2 and 0 a. 4 and 5
d. There are no zeros for this polynomial. b. –4 and 5
c. 4 and –5
436. Which of the following is a complete list of d. –4 and –5
zeros for the polynomial 6x2 – 24?
a. –2 and 4
b. –2 and 2
c. 2 and –4
d. There are no zeros for this polynomial.

73
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

442. Which of the following is a complete list of 447. Which of the following is a complete list of
zeros for the polynomial 12x2 – 37x – 10? zeros for the polynomial 2x2(16 + x4) +
a. 3 3x(16 + x4) + (16 + x4)?
10 and –4
!!

b. 3 1
!! and –!! a. –1, –!!21 , 2, and –2
10 4
c. 10 1 b. –1 and !!21
3 and – 4
!! !!

d. –!!3 c. 1 and –!!21

10 and –4
d. –1 and –!!21
443. Which of the following is a complete list of
zeros for the polynomial 9 – 7x – 2x2? 448. Which of the following is a complete list of
a. –!!92 and –1 zeros for the polynomial 18(x2 + 6x + 8) –
2x2(x2 + 6x + 8)?
b. –!!92 and 1
a. 2, 3, and 4
c. –!!29 and –1
b. –4, –2, –3, and 3
d. –!!29 and 1 c. –2, –3, and 4
d. –2, 3, and 4
444. Which of the following is a complete list of
zeros for the polynomial 2x3 + 6x2 + 4x?
a. 0, 1, and 2 Set 29 (Answers begin on page 193)
b. –2, –1, and 0
c. –1 and 2 This problem set focuses on solving polynomial in­
d. 1 and 2 equalities.

445. Which of the following is a complete list of 449. Which of the following is the solution set for
zeros for the polynomial –4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3? x2 – 36 " 0?
a. 0, 2, and 4 a. (6,•)
b. 0, –2 and 4 b. (–•,–6)»(6,•)
c. 0, 1, and 5 c. (–•,–6]»[6,•)
d. 1, 2, and 5 d. the set of all real numbers

446. Which of the following is a complete list of 450. Which of the following is the solution set for
zeros for the polynomial 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) + 9x2 – 25 # 0?
(4 – x2)? a. (–!!35 ,!!35 )
a. 1, 2, –2 and –!!21
b. [–!!35 ,!!35 ]
b. –2, –1, and 2
c. (–•,–!!35 )»(!!35 ,•)
c. –2 and 2
d. the empty set
d. –2, 1, and 2

74
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

451. Which of the following is the solution set for 456. Which of the following is the solution set for
5x2 + 49 $ 0? 75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2 # 0?
49
a. (–•,–!! 5) a. (–•,0)
b. (–•,0)
b. [–!51!,0]
c. the empty set
c. {–!51!,0}
d. the set of all real numbers
d. the empty set
452. Which of the following is the solution set for
6x2 – 24 % 0? 457. Which of the following is the solution set for
a. (–•,–2]»[2,•) x2 –9x + 20 $ 0?
b. (–•,–2)»(2,•) a. (–•,4)»(5,•)
c. (2,•) b. (–•,4]»[5,•)
d. [–2,2] c. (–•,5]
d. (4,5)
453. Which of the following is the solution set for
5x(2x + 3) – 7 (2x + 3) " 0? 458. Which of the following is the solution set for
12x2 – 37x – 10 $ 0?
a. (–•,–!!23 )»(!!57 ,•)
10
a. (–•,–!!41 ]»[!!
3 ,•)
b. (–•,–!!23 ]»[!!75,•)
10
b. (–•,–!!41 )»(!!
3 ,•)
c. (–!23!,!57!)
c. [–!41!,!10
3]
!
d. [–!23!,!57!]
d. (–!41!,!10
3)
!

454. Which of the following is the solution set for

5x(!32!x + 7) – (!32!x + 7) # 0? 459. Which of the following is the solution set for
9 – 7x –2x2 " 0?
a. (–!221!,!51!)
a. [–!29!,1]
b. [!!51 ,•)
21 !1! b. (–•,–!!29 )»(1,•)
c. [–!!
2 ,5]
c. the set of all real numbers except – !29! and 1
d. (–•,–!221!)»(!51!,•)
d. (–!29!,1)
455. Which of the following is the solution set for
28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x) % 0? 460. Which of the following is the solution set for
a. (–•,–2]»[0,2]»[5,•) 2x3 + 6x2 +4x % 0?
b. [–2,0]»[2,5] a. [–2,0]
c. (–•,–2]»[–2,0]»[5,•) b. [–2,–1]»[0,•)
d. the set of all real numbers c. (–•,–2]»[–1,•)
d. (–•,–1]»[0,•)

75
 – POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS –

461. Which of the following is the solution set for 463. Which of the following is the solution set for
–4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3 % 0? 2x2(16 + x4) + 3x(16 + x4) + (16 + x4) # 0?
a. (–•,0]»[1,5] a. (–•,–1]»[–!!21 ,•)
b. (–•,1]
b. (–•,–1)»(–!!21 ,•)
c. [0,1]»[5,•)
c. [–1,–!21!]
d. the set of all real numbers
d. (–1,–!21!)
462. Which of the following is the solution set for
2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 –4) + (4 – x2) $ 0? 464. Which of the following is the solution set for
18(x2 + 6x + 8) – 2x2(x2 + 6x + 8) " 0?
a. (–2,–!21!)»(1,2)
a. (–•,–4)»(–2,•)
b. (–!21!,1)»(1,2)
b. (–4,–3)»(–2,3)
c. (–•,–!!21 )»(2,•) c. [–4,–3]»[–2,3]
d. (–•,–2)»(1,2) d. the set of all real numbers except –4, –3, –2,
and 3

76
 4
S E C T I O N

RATIONAL
EXPRESSIONS

Q uotients of polynomials are called rational expressions. The arithmetic of rational expressions
closely resembles that of fractions. Simplifying and understanding the graphical properties of
both polynomials and rational expressions relies heavily on the use of factoring. This is the focus
of the following six problem sets.

77
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

2x2 + 4x
Set 30 (Answers begin on page 197) 470. Simplify: 22
4x3 – 16x2 – 48x
x+2
a. 22
x–6
This problem set focuses on basic properties and sim- b. 22
x
(x + 2)(x + 6)
plification of rational expressions. 1
c. 22
2x – 12
x+2
465. Simplify:
2
2z – z – 15
22
d. 22
4x(x – 6)
z2 + 2z – 15 2x(x + 2)
a. 2z – 5
22
e. 22x–6
z–5
2z + 5
b. 22
z–5 471. Which of the following makes the fraction
2z –5
c. 22
z+5 x2 + 11x + 30
22
4x3 + 44x2 + 120x
undefined?
2z + 5
d. 22
z+5
a. –6
25(–x)4 b. –4
466. Simplify: 2
x(5x2)2 c. –3
a. –221x d. –2
5
b. 222
2x e. –1
5
c. –222
2x
2x
d. 1
22 472. The domain of the expression 2
x3 – 4x
is
x
a. (–•,–2)»(2,•)
z – 16z
467. Simplify: 22
3
b. (–•,2)»(2,•)
8z – 32
z(z + 4) c. (–•,–2)»(–2,0)»(0,2)»(2,•)
a. 22 8
z(z – 4)
d. (–•,–2)»(–2,2)»(2,•)
b. 22 8
–z(z + 4) x2 – 16
c. 282 473. Simplify: 22
x3 + x2 – 20x
–z(z – 4) 4
d. 22 8 a. 22
x+5
x+4
y – 64 2 b. 22
x
468. Simplify: 22
8 –y x + 4
c. 22
x+5
a. –y + 8
x+4
b. –(y + 8) d. 2
x2 + 5x
c. –(y – 8) e. – 2 16
x3 – 20x
d. y + 8
x
x2 + 8x
474. Which of the following could be equal to 22
4x ?
469. Simplify: 2
1
x3 – 64x a. – 2241
a. 22
x–8 0
x
b. 22
4
b. 22
x–8
x+8
c. 0.20
c. 22
x–8 4
d. 22
12
d. x – 8
5
e. x + 8 e. 22
20

78
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

(2x – 5)(x +4)( – (2x – 5)(x + 1)

475. Which of the following values makes the 480. 2222 9(2x – 5) =
x – 16
expression 2
x2 – 16
undefined? 1
a. 2
3(2x – 5)
a. –16 1
b. –4 b. 2
9(2x – 5)
1
c. –1 c. 22
3
d. 1 d. 1
22
9
e. 16

476. Which of the following lists of values makes Set 31 (Answers begin on page 198)
x2 + 7x + 12
the expression 22
x3 + 3x2 – 4x
undefined?
a. –4, 1 This problem set focuses on adding and subtracting
b. –4, 0, 1 rational expressions.
c. –4, –1, 0
4x – 45 2x – 9 22
3x + 1
d. –1, 0, 4 481. Compute and simplify: 22
x–9 + x–9 – x–9
22
e. 0, 1, 4 a. 3x – 55
22
x–9
3x – 53
5x2(x – 1) – 3x(x – 1) –2(x – 1) b. 22
x–9
477. Simplify: 2222
10x2(x – 1) + 9x(x – 1) + 2(x – 1) 3x – 55
x+1 c. 22
3x – 27
a. 22
2x + 1 3x – 53
x–1 d. 22
3x – 27
b. 22
2x + 1
x–1
c. 22
2x – 1 482. Compute and simplify: 5a
23 + 2a
23
ab ab
x+1
d. 22
2x – 1 a. 7
23
b

6x3 – 12x b. 7b3

478. Simplify: 2
24x2 7
x2 + 2 c. 23
ab
a. 22
4x
7a
b. x2
22 –2 d. 2
b3
4x
x2 – 2
c. –22 4x 3 – 2x 2–x
x2
+2
483. Compute and simplify: 22
(x + 2)(x – 1)
– 22
(x –1 )(x +2)
d. –22 4x –1
a. 22
(x – 1)(x + 2)
4ab2 – b2 1
479. Simplify: 22
8a2 + 2a – 1
b. 22
(x – 1)(x +2)
b2 c. –221
a. 22
2a + 1 x–2
b2 1
b. –22
2a + 1
d. –22
x +2
b2
c. 22
2a – 1
b2
d. –22
2a – 1

79
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

4 2
484. Compute and simplify: 22
sr3 + 22
rs2 489. Compute and simplify:
r2) 3y + 2 7y – 3 5
a. 4(s +2
2 22 – 22 + 2
s2r3 (y – 1) (y – 1)(y +1) y+1
2s + r2 y+4
b. 22
s2r3 a. – 22
(y – 1)(y +1)
4s + r2
c. 2s2 2
r3 y+4
b. – 22
(y – 1)(y + 1)2
2(2s + r2)
d. 2 s2r23
y+4
c. 22
(y – 1)
2 5 – 2x
485. Compute and simplify: 2
x(x – 2)
– 22
(x – 2)(x – 1) d. 22
y+4
(y – 1)(y +1)
2x2 – 3x + 2
a. 22

! "
x(x – 1)(x – 2) –1
6z + 12 2z – 6
2
2x + 3x – 2
490. Compute and simplify: 22
4z + 3 + 22
4z + 3
b. 22
x(x – 1)(x – 2) a. 2221
2x2 – 3x – 2 b. 2
c. 22
x(x – 1)(x – 2)
c. –2
2x2 + 3x + 2
d. 22
x(x – 1)(x – 2) d. –2221

42 22 2
486. Compute and simplify: 2
t(t + 2) – t
4
491. Compute and simplify: 22 x +25
x–3 + 3–x
2
–2t
a. 22
t+2
x+1
a. –22
x–3
–2
b. 22
t+2
x+1
b. –22
x+3
2
c. 22
t+2 c. x+1
22
x–3
2t
d. 22
t+2 d. x
22–1
x–3

1 2x
487. Compute and simplify: 2 22 3
x(x + 1) – (x + 1)(x + 2) + 22 492. Compute and simplify: x 3
– 22
x 22
x2 – 10x + 24 x–6 + 1
x2 + 10x – 8 a. x–6
a. 22
x(x +1)(x +2)
22
x+4
x+6
x2 + 10x + 8 b. 22
x+4
b. 22
x(x +1)(x +2) x–6
c. 22
x–4
x2 – 10x + 8
c. 22
x(x +1)(x +2) x+6
d. 22
x–4
x2 – 10x – 8
d. 22
x(x +1)(x +2)
–x2 + 5x x+1
493. Compute and simplify: 2
(x – 5)2
+ 22
x+5
2
488. Compute and simplify: 2
x 1 2x x(x – 9)
2x + 1 – 2
2x – 1 + 2
4x2 – 1
a. –22
(x – 5)(x +5)
x(x + 9)
a.
(4x – 1)(x – 1)
22 b. 22
(x – 5)(x +5)
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
x(x + 9)
(4x + 1)(x – 1) c. –22
(x – 5)(x +5)
b. 22
(2x – 1)(2x + 1) 5 – 9x
d. 22
(x – 5)(x +5)
(4x + 1)(x + 1)
c. 22
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
(4x – 1)(x + 1)
d. 22
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)

80
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

2x2 1 1 9x – 2 22 10 – 5x
494. Compute and simplify: 2
x4 – 1 – 2
x2 – 1 + 2
x2 + 1 499. Compute and simplify: 22
8 – 4 x � 2 – 9x
2
2 5(2 – x)
a. – 2 a. –22
(9x – 2)
x2 + 1
5
2 b. 22
b. 2
x2 + 1
–4
2
9(2 – x)
2 c. –22
20(9x – 2)2
c. – 22
(x – 1)(x + 1) 9(2 – x)2
d. 22
20(9x – 2)2
2
d. 22
(x – 1)(x + 1)
2 2
12x y 22–24xy
x–1 3x – 4
500. Compute and simplify: 22
–18xy � 56y3
495. Compute and simplify: 2
x–2 – 2
x2 – 2x 2x2
a. 22
7y
x–2
a. –22
x 2x
b. 22
7y
x+2
b. 22x 2x2
c. 22
7y2
x – 2
c. 22
x 2x
d. 22
7y2
x +22
d. –2 x
x2 – x – 12
501. Compute and simplify: 2 2
3x2 – x – 2 ÷ (3x – 10x – 8)
x –2
1 3x – 3
496. Compute and simplify: 1 + 2 x – 2
x2 + 3x x+3
2x + 1 a. 22
(3x + 2)2(x – 1)
a. 22
x +3 (x – 4)2(x + 3)
2(x + 1) b. 22
b. –22 x +3
(x – 1)
x+3
c. 2(x + 1)
22 c. 222
(3x + 2)(x – 1)
x +3
2x +1 (x + 3)2
d. –22x +3 d. 22
(3x + 2)2(x – 1)

x –3 2
x – 3x
502. Compute and simplify: 2
2x3
÷ 224x
Set 32 (Answers begin on page 199) (x – 3)2
a. – 2
8x3
(x – 3)2
This problem set focuses on multiplying and dividing b. 2
8x3
rational expressions. 2
c. 23
x
4x3y2 y3z4 (x – 3)
497. Compute and simplify: 2
z3 � 2
2x5
d. 2 x3
2y 6z2
a. 2
x2 x – 64 2
6x + 48x 2
503. Compute and simplify: 2 9 ÷ 22
x2 –2 2x – 6
2y 6z x–8
b. 2
x3
a. 22
3(x + 3)
x+8
c.
2y 5z
2 b. 22
3(x + 3)
x2
x–8
2y 6z c. – 22
3x(x + 3)
d. 2
x2 x–8
d. 22
3x(x + 3)
4 2
8a 5a + 13a – 6
498. Compute and simplify: 22
9–a � 22
24a – 60a2 2(x – 6) –(5 +x)2

3
504. Compute and simplify: 22x + 5 � 22
4(x –6)
2a –(x – 6)
a. 2
3(3 – a) a. 22 2
2a3 (x – 6)
b. 22
3(3 + a)
b. 22 2
–x – 6
2a3 c. 22
c. 22
–3(3 + a)
2
x +2 6
2a3
d. 2 2
d. 22
–3(3 – a)

81
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

2 3
9x y 21y 10x 2
505. Compute and simplify: 22
14x � 15xy2 � 12y3
22 22 x +3x – 18
510. Compute and simplify: (x – 3) ÷ 22 x
9x x
a. 22
4y a. 2
x +26
3x x
b. 22
4y b. 22
x–3
3x (x – 3)2(x + 6)
c. 22
22
16 y c. 2 2 x2
9x x–3
d. 22
16y3 d. 22
x+6

# $
4x2 + 4x + 1 2x2 + 3x + 1 x2– x 2 2
506. Compute and simplify: 22
4x2 – 4x
÷ 22
2x2 – 2x 511. Compute and simplify: 22
4y
10xy 3x + 3x
2x – 2 ÷ 22
� 22 15x2y2
(2x + 1)(x + 2) 5x3y3
a. 22
2(x – 1)(x + 1) a. 22
2(x + 1)
(2x + 1)
____________ 25x3y3
b. 2(x – 1)(x + 1) b. 22
4(x + 1)
(2x + 1)(x – 2) 5x2y2
c. 2 2
2(x2 + 1) c. 22
4(x – 1)
(2x – 1)(x – 2) 25x2y3
d. 22 2
2(x + 1) d. 22
4(x – 1)

x2 – 1 2x + 2 x2 + x – 2
507. Compute and simplify: 2
x2 +x
� 2
1 – x2
� 2
x2 – x 512. Compute and simplify:
2 2 2
2(x + 2) x +22 2x + 27x +3 2 6x + 2
5x + 1 2
x –24
a. 2 2
x2 + 5x +6 �2
4x2 + 4x + 1 � 3x2 + x � x2 + 2x
x2
x+2
–2(x + 2) a. 22
b. 2
x2
x
–x + 2
2x + 2 b. x22
c. 2
x2 x+2
c. 22 x2
–2x + 2
d. 2
x2 x–2
d. 22 x2

508. Compute and simplify:

# $
2
–(x – 3) 2x – 3x – 5
(4x2 – 8x – 5) ÷ 22
x+1 � 22 x –3 Set 33 (Answers begin on page 200)
2x + 1
a. 22
– (2x – 5)
This problem set focuses on simplifying complex
b. 2x + 1
fractions and performing multiple operations involv­
c. –(2x + 1) ing rational expressions.
2x + 1
d. 2
2x – 5 3
22

# $
4 2
1 5
513. Compute and simplify: 1 – 2 � 22
9 4 + 22
2 – 2412
22
509. Compute and simplify: 275
16
a. 22

# $
a2 – b2 2a2 – 7ab + 3b2 ab – 3b2 36
22
2a2 – 3ab + b2 � 22
a2 +ab ÷ 22
a2 + 2ab + b2 275
b. 22
48
2 245
(a + b)
a. 22 ab c. 22
48
a2 + b2 245
b. 22ab d. 22
36
2(a + b)
c. 22 ab
a – 3b
d. 22ab

82
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

2 3
22
3 + 224
514. Compute and simplify: 2
3 1
519. Compute and simplify:
22
4 – 22
16 2 5 2
a. 22
3 22
(x – 1)3 – 22
(x –1)2
17 22
b. 22 22 2 22 5
3 (x –1)3 – (x –1)4
17
c. 22
6 a. –(x + 1)
15
d. 22
4 b. (x – 1)
c. –(x – 1)
515. Compute and simplify:
1
# $
3x2 + 6x 2+x 3x – 1 d. 22
(x – 1)
22
x–5 + 22
5 – x � 22
25 –x2
x
22
a. (x + 2)(x + 5) 520. Compute and simplify: 1
5
– 222x
1+ 5
b. –(x + 2)(x + 5) 5
a. 22
x+5
c. –(x – 2)(x + 5) 1
b. 22
x+5
d. (x + 2)(x – 5)
c. 1
516. Compute and simplify: # 22 1
(x + h)2 – $�h
1
22
x2 d. 0
2x +h
a. 2
x2(x +h) 521. Compute and simplify:
–(2x +h)2
b. 2
x2(x +h) a – 2 – 22
2 a+2
a +22 a–2
c. 2
2x +h 22
a – 2 + 22
a+2
x2(x +h)2 2
a +22 a–2
–(2x +h)
d. 2
x2(x +h)2 a. 22 4a2
(a +2)(a – 2)
1
a + 22 –4a
2 b b. 22
517. Compute and simplify: 1
b + 22
(a +2)(a – 2)
42a
a a c. 2
a2 +4
a. 22
ab +1
42a
d. –2a2 + 4
b. ab
ab + 1
c. 22
ba – 1 522. Compute and simplify:
a
d. 22
b 4
3 221 222 –1
22 4–x
x–2 22
2 1 1
518. Compute and simplify: 5 22
22 1 22 + 22
4x – 2x x+2 x–2
2(6 – x)
a. 22 3 a. – 222x
6–x
b. 223 x
b. 22
2
6 –x
c. –22 3 x
c. –2
x –24
6+x
d. 226 x+4
d. 22
x–4

83
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

523. Compute and simplify: (a –1 + b –1)–1 Set 34 (Answers begin on page 202)
ab
a. 22
b+a
b. b+a
22
This problem set focuses on solving rational equa­
ab
c. ab tions.
d. a + b
529. Solve: 223x = 2 + x
524. Compute and simplify: 2
x –y –1 –1 a. –3 and 1
x –1 +2
y –1
a. 0 b. –3 only
y–x c. 1 only
b. 22
y +x d. There are no solutions.
y+x
c. 22
y–x
d. 1 530. Solve: 2232 – 223x = 2221
7
a. 22
18
525. Compute and simplify: 18
b. 22
7
# x2 + 4x –5
22
2x2 + x – 3
x 2
– 5x +
� 22
8
x +1$–
2x + 3
2
2
2
x +2 c. –18
d. 18
a. 22
(x + 1)(x + 2)
2
b. (xx++1)5x(x++82)
22 2t 1
531. Solve: 22
t – 7 + 22
t–1 = 2
x2 – 5x – 8
c. 22
(x + 1)(x + 2) a. –2
x2 – 5x + 8
d. –22(x + 1)(x + 2) b. 2
c. 2257
526. Compute and simplify: 2
a. (x + 5)(x – 1)
x +25
# 212
x – 3 – x � x –3 $ d. 5
22
7

b. (x – 5)(x + 1) x+8
532. Solve: 2 12
= 222x
2 +
x +2 2
x2 + 2x
c. –(x – 5)(x + 1)
a. –4 only
d. –(x + 5)(x + 1)
b. 4 only
1 x+3 c. –4 and –2
527. Compute and simplify: [3 + 2
x +23] � 2
x–2 d. 4 and –2
x+3
a. 22
3x + 10
3x + 10 x
2 3
b. 22
x–2 533. Solve: 2 3 + x = x–3
x –2 22 22

c. 3x
22 + 10 a. 3
x+3
d. x+3
22
b. 2 and 3
x–2
c. –2
528. Compute and simplify: 1 –
x+2
! –!
2
22
x
3
22
2x ""
1
– 22
6x
d. –2 and 3

a. 22x
x – 2
b. 22x
3x + 2
c. 223x
3x –2
d. 22
3x

84
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

3 6 x 3 3
534. Solve: 2 2 + 1 = 22
x +2 (2 – x)(2 + x) 540. Solve: 2
x +21 –2 4 =2
x +2 2
x2 + 5x +4
a. –4 and 1 a. –3 and –2
b. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 3
c. –1 and 4 c. –3 and 2
d. –4 and –1 d. –2 and 3

10 3 2 4
535. Solve: 22
(2x – 1)2 = 4 + 2x – 1
22 541. Solve: 1 + 2
x –23 = 22
x2 – 4x – 3
9
a. – 228 only a. –1 and 1
–1 9 b. 3 only
b. 2 and 22
22 8
1 9 c. –1 only
c. 2 and 22
22 8
1 9 d. –1 and 3
d. 2 and –22
22 8
3 x–3
542. Solve: 2
x+2 = x–2
# $
1 1 1 2 22
536. Solve for q: 22f = (k – 1) 22
pq + 22
q a. 2 and 4
f (k – 1)
a. q = 2
22
p b. 4 only
f (k – 1)(1 + p) c. 0 only
b. q = 22
p
d. 0 and 4
f (k + 1)(1 + p)
c. q = 22
p
t+1 4
d. q =
f (k + 1)
2
22 543. Solve: 2
t – 1 = t2 – 1
2
p
a. –1 and –3
x–1 4 b. 1 only
537. x–5 = x–5
Solve: 2 2 22
a. 3 only c. –3 only
b. –5 only d. –1 only
c. 5 only v1 +v2
2
d. There are no solutions. 544. Solve for v1: v = 1 + 2vc12
v2
2

c2(v2 – v)
22 3 2 a. v1 = 2
vv2 – c2
538. Solve: 22
2p2 – 9p – 5
– 22
2p + 1 = 2
p –25
c2(v – v2)
a. –5 and 1 b. v1 = 2
vv2 – c2
b. –5 only c2(v – v2)
c. v1 = 2
vv2
c. 5 only
c2(v + v )
d. There are no solutions. d. v1 = – 22 2
c2 – vv
2
2

x+1 1 1
539. Solve: 2
x3 – 9x
– 22
2x2 + x – 21 = 22
2x2 + 13x + 21
7
a. 22
9 only
7
b. –229 only
9
c. –227
only
d. There are no solutions.

85
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

Set 35 (Answers begin on page 206) 549. Determine the solution set for the inequality
2z2 + 5z + 3
__________
z2 – 3z – 4
< 0.
This problem set focuses on solving rational in­ 3
equalities. a. (–•,– __
2 )»(4,•)
3
b. [– __
2 ,–1)»(–1,4)
545. Determine the solution set for the inequality 3
(x – 1)(x + 2) c. (– __
2 ,4)
22
(x + 3)2 < 0. 3
a. (–2,1) d. [– __
2 ,4)

b. [–2,1]
c. (–3,–2] 550. Determine the solution set for the inequality
25(–x)4
d. (–3,–2]»[1,•) 2
x(5x2) 2 < 0.
a. the empty set
546. Determine the solution set for the inequality b. the set of all real numbers
x2 + 9
22
x2 – 2x – 3
> 0. c. (0,•)
a. (–1,•) d. (–•,0)
b. (–1,3)
c. (–•,–1)»(3,•) 551. Determine the solution set for the inequality
z3 – 16z
d. (–•,3) 8z – 32 < 0.
2

a. (0,4)
547. Determine the solution set for the inequality b. (–•,–4)
–x2 –1
22
6x4 – x3 – 2x2
2 0. c. (4,•)
1 2 d. (–4,0)
a. (–222 ,0)»(0,223 )
1 2
b. [–222 ,223 ]
1 2 552. Determine the solution set for the inequality
c. (–•,–222 ]»[223 ,•) y2 – 64
1 2
28 – y < 0.
d. (–222 ,223 ) a. [–8,8]
b. [–8,8)»(8,•)
548. Determine the solution set for the inequality c. (–8,8)
1 – 1
__

≥ 0.
x x+1
_________
x+2 d. (–8,8)»(8,•)
a. (–•,–2)»(–1,0)
b. (–•,–2]»(–1,0) 553. Determine the solution set for the inequality
c. (–2,–1)»(0,•) x2 + 8x
64x > 0.
2
x3 –2
d. [–2,–1)»[0,•) a. (8,•)
b. [8,•)
c. (–•,8)
d. (–•,8]

86
 – RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS –

554. Determine the solution set for the inequality 558. Determine the solution set for the inequality

# $
5x2(x – 1) – 3x(x – 1) – 2(x – 1) x+5 1
2222
10x2(x – 1) + 9x(x – 1) + 2(x – 1)
< 0. 22
x–3 – x � 22
x – 3 > 0.

a. (–2212,–2522)»(–2522,1) a. (–1,5)
b. (–1, 3)»(3,5)
b. [–2212,–2522)»(–2522,1]
c. (–•,3)»(3,•)
c. (–•,–2221 ]»(–2252 ,1) d. (–•,3)»(3,5)
d. (–•,–2221 ]»[–2252 ,•)
559. Determine the solution set for the inequality
2
555. Determine the solution set for the inequality x
– 221 2x
2x – 1 + 2 – 1 < 0.
22
6x 3 – 24x 2x + 1 4x 2 2
2 2 2 0.
a. [–2122,–2142]»(2122,1]
2
24x
a. [–2,0]»[2,•)
b. [–2212,–2412]
b. (–•,0]»[2,•)
c. [–2,0)»[2,•) c. [–2212,–2412]»[2212,1]
d. [0,2] d. (–2212,–2412]»(2212,1]

556. Determine the solution set for the inequality 560. Determine the solution set for the inequality
(2x – 5)(x + 4) – (2x – 5)(x + 1) 3y + 2 7y – 3 5
2222 < 0. – + 22
y + 1 < 0.
22 22
9(2x – 5) (y – 1) (y – 1)(y + 1)
a. (2225 ,•) a. (–•,4]
b. (–•,2225 ) b. (–•,–4]
c. the empty set c. (–•,4)
d. the set of all real numbers d. (–•,–4)

557. Determine the solution set for the inequality

3 – 2x 2–x
(x + 2)(x –1) – 22
(x – 1)(x + 2) 2 0.
22

a. (–•,–2]
b. (–•,1]
c. (–•,–2)
d. [–2,1]

87
blank
page
 5
RADICAL
S E C T I O N

EXPRESSIONS AND
QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS

A n algebraic expression involving a term raised to a fractional exponent is a radical expression. The
arithmetic of such expressions is a direct application of the familiar exponent rules. Sometimes,
raising a negative real number to a fractional exponent results in a complex number of the form
a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = !–1
of binomials.
"; the arithmetic of complex numbers resembles the algebra

Various methods can be used to solve quadratic equations, and the solutions often involve radical terms.
These topics are reviewed in the seven problem sets in this section.

89
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

Set 36
4
(Answers begin on page 211) 566. Simplify: !"
312
a. 27
The definition of fractional powers and the simplifi­ b. 9
cation of expressions involving radicals are the focus c. 81
of this problem set. d. 243

5
561. –5 is a third root of what real number? 567. Simplify: !"
515
3
a. !–5" a. 5
b. 25 b. 15
c. –125 c. 125
d. –625 d. 625

562. Which of the following are second roots 568. Find a number b that satisfies the following:
4
(i.e., square roots) of 49? !(2" b 4
) =8
a. 7 only a. 2
b. –7 only b. 3
c. 7 and –7 c. 4
d. none of the above d. There is no such value of b.
1
563. Which of the following is the principal fourth 569. Simplify: 64!6
root of 625? 6
a. 2!2"
a. 5 b. 2
b. –5 c. !64
6!
c. 25 d. none of the above
d. –25
5
5 570. Simplify: 49!2
"
564. Simplify: !–32 245
5
a. 2!2" a. !!
2
5
b. –2!2" b. 343
c. 2 c. 35
d. –2 d. 16,807

–3
565. Which of the following is a value of b that 571. Simplify: 81 !4
3 1
satisfies the equation !"b = 4? a. !!
27
243
a. 64 b. – !!4
3
b. !4" c. 27
c. 16 d. 9
d. none of the above

90
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

Set 37
3
__
572. Simplify: 32 5 (Answers begin on page 211)
96
a. !!
5
b. 1
!! The simplification of more complicated radical ex­
8
c. 8 pressions is the focus of this problem set.
d. 64 3 3
577. Simplify: !9" " !–3
"

# $ a. 3
2
– __
8
573. Simplify: !27! 3

16 b. –3
a. –!! 3
135 c. !–1"2
4 3
b. !!
9 d. !–8"1
9
c. !!
4 !x"5
d. 3
!! 578. Simplify, assuming x # 0: !7
!x"
2
a. x
b. !!x1
1
– __
574. Simplify:(–64) 3

1
a. –!!41 c. !!
x2
b. –4 d. x2
c. –16
1
d. –!!
16 579. Simplify: a3!a"3
1
a. a4!a"
– __
575. Simplify:(4x –4) 2
b. a5
a. x2 c. a5!a"
b. 2x2 d. a6
x2
c. !!
2 e. a9
d. 2x –2
4!"g
580. Simplify: !
!4g
"
576. Simplify: 4!"
x 144
36 a. 2
a. x
b. 4
b. 4x72
c. !"g
c. 4x36
2!"g
d. 2x72 d. !g

e. 2!"g
3
"3
!27y
581. Simplify: !2
!27y
"
!3"
a. !3

b. !3"
y!"3
c. !3
d. y
e. y!3"

91
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

4
!"
a2b " !"
ab2 !"243
582. Simplify: !!
!ab"
587. Simplify: !4
!3"
!ab
" 4
a. !
ab
a. !9"
4

b. !ab" b. 3!3"
4

c. ab c. !3"
d. ab!ab" d. 3
e. a2b2
588. Simplify: !x"2
+ 4x"
+4
583. Simplify: !(4g
"(g ) ")
2 3 4 a. !x" +2
a. 8g3 b. x +2!x" +1
b. 8g4 c. x + 2!x" + 2
c. 8g5 d. x + 2
d. 8g10 4

e. 8g12 589. Simplify: !32x

"8
4
a. x2!8"
4

584. Simplify:
9pr
!3 b. x2!4"
(pr)– !!2 4
c. 2x!4"
a. !"
3pr d. 2x2!2"
4

3
b. !pr!
c. 3!pr" 590. Simplify: !x"
4
21
d. 3pr 4
a. x4!x"
e. 3p2r2 4
b. x5!x"
4
c. x4!x"3
# $?
!n"
+5 n
! !!!5
585. If n = 20, what is the value of 2 "
4
!n
" d. x3!x"3
a. 5
5!5"
b. ! 2 591. Simplify: !"
3
54x5
3
c. 10 a. 2x!" 3x2
3
d. 5!5" b. 3x!" 2x2
3
e. 25 c. 3x2!2"x
3
d. 2x2!3"x
586. Simplify: %&
125
!9!
5
a. !!3 592. Simplify: !x"x3
+ 40"2
+ 40"
0x
b.
!5"
!
a. (x + 20)!x"
3
5!5"
b. x!x" + 2x!10 " + 20!x"
c. ! 3 c. x!x" + 20
!5" d. This radical expression cannot be simplified
d. !9
further.

92
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

Set 38 (Answers begin on page 212) 598. Simplify: %&

!! + %&
18 32
!!
25 9
29!2"
This problem set focuses on the arithmetic of radi­ a. ! 5
cal expressions, including those involving complex 23!2"
b. ! 15
numbers. 29!2"
c. ! 15
"
593. Simplify: !–25 32!2"
d. ! 15
a. 5
b. 5i 599. Simplify: (5 – !3")(7 + !3")
c. –5 a. 32 – 2!3"
d. –5i b. 32 + 2!3"
c. 16 – 4!3"
"
594. Simplify: !–32 d. 16 + 4!3"
a. 4i!2"
b. –4i!2" 600. Simplify: (4 + !6")(6 – !15
")
c. –3i!2" a. 24 + 4!15" + 6!6" – 3!10"
d. 3i!2" b. 24 – 4!15" + 6!6" –3!10"
c. 24 + 4!15" – 6!6" –3!10"
" + 2!27
595. Simplify: –!48 " – !75
" d. 24 + 4!15" – 6!6" + 3!10"
a. –3!3"
b. –3!5" –10 + !–25
"
601. Simplify: !! 5
c. 5!3" a. –2 + i
d. –5!5" b. 2+i
c. 2–i
596. Simplify: 3!3" + 4!5" – 8!3" d. –2 – i
a. –!8"
b. –4!3" + 4!5" 602. Simplify: (4 + 2i)(4 – 2i)
c. 4!3" – 3!"5 a. 12
d. –5!3" + 4!5" b. 16
c. 20
597. Simplify: xy!"8xy2 + 3y 2!18x
"3 d. 20i
a. 11y!2x"
"
b. 11xy!2xy 603. Simplify: (4 + 2i)2
c. 11x2y2!2" a. 12 – 16i
d. 11xy2!" 2x b. 16 + 16i
c. 16 – 16i
d. 12 + 16i

93
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

# $
!"3 !7"
604. Simplify: !21
" !
!"7
+ !
!3"
Set 39 (Answers begin on page 213)
a. 10!3"
b. 10 This problem set focuses on solving equations involv­
c. 10!7" ing radicals.
d. "
10!21
609. Solve: !7" + 3x = 4
605. Simplify: (2 + !3"x)2 a. 3 only
a. 4!3"x + 7x b. –3 only
b. 4!3"x + 7 + x c. 3i
c. 4 + 4!3"x + x!3" d. There is no solution.
d. 4 + 4!3"x + 3x
"
610. Solve: !4x + 33 = 2x – 1
606. Simplify: (!3" + !7")(2!3" – 5!7") a. 4 only
"
a. –29 – 3!21 b. –2 only
"
b. –29 + 3!21 c. –2 and 4
"
c. 29 – 3!21 d. There is no solution.
"
d. 29 + 3!21 2 4
611. If a!3 =6, then a!3 =
1
607. Simplify: ! a. !3"
3 – 5!2"
3 –5!2" b. !6"
a. ! 41 c. 3!6"
3 – 5!2"
b. – !
41 d. 6!6"
3 + 5!2" e. 36
c. ! 41
3 + 5!"2 1
d. – !
41 612. If q–3 = – __
2 , which of the following is the value
of q?
!"
2x
608. Simplify by rationalizing the denominator: !
2 –3!x" a. –8
1
2!2"x +6x b. – __
8
a. – !!
4 + 9x 3—

!2"x + 2x
c. –  __21
b. !! 3—
2 – 3x d. –2
2!2"x – 6x
c. !!
4 – 9x 3

2!2"x + 3x!"
2 613. Solve: !5x
" –8=3
d. !!! 4 – 9x a. 49
b. –7
c. 7i
d. 7

3
614. Solve: !7"
– 3x = –2
a. –5
b. 5
c. 5i
d. –5i

94
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

615. Solve: (x –3)2 = –28 622. Solve: (x + 4)2 = 81

a. 3 $ 2i!7" a. –13 only
b. –3 $ 2i!7" b. 5 only
c. 2 $ 3i!7" c. –13, 5
d. –2 $ 3i!7" d. There is no solution.

616. Solve: !10

" – 3x = x – 2 623. Solve: x2 + 1 = 0
a. –2 only a. $1
b. –2 and –3 b. –1,–i
c. 3 only c. 1,i
d. There is no solution. d. $i

"
617. Solve: !3x +4+x=8 624. Solve: x2 + 81= 0
a. 4 and 15 a. $9
b. 15 only b. $9i
c. –4 and 15 c. –9,–9i
d. 4 only d. 9,9i

618. Solve: (x – 1)2 + 16 = 0

a. 1 $ 2i Set 40 (Answers begin on page 214)
b. 1 $ 4i
c. –1 $ 4i Solving quadratic equations using the quadratic for­
d. –1 $ 2i mula is the topic of this problem set.

619. Solve: x3 = –27 625. Solve using the quadratic formula: x2 – 7 = 0

a. 3i a. $7i
b. –3 b. $7
c. –3i c. $i!7"
d. 3 d. $!7"

620. Solve: x2 = 225 626. Solve using the quadratic formula: 2x2 – 1 =0
!2"
a. 15i a. $ ! 2
b. –15i i!2"
b. $ !2
c. $15
d. $5!5" c. $!2"
d. $i!2"
621. Solve: x3 = – 125
a. –5 627. Solve using the quadratic formula: 4x2 + 3x = 0
b. 5 a. 0,– !43!
c. 5i b. – !43! only
d. –5i c. – !34! only
3
d. !!
4 only

95
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

628. Solve using the quadratic formula: –5x 2 + 20x = 0 633. Solve using the quadratic formula:
a. –4 only 2x2 = –5x – 4
b. 0,4 –5 $ i!7"
a. !! 4
c. 4,–4 5 $ i!"7
d. 0,–4 b. ! 4
–4 $ i!7"
c. !! –5
629. Solve using the quadratic formula: –7 $ i!5"
d. !!
x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 4

a. 2
634. Solve using the quadratic formula:
b. 2i
"+3=0
x2 – 2!2x
c. –2
a. !2"$i
d. –2i
b. !2"$1
c. 1$i!2"
630. Solve using the quadratic formula:
d. $i!2"
x2 – 5x – 6 = 0
a. –2,–3
635. Solve using the quadratic formula: x2 = –2x
b. 1,–6
a. 2,0
c. –1,6
b. –2,0
d. 3,2
c. 2i,–2i
d. 0 only
631. Solve using the quadratic formula:
3x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
636. Solve using the quadratic formula: (3x –8)2 = 45
a. –1, !32!
–3$8!5"
b. –1, –!32! a. !! 3

c. 1, –!32! b.
–3$!5"
! 8
d. 1, !32! –8$3!5"
c. !! 3
–8$!5"
632. Solve using the quadratic formula: 5x2 – 24 = 0 d. ! 3
"
2!30
a. $ !
5
637. Solve using the quadratic formula:
"
2i!30
b. $ !
5 0.20x2 – 2.20x + 2 = 0
c. $2!6" a. 0.01, 0.1
d. $2i!6" b. 10, 100
c. 0.1, 1
d. 1, 10

96
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

638. Solve using the quadratic formula: 642. Solve using radical methods: –3x2 = –9
x2 – 3x – 3 = 0 a. $3i
3$3!7" b. $3
a. ! 2
3$7!3"
c. $!3"
b. ! 2 d. $i!3"
"
–3$!21
c. !! 2
"
3$!21 643. Solve using radical methods: (4x + 5)2 = –49
d. ! 2 5$7i
a. !4
–5$7i
639. Solve using the quadratic formula: b. ! 4
1 2 5
6 x – !!
3 x +1 = 0
!! –7$5i
c. !
a. –5$!19 " 4
7$5i
b. 5$!19 " d. !4
c. 5$i!19 "
d. –5$i!19 " 644. Solve using radical methods: (3x – 8)2 = 45
–8$3i!5"
a. !! 3
640. Solve using the quadratic formula: –8$3!5"
(x – 3)(2x + 1) = x(x – 4) b. !! 3
"
–1$!13 8$3!5"
a. !! 2
c. ! 3
"
1$!13 8$3i!5"
b. ! 2
d. !!3
"
1$i!13
c. ! 2 645. Solve using radical methods: (–2x + 1)2 – 50 =0
"
–1$i!13 –1$5!2"
d. !! 2 a. !! 2
1$5i!2"
b. ! 2

Set 41 (Answers begin on page 216) c.

1$5!2"
! 2
–1$5i!2"
d. !! 2
Solving quadratic equations using radical and graphi­
cal methods is the focus of this problem set.
646. Solve using radical methods: –(1 – 4x)2 – 121 = 0
–1$11i
641. Solve using radical methods: 4x2 = 3 a. ! 4
!"3 1$11i
a. $ ! b. ! 4
2
"
1$i!11
b. $%&
2 c. ! 4
!!3
"
–1$i!11
i!"3 d. !! 4
c. $!2

d. $i%&
2
!!3

97
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

647. Find the real solutions of the following 652. Find the real solutions of the following
equation, if they exist, using graphical equation, if they exist, using graphical
methods: methods: 0.20x2 – 2.20x + 2 = 0
5x2 – 24 = 0 a. –10, –1
a. ª$2.191 b. 1, 10
b. $4.8 c. –1, 10
c. ª 2.191 only d. The solutions are imaginary.
d. The solutions are imaginary.
653. Find the real solutions of the following
648. Find the real solutions of the following equation, if they exist, using graphical
equation, if they exist, using graphical methods: x2 – 3x – 3 = 0
methods: 2x2 = –5x – 4 a. ª –0.791, 3.791
a. 0.5, 1.5 b. 1, 3
b. –1.5, 0 c. –1, –3
c. –0.5, 0.5 d. The solutions are imaginary.
d. The solutions are imaginary.
654. Find the real solutions of the following
649. Find the real solutions of the following equation, if they exist, using graphical
equation, if they exist, using graphical methods: x2 = –2x
methods: 4x2 = 20x – 24 a. 0, 2
a. 2, 3 b. –2, 0
b. 16, 36 c. –2, 2
c. –2, –3 d. The solutions are imaginary.
d. 16, –36
655. Find the real solutions of the following
650. Find the real solutions of the following equation, if they exist, using graphical
equation, if they exist, using graphical methods: !!61 x2 – !!35 x + 1 = 0
methods: 12x – 15x2 = 0 a. ª 0.51, 10.51
a. 0, –0.8 b. ª 0.641, 9.359
b. –0.8, 0.8 c. 1, 4.2
c. 0, 0.8 d. The solutions are imaginary.
d. The solutions are imaginary.
656. Find the real solutions of the following
651. Find the real solutions of the following equation, if they exist, using graphical
equation, if they exist, using graphical methods: (2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) – 3 = 0
methods: (3x –8)2 % 45 a. –1, –1
a. ª –3.875, 3.875 b. 1, 1
b. –3, 5 c. –1, 1
c. ª 3.875, 4.903 d. The solutions are imaginary.
d. The solution are imaginary.

98
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

Set 42 (Answers begin on page 220) 662. Solve: 16 –56!x" + 49x = 0

16
a. !!
49
Solving equations that can be put in quadratic form b. 49
!!
16
via substitution is the focus of this problem set. 16
c. –!!
49
49
d. –!!
657. Solve: b4 – 7b2 + 12 = 0 16

a. $!"2,$!"3
663. Solve: x – !x" = 6
b. $22, $!3"
a. 9
c. $!"2,$3
b. –9
d. $2, $3
c. 16
d. –16
658. Solve: (3b2 – 1)(1 – 2b2) = 0
!2" !3"
a. $ ! , $! 1 1
2 3 664. Solve: 2x !6 – x !3 = 1
!2" !3"
b. $ !3
, $!2 a. –1
!3"
c. $ ! 2
, $& b. i
2 3
c. 1
!"2 !3"
d. $ !
3
, $!3 d. –i

659. Solve: 4b4 + 20b2 + 25 = 0 1

665. Solve: 3 + x– !4 – x !2 = 0
–1

a. $i%& 10
!!3 –16 –16
a. !!4 , !!4
(1 + !13") (1 – !13")
b. $%& 10
!!
3 16 16
b. !!4 , !!4
(1 + !13") (1 – !13")
c. $ !10
!2
""
–16i –16i
c. !!4 , !!4
(1 + !13") (1 – !13")
d. $i # $
!10
!2
""
d.
–16i
!!4 ,
(1 + !13")
!!4
16i
(1 – !13")

660. Solve: 16b4 – 1 = 0 666. Solve: (x3 + 5)2 – 5(x3 + 5) + 6 % 0

a. $i%& !!,$%&
1 1
!!
3 3
a. !2", !–3 "
2 2
3 3
b. !–2", !3"
b. $i
# $,
1
!!
2 $!21! 3 3
c. !2", !3"
c. $ i# $, $%&
3 3
1
!! 1
!!
d. !–2", !–3 "
2 2
1
d. $i%&
1
!!, $!!
2 667. Solve: 4x6 + 1 = 5x3
2
a. –%3 &
1
!!, –1
1 4
661. Solve: x + 21 = 10x!2
b. –%3 &!!1 , 1
a. –49,–9 4
b. –49,9 c. %&!!41 , 1
3

c. 9,49
d. %&!!41 , –1
3
d. –9,49

99
 – RADICAL EXPRESSIONS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS –

4
671. Solve: 6!x" – 13!x" + 6 % 0
# $ + 12 = 8#x + x$
2
668. Solve: x + x 2 2
16 81
a. –!!
81 , –!!
16
a. 1, 2, 3 b. 16 81
81 , !!
!! 16
b. –3, –2, 1, 2 16 81
c. –!! ,
81 !! 16
c. –3, –2, –1, 2 81 16
d. –3, 1, 2, 3 d. –!!
16 , !!
81

2 1

# $ # $ 672. Solve: 2a!3 – 11a !3 + 12 % 0

2
669. Solve: 2 1 + !"
w = 13 1 + !"
w –6
27
a. –64, – !!
a. 25 only 8
27
1
b. 25 and – __ b. –64, !!
8
4
1 27
c. __
2 and 6 c. 64, !!
8
1
__ 27
d. 2 only d. 64, – !!
8

670. Solve: (r – !!3r )2 – (r – !!3r ) – 6 = 0

3 $!21"
a. –3, 1, !! 2
3 $!" 21
b. –1, 3, !! 2
"
3 $ i!21
c. –3, 1, !! 2
–3 $!21"
d. –3, 1, !! 2

100
 6
S E C T I O N

ELEMENTARY
FUNCTIONS

T he functions you typically first encounter are those described by sets of ordered pairs that can be visu­
alized in the Cartesian plane. Such functions are generally described using either algebraic expressions
or graphs, and are denoted using letters, such as f or g. When we want to emphasize the input-output
defining relationship of a function, an expression of the form y = f(x) is often used. The arithmetic of real-val­
ued functions is performed using the arithmetic of real numbers and algebraic expressions.
The domain of a function can be thought of as the set of all possible x-values for which there corresponds
an output y. From the graphical viewpoint, an x-value belongs to the domain of f if an ordered pair with that
x-value belongs to the graph of f. When an algebraic expression is used to describe a function y = f(x), it is con­
venient to view the domain as the set of all values of x that can be substituted into the expression and yield a
meaningful output. The range of a function is the set of all possible y-values attained at some member of the
domain. Basic functions and their properties are reviewed in the ten problem sets that make up this section.

101
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

Set 43 (Answers begin on page 225) 674. In the following graph of f(x), for how many
values of x does f(x) = 0?
The problems in this set focus on the notions of do­ y

main and range and the basic arithmetic of elementary

functions.

673. In the following graph of f(x), for how many

values of x does f(x) = 3?
y x

x
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 8

a. 0 675. In the following graph of f(x), for how many

b. 1 values of x does f(x) = 10?
c. 2 y

d. 3
e. 4

a. 0
b. 2
c. 4
d. 5
e. 8

102
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

676. What is the range of the function f(x) = x2 – 4? 677. Which of the following is true of f(x) = – ±±21 x 2 ?
a. the set of all real numbers a. The range of the function is the set of all
b. the set of all real numbers excluding 2 and –2 real numbers less than or equal to 0.
c. the set of all real numbers greater than or b. The range of the function is the set of all
equal to 0 real numbers less than 0.
d. the set of all real numbers greater than or c. The range of the function is the set of all
equal to 4 real numbers greater than or equal to 0.
e. the set of all real numbers greater than or d. The domain of the function is the set of all
equal to –4 real numbers greater than or equal to 0.
e. The domain of the function is the set of all
real numbers less than or equal to V22.

For questions 678 through 680, refer to the functions f and g, both defined on [–5,5], whose graphs are shown
here.

y y

5 y=f(x) 5 y=g(x)
4
(–5,4)
(–5,3) 4
3
3
2 (2,2) 2
1
1

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x x
–1 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2 (2,–1)
–2
–3 (5,–2) –3
–4
–4 (5,–4)
–5
–5

678. The range of f is which of the following? 680. 2 · f(0) + [f(2) · g(5)]2 =
a. [–2,2]∞{3} a. 18
b. (–2,–1]∞[0,3] b. 10
c. (–2,–1]∞[0,2)∞{3} c. 8
d. [–2,2)∞{3} d. 16

679. The range of g is which of the following?

a. [–4,4]
b. [–4,2]∞(2,4]
c. [–4,1)∞(1,4]
d. none of the above

103
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

For questions 681 through 684, refer to the graph 684. Which of the following is the solution set for
of the following fourth-degree polynomial function the inequality –1 � p(x) � 0?
y = p(x). a. (1,3)
b. [1,3]∞{–3}
c. (1,2)∞(2,3)
y d. [1,2)∞(2,3]∞{–3}

4 2x + 1
685. The range of the function f(x) = ±±
1 – x is which
3 of the following?
y=p(x)
2 a. (–π,1)∞(1,π)
1 b. (–π,–2)∞( –2,π)
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
x
c. (–π,–±±21 )∞(–±±21 ,π)
–1 d. !
–2 (2,–1)

–3 For questions 686 through 688, use the following

–4 functions:
1
f(x) = – (2x –(–1 –x2)) g(x) = 3(1 + x) h(x) = ±
1 +±
x2

9f (x)
686. Which of the following is equivalent to ±?
681. The zeros of p(x) are x = g(x)
a. –g(x)
a. –3, 0, 2
b. g(x)
b. –3, 1, 3
c. –3g(x)
c. –3, 0, 1, 2, 3
d. 3g(x)
d. none of the above

687. What is the domain of the function 2g(x)h(x)?

682. Which of the following is the range of p(x)?
a. (–»,–1)∞(–1,1)∞(1,»)
a. !
b. (–»,–1)∞(1,»)
b. [–1,4]
c. (–»,–1)∞(–1,»)
c. [–1,π)
d. the set of all real numbers
d. [–4,4]

688. Which of the following is equivalent to

683. Which of the following is the domain of p(x)? 1
3f(x) – 2xg(x) – ± ±?
h(x)
a. ! 2
a. –10x + 6x + 2
b. [–1,4]
b. –2(5x2 + 6x + 2)
c. [–1,»)
c. 10x2 + 12x + 4
d. [–4,4]
d. 2(5x +2)(x + 1)

104
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

Set 44 (Answers begin on page 226)

This problem set focuses on compositions of functions, the simplification involved therein, and the general
principles of the graph of a function.

For questions 689 through 692, use the following diagrams:

y y

A D

x x

1
x2 + y 2 = 4 y= x

y
y
B
E

x
x

y= |x | –3 y= (x – 3)2 + 1

y
689. Which of the coordinate planes shows the
C
graph of an equation that is not a function?
a. A
b. B
x
c. C
d. D
e. A and D

y= √x

105
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

690. Which of the coordinate planes shows the 695. Simplify f(x + h) – f(x) when f(x) = –(x – 1)2 + 3.
graph of a function that has a range that a. h
contains negative values? b. f(h)
a. A c. –h(2x + h – 2)
b. B d. –2hx + h2 – 2h
c. D
d. B and D 696. Compute (g ˚ h)(4) when g(x) = 2x2 – x – 1 and
e. A, B, and D h(x) = x – 2Vx2.
a. 0
691. Which of the coordinate planes shows the graph b. 1
of a function that has a domain of all real c. –1
numbers? d. 4
a. B
b. D 697. Simplify (f ˚ f ˚ f)(2x) when f(x) = –x2.
c. E a. 16x
d. B and D b. –16x
e. B and E c. 64x8
d. –256x8
692. Which of the coordinate planes shows the
graph of a function that has the same range as 698. If f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 2x – 3, what is the
its domain? value of g(f (–2))?
a. B and C a. –19
b. C and D b. –11
c. B and D c. –7
d. B and E d. –4
e. D and E e. –3

2 __1
693. Simplify f(– __
x ) when f(x) = – x3 . 699. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x – 2, what is the
a.
x3
__ value of f (g(f(3)))?
8
a. 1
b. 8x3 b. 3
8
c. – __
x3 c. 5
x3
d. – __ d. 7
8
e. 11
694. Simplify f(2y – 1) when f(x) = x2 + 3x –2.
a. 4y2 + 2y – 4 700. If f(x) = 6x + 4 and g(x) = x2 – 1, which of the
b. 4y2 + 6y – 2 following is equivalent to g(f(x))?
c. 4y2 + 6y – 3 a. 6x2 – 2
d. 2y2 + 6y – 4 b. 36x2 + 16
c. 36x2 + 48x + 15
d. 36x2 + 48x + 16
e. 6x3 + 4x2 – 6x – 4

106
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

For questions 701 and 702, refer to the functions f and g, both defined on [–5,5], whose graphs are shown here.

y y

5 y=f(x) 5 y=g(x)
(–5,4)
4 4
(–5,3)
3 3

2 (2,2) 2

1 1

x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1 –1

–2 (2,–1) –2
–3 (5,–2) –3

–4 –4 (5,–4)
–5 –5

701. (f ˚ g)(0) = 704. If f(x) = V–3x

2 and g(x) = V2x
282
+ 12, then the
a. ±±21 domain of g ˚ f is
b. –1 a. [0,»)
c. 2 b. (–»,0]
d. undefined c. !
d. none of the above
702. (f (f ( f (f(5))))) =
a. 0
b. –1 Set 45 (Answers begin on page 229)
c. 3
d. undefined This problem set explores some basic features of com­
mon elementary functions.
703. If f(x) = Vx2,2
– 4x then f(x + 2) =
a. Vx2 2
– 4x2+2 705. Determine the domain of the function
b. Vx2 2
– 4x2–4 f(x) = V–2x.
c. Vx2 2
–4 a. (–»,0]
d. |x – 2| b. [0,»)
c. (–»,0)
d. (0,»)

107
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

706. Determine the domain of the function 711. Which of the following is true about the
1
g(x) = ±
3 . function f(x) = V4x 2? –1
V2–1–x
a. The domain of the function is all real
a. the set of all real numbers
numbers greater than ±±41 and the range is all
b. (–1,»)
real numbers greater than 0.
c. (–»,–1)
b. The domain of the function is all real
d. (–»,–1)∞(–1,»)
numbers greater than or equal to ±±41 and the
range is all real numbers greater than 0.
707. Which of the following is true of the function
c. The domain of the function is all real
f(x) = 2?
numbers greater than or equal to ±±41 and the
a. It is not a function.
range is all real numbers greater than or
b. Its range is {2}.
equal to 0.
c. It has no domain.
d. The domain of the function is all real
d. It has a slope of 2.
numbers greater than 0 and the range is all
e. It has no y-intercept.
real numbers greater than or equal to ±±41 .
e. The domain of the function is all real
708. Which of the following is true about the
numbers greater than or equal to 0 and the
function f(x) = |x|?
range is all real numbers greater than or
a. It has one y-intercept and two x-intercepts.
equal to ±±41 .
b. It has one y-intercept and one x-intercept.
c. There exists precisely one x-value for which
712. Consider the graphs of f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x4.
f(x) = 1.
Which of the following statements is true?
d. f(x) � 0, for all real numbers x.
a. f(x) � g(x), for all real numbers x.
b. The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) do not
709. Which of the following is true about the
intersect.
function f(x) = x3?
c. The range of both f and g is [0,»).
a. f(x) � 0, for all real numbers x.
d. The graphs of both f and g are increasing on
b. The graph of y = f(x) crosses the line y = a
their entire domains.
precisely once, for any real number a.
c. The graph of y = f(x) is decreasing on its
713. Which of the following is the domain of the
domain. 1
function f(x) = ±2 ?
d. The range is [0,π). ±±
(2 – x)5
a. (–»,2)
710. Which of the following is true about the b. (2,»)
function f(x) = ±1x±? c. (–»,2)∞(2,»)
a. f(x) � 0, for all real numbers x. d. none of the above
b. The graph has one x-intercept.
c. The graph of y = f(x) is decreasing on the 714. How many x-intercepts does the function
interval (0,»). f(x) = 1 – |2x–1| have?
d. The range is (0,»). a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. more than 2

108
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

715. How many points of intersection are there of 720. What can you conclude about the graph
the graphs of f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x4? of y = f (x) if you know that the equation
a. 0 f (x) = 3 does not have a solution?
b. 1 a. 3 is not in the domain of f.
c. 2 b. 3 is not in the range of f.
d. more than 2 c. The graph of the function cannot have
y-values larger than 3.
716. How many points of intersection are there of d. The graph of the function cannot be
the graphs of f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 4x3? defined for x-values larger than 3.
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2 Set 46 (Answers begin on page 231)
d. more than 2
This problem set focuses on properties of more so­
717. How many points of intersection are there of phisticated functions, including monotonicity, as­
the graphs of f(x) = ±±43 x 2 and g(x) = ±±
5 2
16 x ? ymptotes, and the existence of inverse functions.
a. 0
2x
b. 1 721. The domain of f(x) = ±
x3 – 4x is
c. 2 a. (–»,–2)∞(2,»)
d. more than 2 b. (–»,2)∞(2,»)
c. (–»,–2)∞(–2,0)∞(0,2)∞(2,»)
718. What is the y-intercept of the function d. (–»,–2)∞(–2,2)∞(2,»)
–2 –|2 – 3x|
f(x) = ±±
4 – 2x2 |–x|
?
a. (0,0) 722. Which of the following are the vertical and
b. (0, –1) horizontal asymptotes for the function
(x – 3)(x2 – 16)
c. (–1, 0) f(x) = ±±
(x2 + 9)(x – 4)
?
d. There is no y-intercept. a. x = –3, x = 4
b. x = –3, x = 4, y = 1
719. What can you conclude about the graph of c. x = 4, y = 1
y = f(x) if you know that the equation f(x) = 0 d. y=1
does not have a solution?
a. The graph has no x-intercept.
b. The graph has no y-intercept.
c. The graph has neither an x-intercept nor a
y-intercept.
d. There is not enough information to
conclude anything about the graph of f.

109
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

723. On what intervals is the graph of the following fourth degree polynomial function y = p(x) increasing?

4
3
y=p(x)
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2 (2,–1)

–3

–4

a. (–3,0)∞(2,»)
b. (–3,0)∞(3,»)
c. (–»,–3)∞(0,1)
d. (–»,–3)∞(0,2)

724. Consider the functions f and g, both defined on c. g does not have an inverse on the interval
[–5,5], whose graphs are shown here. (–5,–1).
d. All of the above statements are false.
y
y
5 y=f(x)
4 5 y=g(x)
(–5,3) (–5,4)
3 4

2 (2,2) 3

1 2
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x
–1 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x
–2 (2,–1) –1

–3 (5,–2) –2
–3
–4
–5 –4 (5,–4)
–5

Which of the following statements is true?

a. f has an inverse on the interval (0,5).
b. f has an inverse on the interval (–5,2).

110
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

725. Which of the following is the inverse function 729. Which of the following are characteristics of
x–1 2 (2 – x)2(x + 3)
5x + 2 , x  –±±
for f(x) = ±± 5? the graph of f(x) = ±± x(x – 2)2 ?
2y–1 1
5y +1 , y  – 5
a. f –1(y) = ±± ±± I. The graph has a hole at x = 2.
2y + 1 1 II. y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote and x = 0
5y – 1 , y  ±±
b. f –1(y) = ±± 5
–2y – 1 1 is a vertical asymptote.
c. f –1(y) =±5y – 1 , y  ±±
±
5
2y + 1 1 III. There is one x-intercept and one
5y +1 , y  – 5
d. f –1(y) = ±± ±±
y-intercept.
a. I and III only
726. Assume that the function f has an inverse f –1, b. I and II only
and the point (1, 4) is on the graph of y = f(x). c. I only
Which of the following statements is true? d. none of these choices
a. If the range of f –1 is [1,»), then f(0) is not
defined. 730. Which of the following functions is decreasing
b. f –1(4) = 1 on (–»,0)?
c. The point (4, 1) must lie on the graph of a. f(x) = x3
y = f –1(x). b. f(x) = 2x + 5
d. All of the above statements are true. c. f(x) = ±1x±
d. f(x) = 3
727. Which of the following is the inverse of
f(x) = x3 + 2? 731. Which of the following functions is increasing
3
a. f –1(y) = Vy2–2 on (0,»)?
3
b. f (y) = Vy2 – 2
–1
a. f(x) = x3
3
c. f –1(y) = V22–y b. f(x) = 2x + 5
3 3
d. f (y) = V22 – V2y
–1
c. f(x) = |x|
d. all of the above
728. Which of the following are characteristics of
x2 +1
the graph of f(x) = 2 – ± x–1?
±
732. Which of the following statements is false?
I. The function is equivalent to the linear a. The domain of any polynomial function is
function g(x) = 2 – (x + 1) with a hole at the set of all real numbers.
x = 1. b. There exists a rational function whose
II. There is one vertical asymptote, no domain is the set of all real numbers.
horizontal asymptote, and an oblique c. A rational function must have both a
asymptote. vertical and a horizontal asymptote.
III. There is one x-intercept and one d. All of the statements are true.
y-intercept.
a. I only
b. II only
c. II and III only
d. I and III only

111
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

733. Which of the following statements is false? Set 47 (Answers begin on page 235)
a. There exists a polynomial whose graph is
increasing everywhere. This problem set focuses on translations and reflections
b. A polynomial with degree greater than 1 of known graphs.
must have at least one turning point.
c. There exists a polynomial whose graph 737. Which of the following sequence of shifts
remains below the x-axis on its entire would you perform in order to obtain the
domain. graph of f(x) = (x +2)3 – 3 from the graph
d. All of the statements are true. of g(x) = x3?
a. Shift the graph of g up 3 units and then left
734. Which of the following statements is true? two units.
a. Linear functions with positive slopes are b. Shift the graph of g down 3 units and then
increasing. right two units.
b. There exists a rational function whose graph c. Shift the graph of g up 3 units and then
intersects both Quadrants I and II. right two units.
c. All quadratic functions are decreasing on d. Shift the graph of g down 3 units and then
one side of the vertex and increasing on the left two units.
other side of the vertex.
d. All of the statements are true. 738. Which of the following parabolas has its
turning point in the second quadrant of the
735. Determine the x-values of the points of coordinate plane?
intersection of the graphs of f(x) =–4x and g(x) a. y = (x + 1)2 – 2
= 2Vx2. b. y = (x–1)2 – 2
a. 0, 4 c. y = –(x + 1)2 – 2
b. 0,±±41 d. y = –(x + 2)2 + 1
c. �2 e. y = (x–2)2 + 1
d. �±±21
739. Compared to the graph of y = x2, the graph of
736. Determine the x-values of the points of y = (x–2)2 – 2 is
intersection of the graphs of f(x) = Vx2 and a. shifted 2 units right and 2 units down.
g(x) = 3Vx2. b. shifted 2 units left and 2 units down.
a. 0 c. shifted 2 units right and 2 units up.
b. 0,9 d. shifted 2 units left and 2 units up.
c. 0,3
d. The graphs do not intersect.

112
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

740. Which of the following sequence of shifts 743. Which of the following sequence of shifts
would you perform in order to obtain the would you perform in order to obtain the
graph of f(x) = (x – 4)3 + 1 from the graph of graph of f(x) = V2x – 5 – 3 from the graph of
g(x) = x3? g(x) = V2x ?
a. Shift the graph of g up 1 unit and then left 4 a. Shift the graph of g up 3 units and then left
units. 5 units.
b. Shift the graph of g down 1 unit and then b. Shift the graph of g down 3 units and then
right 4 units. left 5 units.
c. Shift the graph of g up 1 unit and then right c. Shift the graph of g down 5 units and then
4 units. left 3 units.
d. Shift the graph of g down 4 units and then d. Shift the graph of g down 3 units and then
right 1 unit. right 5 units.

741. Which of the following sequence of shifts 744. Which of the following sequence of shifts
would you perform in order to obtain the would you perform in order to obtain the
graph of f(x) = (x – 2)2– 4 from the graph graph of f(x) = 2 V2x+3 from the graph of
of g(x) = x 2? g(x) = 2Vx2 ?
a. Shift the graph of g up 4 units and then left a. Shift the graph of g up 3 units.
2 units. b. Shift the graph of g down 3 units.
b. Shift the graph of g down 4 units and then c. Shift the graph of g right 3 units.
left 2 units. d. Shift the graph of g left 3 units.
c. Shift the graph of g up 4 units and then
right 2 units. 745. Which of the following sequence of shifts
d. Shift the graph of g down 4 units and then would you perform in order to obtain the
right 2 units. graph of f(x) = |x + 6| + 4 from the graph of
g(x) = |x|?
742. Which of the following sequence of shifts a. Shift the graph of g up 4 units and then left
would you perform in order to obtain the 6 units.
graph of f(x) = (x – 2)3 –1 from the graph b. Shift the graph of g down 4 units and then
of g(x) = x3? right 6 units.
a. Shift the graph of g up 1 unit and then left 2 c. Shift the graph of g up 6 units and then
units. right 4 units.
b. Shift the graph of g down 1 unit and then d. Shift the graph of g down 6 units and then
right 2 units. left 4 units.
c. Shift the graph of g up 1 unit and then right
2 units.
d. Shift the graph of g down 2 units and then
left 1 unit.

113
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

746. Which of the following sequence of shifts 749. The graph of which of the following functions
would you perform in order to obtain the can be obtained by shifting the graph of
graph of f(x) = –|x – 1| + 5 from the graph of g(x) = V2x right 5 units and then up 2 units?
g(x) = |x|? a. f(x)= Vx2 –5+2
a. Shift the graph of g left 1 unit, then reflect b. f(x) = Vx2 +5+2
over the x-axis, and then up 5 units. c. f(x) = Vx2 –2+5
b. Shift the graph of g right 1 unit, then reflect d. f(x) = V2x+2–5
over the x-axis, and then up 5 units.
c. Shift the graph of g left 1 unit, then reflect 750. The graph of which of the following functions
over the x-axis, and then down 5 units. can be obtained by shifting the graph of
d. Shift the graph of g right 1 unit, then reflect g(x) = |x| left 3 units, then reflecting it over the
over the x-axis, and then down 5 units. x-axis, and then shifting it down 2 units?
a. f(x) = –|x–3| + 2
747. Which of the following sequence of shifts b. f(x) = –|x + 2| –3
would you perform in order to obtain the c. f(x) = –|x + 3| –2
graph of f(x) = –(x + 3)3 + 5 from the graph of d. f(x) = –|x–2| + 3
g(x) = x3?
a. Shift the graph of g left 3 units then reflect 751. The graph of which of the following functions
over the x-axis, and then up 5 units. can be obtained by reflecting the graph of
b. Shift the graph of g right 3 units, then reflect g(x) = ±±1x over the x-axis, and then shifting it up
over the x-axis, and then up 5 units. 2 units?
c. Shift the graph of g left 3 units, then reflect a. f(x) = 2 + ±±1x
over the x-axis, and then down 5 units. b. f(x) = 2 – ±±1x
d. Shift the graph of g right 3 units, then reflect 1
c. f(x) = – ± ±
x+2
over the x-axis, and then down 5 units. 1
d. f(x) =–±±
x–2

748. The graph of which of the following functions

752. The graph of which of the following functions
can be obtained by shifting the graph of g(x) =
can be obtained by shifting the graph of
x4 right 5 units and then reflecting it over the 1
g(x) = ±±
x2 right 2 units and then reflecting it
x-axis?
over the x-axis?
a. f(x) = –x4 + 5
1
b. f(x) = –x4–5 a. f(x) = – ±
(x +2)2
c. f(x) = –(x + 5)4 1
b. f(x) = – ± +2
x2
d. f(x) = –(x–5)4 1
c. f(x) = –±±
x2 – 2
1
d. f(x) = –±±
(x – 2)2

114
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

Set 48 (Answers begin on page 236) 757. Simplify: (ex + e–x)2

a. e2x + e–2x
This problem set focuses on the basic computations b. e2x + e–2x + 2
2 2
and graphs involving exponentials, as well as applica­ c. e x + e–x
2 2
tion of the exponent rules. d. e x + e–x + 2
3x – 1 3 x–1
(5 ) ·5
753. If ex = 2 and ey = 3, then e3x – 2y = 758. Simplify: ±± 52x
a. ±±89 a. 58x – 1
b. ±±98 b. 1253x – 2
c. 1 c. 254x – 1
d. –1 d. 6252x – 1

754. Simplify: 2x · 2x+1 759. Simplify: e x(e x – 1) – e–x (ex – 1)

2
a. 2x +x a. e2x – e x – 1 + e–x
b. 22x + 1 b. e2x + e x – 1 + e–x
2
c. 2x
± c. e2x + 2e x – 1
2 –±x
2–x
2
d. e2x + 1 – 2e–x
d. ±±
2 x

x x –x –x x –x
e (e – e ) + e (e + e )
760. Simplify: ±±±
755. Simplify: (4x – 1)2 · 16 –2x
e
a. 42x + 2 a. e 2x + 1
b. 4x b. e 4x + 1
c. 42x c. e –4x + 1
d. 4–2x d. e –2x + 1

� �
1

756. Simplify: ±
54x ±
2 761. Which of the following statements is true?
52x – 6
a. If b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very close
a. 5x–3
to the x-axis as the x-values move to the
b. 53x
right.
c. 5x + 3
b. If b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very close
d. 5–3x
to the x-axis as the x-values move to the left.
c. If b � 1, the graph of y = bx grows without
bound as the x-values move to the left.
d. If b � 1, the y-values associated with the
graph of y = bx grow very rapidly as the
x-values move to the left.

115
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

� �
2x
762. Which of the following statements is true? 766. What is the solution set for –±±32 £0?
a. If 0 � b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very a. (–»,0)
close to the x-axis as the x-values move to b. (–»,0]
the left, and the y-values grow very rapidly c. the empty set
as the x-values move to the left. d. the set of all real numbers
b. If 0 � b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very
close to the x-axis as the x-values move to 767. Which of the following is a true characterization

� �?
x
the right, and the y-values grow very rapidly 3
of the graph of f(x) = – ±±
4
as the x-values move to the right.
a. The graph has one x-intercept and one
c. If 0 � b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very
y-intercept.
close to the x-axis as the x-values move to
b. There exists an x-value for which f(x) = 1.
the right, and the y-values grow very rapidly
c. The graph is increasing as the x-values move
as the x-values move to the right.
from left to right.
d. If 0 � b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very
d. The graph is decreasing as the x-values
close to the x-axis as the x-values move to
move from left to right.
the right, and the y-values grow very rapidly
as the x-values move to the left.
768. Which of the following is a true characterization

� �
3x
15
763. Which of the following statements is true? of the graph of f(x) = – ±±
7 ?
a. If 0 � b � 1, then the equation bx =–1 has a a. The graph has one x-intercept and one
solution. y-intercept.
b. If b � 1, then the equation bx = 1 has two b. There exists an x-value for which f(x) = 1.
solutions. c. The graph is increasing as the x-values move
c. If b � 0, then the equation bx = 0 has no from left to right.
solution. d. The graph is decreasing as the x-values
d. If b � 0, then only negative x-values can be move from left to right.
solutions to the equation bx = 0.

764. Which of the following statements is true? Set 49 (Answers begin on page 238)
a. 2x � 3x, for all x � 0.

� � � � , for all x � 0.
x x
b. 1
±2± � 1
±±± This problem set focuses on additional features of ex­
3
ponential functions, including solving equations in­
� � � 0, for any real number x.
1 –x
c. ±2± volving exponential expressions.
d. All of the above statements are true.
769. The range of the function f (x) = 1– 2ex is
which of the following?
765. What is the solution set for the inequality
a. (–»,1]
1–3x £ 0?
b. (–»,1)
a. [1,»)
c. (1,»)
b. [0,»)
d. [1,»)
c. the empty set
d. the set of all real numbers

116
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

770. Determine the values of x that satisfy the 776. Solve: 125x = 25
a. ±±23
2
equation 27x – 1 = 43x.
–3 � V37
2
a. x = ±± 14 b. –±±23

b. x = ±±
2
3 � V37 c. –±±32
14
2
c. x =–±±71 and x = 1 d. ±±
3

d. x = ±±71 and x =–1

777. Solve: (e x) x – 3 = e10
771. Determine the values of x, if any, that satisfy a. –5 and –2
the equation 5 Vx2 1
= ±± b. –2 and 5
25 .
+1

a. 3 c. –5 and 2
b. –3 d. 2 and 5
c. ±±31
d. no solution 778. Solve: 163x – 1 = 42x + 3
a. –±±45
772. Which of the following are characteristics of b. –±±54
the graph of f(x) = –e2 – x –3? c. 4
±±
5
a. The graph of f lies below the x-axis. 5
d. ±±
4
b. y = –3 is the horizontal asymptote for the

��
graph of f. 1
2x
779. Solve: 4x + 1 = ±±
2
c. The domain is !.
d. all of the above a. –2–2
1
b. ±±
4
773. Solve: 2x – 5 = 8 c. –±±21
a. –3 d. –2
b. 3
c. 2 780. Solve: x · 3x + 5 · 3x = 0
d. 8 a. –5 only
b. 5 only
774. Solve: 32x = 9 · 3x – 1 c. 0 only
a. 1 d. 0 and –5
b. 0

� �
2x
c. –1 781. Solve: 10x + 1 = 100
d. none of the above
–1 � V52
a. ±± 2
1
775. Solve: 4 2x – 3
= ±±
4x b. 1
±± only
3
a. –1
c. –±±31 only
b. 0
c. 1 d. �±±31
d. none of the above

117
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

782. Solve: 2Vx2 · 2 = 8 788. log7 V72 =

a. 16 a. 0
b. 8 b. 1
c. 4 c. ±±21
d. 2 d. –1

783. Solve: 2x2 · ex – 7x · ex + 6 · ex = 0 789. log5 1 =

a. ±±32 and 2 a. 0
b. 3
±± and –2 b. ±±51
2
3 c. 1
c. ±±
2 and 2
d. –±±51
d. –±±32 and 2
790. log16 64 =
784. Solve: e2x +5ex– 6 = 0 2
a. ±±
3
a. 2 and 3
b. 0 only b. –±±32
c. –3 and –2 c. 4
d. –3, –2, and 0 d. 3
±±
2

791. If log6 x = 2, then x =

Set 50 (Answers begin on page 240) a. 6
b. 12
This problem set focuses on basic computations in­ c. 36
volving logarithms. d. –36

785. log3 27 = 792. If 5Va2 = x , then loga x =

a. –2 a. loga 5 – ±±21
b. 2
b. loga 5 + ±±21
c. –3
c. loga 5 + 2
d. 3
d. loga 5 – 2

a. 2
��
786. log3 ±91± =
793. log3(34·93) =
a. 8
b. –2
b. 10
c. 3
c. 6
d. –3
d. 12

787. log ±2 8 =
1

794. If 53x – 1 = 7, then x =

a. 16 1
a. 3 (1–log5
±± 7)
b. 3
b. –3(1 + log5 7)
c. –3
d. 4 c. –±±31 (1–log5 7)
d. ±±31 (1 + log5 7)
118
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

795. If loga x = 2 and loga y = –3, then loga � �=

x
±3
y Set 51 (Answers begin on page 241)
a. –±±32
b. 11 This problem set focuses on basic features of loga­
rithmic functions, and simplifying logarithmic ex­
c. –±±23
pressions using the logarithm rules.
d. 8
801. Which of the following is equivalent to
796. 3log 32 = 3 ln (xy2) – 4 ln(x2y) + ln(xy)?
a. 2 y3
a. ln [±±
x4 ]
b. 1
c. 0 b. ln [y3x4]
4
x
d. –1 c. ln [±±
y3 ]
d. ln [y3] + ln [x4]
797. loga(ax) =
a. ax 802. Simplify: log8 2 + log8 4
b. 0 a. 1
c. x b. –1
d. xa c. 2 log8 2
d. 3
798. If 3 ln
1
� � = ln 8, then x =
1
±±
x
803. Simplify: 4 log9 3
a. ±±
2
b. 2 a. 8
b. –8
c. –±±21
c. 2
d. –2 d. –2
– ±±21 ln 3
799. e = 804. Which of the following is equivalent to
V32 ln (18x3) – ln (6x)?
a. –±3
V32 a. ln (3x2)
b. ±3 b. 2 ln (3x)
3
c. ± c. ln (3x)2
V32
3 d. ln (108x4)
d. –±
V32
2 2
805. Simplify: log7 ±±
49 – log7 ±±
� �=
e2y 7
800. If ln x = 3 and ln y = 2, then ln ±
V2x a. 2
2
a. ±±
5 b. –1
b. –±±52 2
c. ±±
49
5 2
c. ±±
2 d. –±±
49
d. –±±25

119
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

806. Simplify: 3 log4 ±±32 + log4 27 811. Which of the following is equivalent to
a. –±±32 ln[(2Vx2
+ 1)(x2 + 3)4]?
2 1
b. ±±
3 a. ±±
2 ln 2(x + 1) – 4 ln (x2 + 3)
c. –±±23 b. ln 2 – ±±21 ln (x + 1) – 4 ln (x2 + 3)
3
d. ±±
2 c. ln 2 + ±±21 ln (x + 1) + 4 ln (x2 + 3)
1
d. ±±
2 ln 2(x + 1) + 4 ln (x2 + 3)
807. Which of the following is equivalent to
log (2x3)? 812. Which of the following is equivalent to

� �?
a. log 2 – 3 log x x2V22 x–1
log3 ±± 3
b. –log 2 + 3 log x ±±
(2x + 1) 2
c. log 2 + 3 log x a. 2 log3 (x) + ±±21 log3 (2x – 1)(2x + 1)
d. –log 2 – 3 log x b. 2 log3 (x) – ±±23 log3 (2x – 1)(2x + 1)
c. 2 log3 (x) + ±±21 log3 (2x – 1) – ±±23 log3 (2x + 1)
808. Which of the following is equivalent to
d. 2 log3 (x) – ±±23 log3 ±±
2x – 1
log3 � � 8yz4
±
x2
? 2x + 1

a. 3 + log2 y – 4 log2 z – 2 log2 x 813. Which of the following is a true characteriza­

b. 3 – log2 y – 4 log2 z + 2 log2 x tion of the graph of f(x) = ln x?
c. 3 + log2 y + 4 log2 z + 2 log2 x a. As the x-values decrease toward zero, the
d. 3 + log2 y + 4 log2 z – 2 log2 x y-values plunge downward very sharply.
b. As the x-values decrease toward zero, the
809. Which of the following is equivalent to y-values shoot upward very sharply.
3 2
±± log2 4 – ±± log2 8 + log2 2? c. As the x-values move to the right, the
2 3
a. log2 2 y-values decrease very slowly.
b. –1 d. As the x-values move to the left, the y-values
c. –2 increase very slowly.
d. 2
814. What is the domain of k(x) = log3(–x)?
810. Which of the following is equivalent to a. (–»,0)
3 logb (x + 3)–1 – 2 logb x + logb (x + 3)3 ? b. (0,»)
a. 2 logbx c. [0,»)
b. –logbx d. the set of all real numbers
c. logb[x(x + 3)]
d. logb ��1
±x±2 815. What is the domain of b(x) = log5(x2 + 1)?
a. (–»,0)
b. (0,»)
c. [0,»)
d. the set of all real numbers

120
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

816. What is the x-intercept of f(x) = log2 x? 821. Which of the following choices for f and g are
a. (2,0) inverses?
b. (0,1) a. f(x) = e–x and g(x) = ln Vx2 , x > 0
c. (1,0) b. f(x) = e2x and g(x) = ln Vx2 , x > 0
d. This function does not have an x-intercept. c. f(x) = e–x and g(x) = ln V–x
2,x>0
d. f(x) = e2x and g(x) = ln V22x , x > 0

Set 52 (Answers begin on page 243) 822. Solve: ln(x – 2) – ln(3 – x) = 1

3e + 2
a. ±±
e+1
This problem set focuses on additional features of 3(e + 2)
b. ±±
e+1
logarithmic functions and solving equations and in­
c. 2
equalities involving logarithms.
d. 3

817. The range of the function f(x) = ln(2x – 1) is

823. Determine the solution set for the inequality
which of the following?
1
5 � 4e2 – 3x + 1 � 9.

� , �
a. (–»,–±2±) 2 – ln 2 e–2
1
a. ±± ±±
3 3
b. [±2±,»)
b. � , �
1 2 – ln 2 2
±± ±±
c. (±2±,») 3 3

c. � , �
d. ! 2 –2 + ln 2
±± ±±
3 3

d. � , �
818. Which of the following, if any, are x-intercepts e–2 –2 + ln 2
±± ±±
3 3
of the function f(x) = ln (x2–4x + 4)?
a. (1,0) 824. Determine the solution set for the inequality
b. (3,0) ln(1–x2) � 0.
c. both a and b a. (–1,0)!(0,1)
d. neither a nor b b. (–»,–1)!((1,»)
c. (–1,1)
819. The domain of the function f(x) = ln (x2 – 4x + 4) d. [–1,1]
is which of the following?
a. (2,») 825. Solve: log x + log(x + 3) = 1
b. (–»,2) a. –2 and 5
c. (–»,2)!(2,») b. 2 and 5
d. ! c. –5 and 2
d. 2 only
820. Which of the following is a characteristic of the
graph of f(x) = ln(x + 1) + 1?
a. The y-intercept is (e,1).
b. x = –1 is a vertical asymptote of f.
c. There is no x-intercept.
d. y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

121
 – ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS –

826. Solve: log2(2x) + log2(x + 1) = 2 830. Solve for y: 3 ln 4y + ln A = ln B

a. 0 only 1 1
±±
a. y = ±±4 e3 (ln B–ln A)
b. 1 only 1 1
±±
b. y = ±±4 e3 (ln B + ln A)
c. 0 and 1 1 1 B
±± ±±
d. no solution c. y =–±±4 e3 (ln A)
1 1
±±
d. y =–±±4 e3 (ln AB)
827. Solve: log(x – 2) = 2 + log(x +3)
302
a. ±±
99
831. Solve for x: l + ln (x · y) = ln z
b. 3 a. x = e ln z + ln y–1
c. 2 b. x = e ln z–ln y + 1
d. There is no solution to this equation. c. x = e ln z–ln y–1
d. x = e –(ln z + ln y–1)
x
828. Assuming that b � 1, solve: b3 logb = 1
a. b 832. Solve for t: P = P0e–kt
1 P
b. b2 a. t = –±±k ln (±±
P ) 0
c. 0 P
b. t = –k ln (±±
P )
d. 1 0
1 P
c. t = ln±±
k (–±±
P0 )
829. Solve for x: y = e –a(b + x)
1 P
1
d. t = –±±k ln ( ±0
P )
a. x = –±a± (ab + ln y)
b. x = –b + ln y
1
c. x = ±a±(ab–ln y)
–ab + ln y
d. x = ±±
a

122
 7
S E C T I O N

MATRIX ALGEBRA

S ystems of linear equations can also be solved using Cramer’s rule, which involves the use of matrices.
Matrix operations, including matrix arithmetic, computing determinants and inverses, and applying
back substitution and Cramer’s rule to solve systems of linear equations, are reviewed in the seven
problem sets in this section.

123
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

! 0 –3 1 "
–1 –1 0
Set 53 (Answers begin on page 245) 836. Compute, if possible: –3

! 0 –9 –3 "
–3 –3 0
Basic features of matrices and the arithmetic of ma­ a.
trices are explored in this problem set.

! 0 9 3"
–3 3 0
b.
833. What are the dimensions of the matrix
[1 2 –1 0]?
! 0 9 –3 "
3 3 0
a. 4 ¥ 4 c.
b. 1 ¥ 4
d. This computation is not well-defined.
c. 4 ¥ 1
d. 1 ¥ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ 0⎥
834. What are the dimensions of the matrix 837. Compute, if possible: [1 –1 –2 2] + ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥
⎡ 0 −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥? ⎣ −5 ⎦
0 1 a. [2 –1 –1 –3]
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −2 ⎥ ⎡ 2⎤
⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
⎣ ⎦
b. ⎢ ⎥
a. 2¥4 ⎢ −1⎥
4¥2 ⎢ ⎥
b. ⎣ −3⎦
c. 2¥2
d. 4¥4 ⎡ 1 −1 −2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
0 0 0 0
c. ⎢ ⎥
835. Which of the following matrices has dimen­ ⎢ 1 0 0 0 ⎥
sions 3 ¥ 2? ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −5 0 0 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ d. This computation is not well-defined.
a. ⎢ 3 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 ⎥⎦
! 0 1 "–3! 2 2 "
–3 –1 2 –1
838. Compute, if possible: 2
⎡ −1 0 ⎤
b. ⎢ −1 ⎥
! 1 –12 "
–4 –6
a.
⎢⎣ 0 −3 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 3 ⎤
! 6 4"
c. 12 –1
⎢ ⎥ b.
⎣ 3 3 ⎦

! –6 –4 "
d. none of the above –12 1
c.

d. This computation is not well-defined.

124
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

⎡ −1 0 1 ⎤
2⎢ ⎥
839. Compute, if possible: 1 0 1 ⎥
5⎢ 842. How many ordered pairs (x,y) make the
⎢⎣ 0 1 −1 ⎥⎦ following equality true:
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −6 ⎤
⎢ 5 0 – 52 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥?
⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ � = � − 1 ⎢ −3 −3 ⎥
a. ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 x ⎥ ⎢ 1 6y ⎥
⎢ –5 0 –5 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ ⎥ a. 0
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ b. 1
⎢ 0 –5 5 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ c. 2
⎡ 2 2
⎤ d. infinitely many
⎢ 5 0 5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
b. ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
843. Determine an ordered pair (x,y) that makes the
⎢ 5 0 5 ⎥ following equality true:
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3x − 2 0 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 x + 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ −4 ⎢ ⎥− 2⎢
−5 ⎡ 2x 10
⎥� = � ⎢
6 ⎤
⎥
⎢ 0 5 5 ⎥ ⎢⎣ −2 2y −1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 4 − 3y −1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 4 6 ⎦
⎣ ⎦ –2 –8
a.(!!!!
11 , 3 )
!!!!
⎡ 2 2
⎤ 2 –8
⎢ −5 0 5 ⎥ b. (!!!!
11 , 3 )
!!!!
⎢ ⎥ 2 8
c. ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
c. (!!!!
11 , 3 )
!!!
⎢ 5 0 5 ⎥ –2 8
d. (!!!!
11 , 3 )
!!!
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎢ 0 5 −5 ⎥ 844. Determine an ordered triple (x,y,z) if one
⎣ ⎦
d. This computation is not well-defined. exists, that makes the following equality true:
⎡ x 2y ⎤ ⎡ 2x 3 y ⎤ ⎡ 3x 4 y ⎤
⎢ ⎥�− �⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
840. Determine the values of x, if any exist, that ⎢⎣ 3z 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 z 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 z 0 ⎥⎦
make the following equality true: a. (1,1,1)
⎡ x −2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 6 −4 ⎤ b. (0,1,1)
⎢ ⎥� = � 2 ⎢ ⎥ c. (0,0,0)
⎣ 0 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0 4 ⎦
a. 3 d. (0,1,0)
b. –3
c. 6 845. Which of the following statements is true?
d. There is no such x-value. a. The sum of two 4 ¥ 2 matrices must be a
4 ¥ 2 matrix.
841. Determine the values of x, if any exist, that b. The sum of a 4 ¥ 2 matrix and a 2 ¥ 4
make the following equality true: matrix is well-defined.
⎡ c. A constant multiple of a 3 ¥ 1 matrix need
−1 x 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ not be a 3 ¥ 1 matrix.
⎢⎣ 3x −1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 6 −1 ⎦ d. All of the above statements are true.
a. –1 and 1
b. –2 and 2
c. –2 only
d. 2 only

125
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

846. Which of the following statements is true?

⎡ ⎤
a. 0 ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ � = �0
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 ⎤
b. 0 ⎢ 2 ⎥ � + � ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎣ −1 3 ⎦
c. 3[–1 0 0]–2[0 1 0] + [0 0 –1] = –[3 2 1]
d. All of the above statements are false.

847. Which of the following statements is true?

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
a. ⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ � + �1� = � ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎣ −1 −1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦
⎡ X 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 15 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 X 1 0 0 15 1 0 ⎥
b. There is an X-value that makes the following equation true: −3 ⎢ ⎥� = � ⎢
⎢ 0 0 X 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 15 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 X ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 15 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
c. ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ � − � ⎡⎣ 1 1 ⎤⎦ � − � ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ � = � ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦
d. All of the above statements are false.

848. How many ordered triples (x,y,z) (where x, y, and z are real numbers) make the following equation true?
⎡ 1 x−2 −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −x 2 −1 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −3 −1 2 y 1 ⎥ −3 −1
� = � ⎢⎢
y2 1 ⎥ ?
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎥
⎢ −2 1 1 4z ⎥ ⎢ −2 1 1 8z ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −3 −4 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −3 −4 0 ⎥⎦
a. 8
b. 4
c. 2
d. 0

126
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

Set 54 (Answers begin on page 247)

The multiplication of matrices and matrix computations involving multiple operations are the focus of this
problem set.

For questions 849 through 864, use the following matrices:

⎡ −1 �� 2 ⎤
⎡ 0 ⎤
A = ⎢⎢ �� 0 �� 2 ⎥⎥ F= ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎣ ⎦

⎡ −2 −1 0 1 ⎤
⎡ 1 −2 −1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
B= ⎢ ⎥ G = ⎢ −1 −2 −1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 −1 −2 −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 1 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎢ 1 −2 1 ⎥
C= ⎢ ⎥ H= ⎢ ⎥
0 0 −2
⎣ 1 −4 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 1 0 ⎥⎦

⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
D = ⎢⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥⎥ I= ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
E = [ –4 –2 0 ]

849. Express as a single matrix, if possible: CF 850. Express as a single matrix, if possible: (2G)(–3E)
a. [ 0 0 ] ⎡ −1 1 0 ⎤
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥ b. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 1 ⎦
d. not possible c. [ –1 –1 1 ]
d. not possible

127
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

851. Express as a single matrix, if possible: AB 854. Express as a single matrix, if possible: FF
⎡ 0 0 ⎤
! "
5 12
a. a. ⎢ ⎥
6 10 ⎣ 0 0 ⎦

! –3 1 " ⎡ 0 ⎤
12 1
b. b. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
⎡ 5 12 1 ⎤ c. [ 0 0 ]
c. ⎢⎢ 6 10 0 ⎥⎥ d. not possible
⎢⎣ −4 −3 1 ⎥⎦
855. Express as a single matrix, if possible: IE + D
d. not possible
⎡ 5 2 −1 ⎤
852. Express as a single matrix, if possible: 4BA a. ⎢⎢ 8 3 −2
⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 5 3 0 ⎥⎦
! –12 0 "
64 –4
a. ⎡ −5 −2 1 ⎤
b. ⎢⎢ ⎥
−8 −3 2 ⎥

! 12 –64 "
0 4 ⎢⎣ −5 −3 0 ⎥⎦
b.
⎡ 1 −2 5 ⎤
c. ⎢⎢ ⎥
−8 −3 2 ⎥
! –12 64 "
0 –4
c.
⎢⎣ 1 −3 −5 ⎥⎦
d. not possible
d. not possible

853. Express as a single matrix, if possible: (–2D)(3D)

856. Express as a single matrix, if possible: (BG)H
⎡ −48 −42 −42 ⎤
! –52 18 8 "
–3 –7 –3
a. ⎢⎢ 12 ⎥ a.
6 −12 ⎥
⎢⎣ 18 18 18 ⎥⎦
⎡ −3 −52 ⎤
⎡ −6 −7 −7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
b. ⎢⎢ ⎥ b. ⎢ −7 18 ⎥
2 1 −2 ⎥ ⎢ −3 8 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 48 42 42 ⎤ ⎡ 3 52 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
c. ⎢⎢ ⎥
−12 −6 12 ⎥ c. ⎢ 7 −18 ⎥
⎢⎣ −18 −18 −18 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 3 −8 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
d. not possible d. not possible

128
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

857. Express as a single matrix, if possible: (EG)(HI) 861. Express as a single matrix, if possible:
a. 22 (2C)(2C)(2C)F

!"
b. 33 0
a.
c. 66 0
d. not possible b. [ 0 0 ]
⎡ ⎤
c. ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
858. Express as a single matrix, if possible:
⎣ 0 0 ⎦
(ED)(AC) d. not possible
a. [ 36 –164 ]
b. [ –36 164 ]
862. Express as a single matrix, if possible:
! "
36 (EAF)(CF)
c.
–164
⎡ ⎤
d. not possible a. ⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 ⎦
859. Express as a single matrix, if possible: E(G + A) b. [ 0 0 ]

!"
⎡ 1 0 ⎤ 0
c.
a. ⎢ ⎥ 0
⎣ 1 0 ⎦ d. not possible
⎡ −2 ⎤
b. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦ 863. Express as a single matrix, if possible:
c. –1 3D – 2AB + GH
d. not possible
⎡ 10 17 −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 17 14 −7 ⎥
a.
860. Express as a single matrix, if possible: 4B – 3EF
⎢⎣ −9 −5 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −1 2 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −10 −17 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ 1 1 −2 ⎥⎦ b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −17 −14 7 ⎥
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 9 5 0 ⎥⎦
b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 1 ⎥ ⎡ −10 −17 −2 ⎤
⎢ 2 −2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −17 −14 −7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ c.
⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎢⎣ −9 −5 0 ⎥⎦
c. ⎢ ⎥ d. not possible
⎣ 0 0 ⎦
d. not possible

129
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

⎡ −1 2 ⎤
864. Express as a single matrix, if possible: 869. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
(2E)(–2F) + 2B a. –10 ⎣ 2 −4 ⎦
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ b. –6
a. ⎢ ⎥ c. 6
⎣ −1 0 ⎦
d. 0
b. ⎡ −2 −5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 6 3 ⎤
⎣ 4 2 ⎦ 870. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 ⎦
c. ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ a. 9
⎢ ⎥ b. 0
⎣ 1 5 ⎦
c. 16
d. not possible
d. –16

⎡ −3 4 ⎤
871. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
Set 55 (Answers begin on page 250)
a. –20 ⎣ 4 2 ⎦
b. 20
This problem set is focused on computing determi­
c. –22
nants of square matrices.
d. 22
⎡ −3 7 ⎤
865. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤
872. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 5 ⎦
a. –38
a. 25 ⎣ 0 25 ⎦
b. –26
b. –25
c. 22
c. –4
d. –22
d. 4
⎡ a 0 ⎤
866. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 −1 ⎤
873. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 b ⎦
a. 0
a. 1 ⎣ 1 −2 ⎦
b. a
b. –1
c. ab
c. –5
d. b
d. 5
⎡ 1 2 ⎤
867. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤
874. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 ⎦
a. –1
a. 24 ⎣ −12 3 ⎦
b. 1
b. 36
c. –3
c. –6
d. 3
d. –24
⎡ 2 3 ⎤
868. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤
875. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦
a. –5
a. –2 ⎣ −2 −1 ⎦
b. 5
b. 2
c. 1
c. 1
d. –1
d. –1

130
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

⎡ −1 0 ⎤
876. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ 881. Write this system in matrix form:
a. 2 ⎣ 2 −1 ⎦
⎧−3x � + � 7 y � = �2
b. 1 ⎨
⎩ x� + �5 y � = � 8
c. –2
d. 0 ⎡ 3 −7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎣ 1 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 8 ⎦
877. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ b. ⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
a. 0 ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
b. 5 ⎣ −1 −5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 8 ⎦
c. 12 c. ⎡ −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
d. –12 ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 7 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 8 ⎦
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ d. ⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
878. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
a. 0 ⎣ 9 −6 ⎦ ⎣ 1 5 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣ 8 ⎦
b. 15 ⎧ x � = �a
c. 48 882. Write this system in matrix form: ⎨
⎩ y� = �b
d. –15
⎡ 1 0 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤
⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
879. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦
a. 1 ⎣ −1 0 ⎦
b. ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤
b. 0 ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
c. –1 ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦

d. 2 c. ⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦
⎡ 0 2 ⎤
880. Compute the determinant: ⎢ ⎥
a. 2 ⎣ 4 0 ⎦ d. ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ b ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
b. –2 ⎣ 0 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎣ a ⎦
c. 8
d. –8 883. Write this system in matrix form:
⎧ x � + �2 y � = � 4
⎨
⎩ 2x � + � 3 y � = � 2
Set 56 (Answers begin on page 251)
⎡ 3 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥ ⎣ 2 ⎦
This problem set is focused on writing systems in ma­ ⎦
b. ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
trix form. ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥ ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎦
c. ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎦
d. ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦

131
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

884. Write this system in matrix form: 886. Write this system in matrix form:
⎡ 2 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎧6 x � + � 3 y � = � 8
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥? ⎨ ?
⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦ ⎩ 2 x � + �y � = �3

⎡ 2 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 6 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥
⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥
⎦ ⎣ 8 ⎦

b. ⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ b. ⎡ 6 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥ ⎣ 8 ⎦
⎦ ⎦
c. ⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ c. ⎡ 6 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦

d. ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ d. ⎡ 6 3 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 2 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦

885. Write this system in matrix form: 887. Write this system in matrix form:
⎧− x � + � 2 y � = �3 ⎧−3x � + �1� = � 4 y
⎨ ? ⎨ ?
⎩ 2 x � + �4y � = � − 6 ⎩ 2 y � + � 3� = � − 4 x

⎡ −4 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡ 2 4 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −6 ⎦ ⎣ 4 −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −3 ⎦

b. ⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ b. ⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 4 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦

c. ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ c. ⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −6 ⎦ ⎣ 4 2 ⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥
⎦ ⎣ −3 ⎦

d. ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ d. ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 4 −3 ⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥
⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦

132
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

888. Write this system in matrix form: 890. Write this system in matrix form:
⎧−2 � = �x � − � 4 y ⎧ −1� = � − 3� − � 2 x
⎪ ⎨
⎨ 1 ⎩2� − � 3 y � = �6(1� − � 2 x )
⎪⎩5 y � = � 5
⎡ −3 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎡ 2 ⎤ a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
a. ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 12 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣ 0 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦ b. ⎡ 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
b. ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎣ 12 −3 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ c. ⎡ 2 12 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎣ −4 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
c. ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥ d. ⎡ 2 12 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ −4 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦

d. ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 891. Write this system in matrix form:

⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎧2 x � − �3 y � + �5 � = �1� + � 2 x � − � 4 y
⎣ 0 5 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 ⎥⎦ ⎨
⎩ 3� − �x � − � 2 y � = � − y � + �x � + � 3
889. Write this system in matrix form:
⎡ 0 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎧ x � − � 2� = � 4 x � − �y � + �3 a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎨ ⎣ −2 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎩6� − � 2 y � = � − 3� − �x ⎦⎥

⎡ −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤ b. ⎡ −1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −2 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎣ 1 −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −9 ⎦
c. ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
b. ⎡ −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −2 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −4 ⎦
⎣ 1 −2 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣ −9 ⎦
d. ⎡ 0 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
c. ⎡ −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −9 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎣ 1 −2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 5 ⎦

d. ⎡ −2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 5 ⎦

133
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

892. Which of the following systems can be written 894. Which of the following systems can be written
in the matrix form in the matrix form
⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥? ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥?
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 9 −6 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
⎧ −x � = � − 2 ⎧ −36 � + �2x � = �4
⎨
a. –2x � + �y � = �1 a. ⎨−9 y � + �6x � = �12
⎩ ⎩
−3x � + �2x � = �4
b. ⎧⎨
x� = � − 2 b. ⎧⎨
⎩2x � − �y � = �1 ⎩−9 y � + �6x � = �12
3x � − �2 y � = �4
c. ⎧⎨
−x � = � − 2 c. ⎧⎨
⎩2x � − �y � = �1 ⎩9 y � − �6x � = �12
3x � − �2x � = �4
d. ⎧⎨
−x � = � − 2 d. ⎧⎨
⎩2x � + �y � = �1 ⎩9 y � − �6x � = �12

893. Which of the following systems can be written 895. Which of the following systems can be written
in the matrix form in the matrix form ?
⎡ 3 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥? ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥?
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ −1 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎧2x � − �3 y � = � − 2 ⎧x � − �y � = � − 1
a. ⎨ 2 x � + �3y � = �1 a. ⎨ x � = �1
⎩ ⎩
2x � + �3 y � = � − 2 − x� − �y � = � − 1
b. ⎧⎨ b. ⎧⎨
⎩ 2 x � + �3y � = �1 ⎩ −x� = �1

3x � − �2y � = � − 2 −x � + �y � = � −1
c. ⎧⎨ c. ⎧⎨
⎩ 3x � − �2y � = �1 ⎩ x� = �1

− y� + �x � = � − 1
d. ⎧⎨
3x � + �2y � = � − 2 d. ⎧⎨
⎩ 3x � + �2y � = �1 ⎩ − y � = �1

134
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

896. Which of the following systems can be written 898. Assume that a and b are not zero. Compute the
in the matrix form inverse, if it exists:
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 14 ⎤ ⎡ a 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥? ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦ ⎣ 0 b ⎦
⎧ 2 x � = �14
a. ⎨4 y � = � − 20 ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎩ ⎢ a 0 ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥
2 y � = �14 ⎢ 1 ⎥
b. ⎧⎨ ⎢ 0 b ⎥
⎩4 x � = � − 20 ⎣ ⎦
2 y � = �14 ⎡ 1 ⎤
c. ⎧⎨ ⎢ −a 0 ⎥
⎩4 y � = � − 20 b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
2 x � = �14 ⎢ 0 −b ⎥
d. ⎧⎨ ⎣ ⎦
⎩4 x � = � − 20 ⎡ −a 0 ⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −b ⎦
Set 57 (Answers begin on page 254)
d. The inverse does not exist.
This problem set is focused on computing inverse
matrices. ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
899. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 ⎦
⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ −3 2 ⎤
897. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥ a. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 5 ⎦ ⎣ 2 −1 ⎦

⎡ 5 ⎤ b. ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 1 ⎦
7
⎢ 22 − 22 ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 ⎥ c. ⎡ −3 −2 ⎤
⎢ − 22 − 22 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −2 1 ⎦
⎡ 5 7
⎤ d. The inverse does not exist.
⎢ − 22 22 ⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 ⎥
⎢ 22 22 ⎥ ⎡ 2 3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ 900. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 1 ⎦
⎡ 5 −7 ⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −1 3 ⎤
⎣ −1 −3 ⎦ a. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −2 ⎦
d. The inverse does not exist.
b. ⎡ 1 −3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2 ⎦

c. ⎡ −1 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 2 ⎦
d. The inverse does not exist.

135
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤
901. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥ 904. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −4 ⎦ ⎣ 0 25 ⎦
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4
⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 25 ⎥
⎣ −2 4 ⎦ a. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
b. ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎢ 0 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 2 4 ⎦
b. ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
c. ⎡ −4 2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −4 25 ⎦
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦
c. ⎡ 25 4 ⎤
d. The inverse does not exist. ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 ⎦
d. The inverse does not exist.
⎡ 6 3 ⎤
902. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 ⎦
⎡ 3 −1 ⎤
⎡ 1 3 ⎤ 905. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1 −2 ⎦
⎣ 2 6 ⎦
⎡ −2 −1 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥
b. ⎡ 6 −3 ⎤ ⎣ 1 3 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 1 ⎦
b. ⎡ −2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
c. ⎡ 1 −3 ⎤ ⎣ −1 3 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 6 ⎦
⎡ 2 1
⎤
d. The inverse does not exist. ⎢ −5 −5 ⎥
c. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 ⎥
⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎢ −5 −5 ⎥
903. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 4 2 ⎦ d. The inverse does not exist.
⎡ 1 2
⎤
⎢ − 11 ⎥
11 ⎡ 2 0 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥ 906. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 3 ⎥ ⎣ 12 −3 ⎦
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎡ 3 0 ⎤
a. ⎢ ⎥
b. ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎣ −12 −2 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −3 ⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0 ⎥
c. ⎡ 2 −4 ⎤ b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −4 −3 ⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 −3 ⎥
d. The inverse does not exist. ⎣ ⎦

c. ⎡ 3 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 −2 ⎦
d. The inverse does not exist.

136
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
907. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥ 910. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 −1 ⎦ ⎣ 9 −6 ⎦
⎡ 1 1
⎤ ⎡ −6 −2 ⎤
⎢ −2 −2 ⎥ a. ⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 9 3 ⎦
⎢⎣ 1 0 ⎥⎦
b. ⎡ −6 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
b. ⎡ −1 1 ⎤ ⎣ −2 3 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 0 ⎦
c. ⎡ −6 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
c. ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎣ −9 3 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 0 ⎦ d. The inverse does not exist.
d. The inverse does not exist.
⎡ −1 −1 ⎤
911. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎣ −1 0 ⎦
908. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦ ⎡ 0 −1 ⎤
⎡ 1 0 ⎤ a. ⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −1 1 ⎦
⎣ 2 1 ⎦
b. ⎡ 1 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
b. ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎣ −1 0 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 ⎦
c. ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
c. ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎣ 1 0 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 −1 ⎦ d. The inverse does not exist.
d. The inverse does not exist.
⎡ 0 2 ⎤
912. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎣ 4 0 ⎦
909. Compute the inverse, if it exists: ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎡ 0 −2 ⎤
⎡ 2 2 ⎤ a. ⎢ ⎥
a. ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −4 0 ⎦
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ ⎡ ⎤
1
⎢ 0 4 ⎥
b. ⎡ 2 −2 ⎤ b. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 3 ⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
c. ⎡ 2 −3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ −2 3 ⎦ ⎢ 0 − 14 ⎥
d. The inverse does not exist. c. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ −2 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
d. The inverse does not exist.

137
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

Set 58 (Answers begin on page 257) 916. Solve this system by first converting to an
equivalent matrix equation:
This problem set is focused on solving matrix equa­ ⎧2 x � + �3 y � = �1
⎨
tions of the form Ax = b. ⎩ x � + �y� = � − 2
a. x = 1, y = –5
913. Solve this system by first converting to an b. x = –7, y = 5
equivalent matrix equation: c. There is no solution.
⎧−3x � + �7 y � = �2 d. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎨
⎩ x � + �5y � = �8
23
a. x = !! 13 917. Solve this system by first converting to an
11 , y = !!
11
23
b. x = –!! 13 equivalent matrix equation:
11 , y = –!!
11
c. There is no solution. ⎧− x � + � 2y � = �3
⎨
d. There are infinitely many solutions. ⎩ 2 x � − �4y� = � − 6
a. x = –3, y = 2
914. Solve this system by first converting to an b. x = 2, y = –3
equivalent matrix equation: c. There is no solution.
⎧ x� = �a d. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎨
⎩ y� = �b
a. There is no solution. 918. Solve this system by first converting to an
b. There are infinitely many solutions. equivalent matrix equation:
c. x = a, y = b ⎧6 x � + �3y � = �8
⎨
d. x = b, y = a ⎩ 2 x � + �y � = �3
a. x = –4, y = –6
915. Solve this system by first converting to an b. x = 4, y = –6
equivalent matrix equation: c. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎧ x� + � 2 y � = �4 d. There is no solution.
⎨
⎩2 x � + �3 y � = �2
a. x = 8, y = –6 919. Solve this system by first converting to an
b. x = –8, y = 6 equivalent matrix equation:
c. There is no solution. ⎧ −3x � = �1� − �4y
⎨
d. There are infinitely many solutions. ⎩2 y � + �3� = � − 4 x
7 5
a. x = –!!11 , y = – 22
!!
7 5
b. x = !!
11 , y = 22
!!
c. There is no solution.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.

138
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

920. Solve this system by first converting to an 924. Solve this system:
equivalent matrix equation: ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎧−2� = �x � − �4y ⎣ 2 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎪
⎨ 1 a. x = –2, y = –3
⎪⎩5 y � = � 5
b. x = 2, y = 3
46 1
a. x = –!! 25 , y = 25
!! c. There is no solution.
46 1
b. x = !!
25 , y = –!!
25 d. There are infinitely many solutions.
c. There is no solution.
⎡ 3 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
d. There are infinitely many solutions. 925. Solve this system: ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
921. Solve this system by first converting to an a. x = –2, y = –1
equivalent matrix equation: b. x = 2, y = –1
c. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎧ x � − �2� = �4x � − �y � + � 3
⎨ d. There is no solution.
⎩6� − �2y � = � − 3� − �x
a. x = !195!, y = –!!
22 ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
5 926. Solve this system: ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
b. x = –!195!, y = !! ⎣ 9 −6 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎣ 12 ⎦
22
5 ⎦⎥
c. There is no solution. a. x = 9, y = –2
d. There are infinitely many solutions. b. x = –9, y = 2
c. There is no solution.
922. Solve this system by first converting to an d. There are infinitely many solutions.
equivalent matrix equation:
⎧ −1� = � − 3� − �2x 927. Solve this system:
⎨
⎩2� − �3y � = �6(1� − �2x) ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤
a. There is no solution. ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
b. There are infinitely many solutions.
a. There is no solution.
16
c. x = –1, y = –!!
3 b. There are infinitely many solutions.
16
d. x = 1, y = !!
3 c. x = –1, y = 2
d. x = 1, y = –2
923. Solve this system by first converting to an
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 14 ⎤
equivalent matrix equation: 928. Solve this system: ⎢ ⎥⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦
⎧2 x � − �3 y �+�5� = �1� + �2 x � − �4 y
⎨ a. There is no solution.
⎩ 3� − �x � − �2y � = � − y � + �x � + �3 b. There are infinitely many solutions.
a. There is no solution.
c. x = –5, y = 7
b. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. x = 5, y = –7
c. x = 2, y = –4
d. x = –2, y = 4

139
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

S e t 59 (Answers begin on page 264) 933. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:

This problem set is focused on solving matrix equa­ ⎧ x � − � 2� = �4x� − �y� + �3

⎨
tions of the form Ax = b using Cramer’s rule. ⎩6� − �2y � = � − 3� − �x
a. x = 2, y = 5
929. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule: b. x = –2, y = –5
⎧−3x � + �7 y � = �2 c. There is no solution.
⎨ d. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎩ x � + �5y � = �8
a. There is no solution.
934. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
b. There are infinitely many solutions.
23 13 ⎧6 x � + �3y � = �8
c. x = !!
11 , y = 11
!! ⎨
23 13 ⎩2 x � + �y � = �3
d. x = – !!
11 , y = –!!
11
a. x = –12, y = 4
930. Assume that a and b are nonzero. Solve this b. x = 12, y = –4
system using Cramer’s rule: c. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. There is no solution.
⎧ x� = �a
⎨
⎩ y� = �b
935. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
a. x = b, y = a
⎧−3 y � = �1� − �4 y
b. x = a, y = b ⎨
c. There is no solution. ⎩2 y � + �3� = � − 4 x
7 5
d. There are infinitely many solutions. a. x = –!!
11 , y = –!!
22
7 5
b. x = !!
11 , y = !!
22
931. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule: c. There are infinitely many solutions.
⎧ x� + � 2 y � = �4 d. There is no solution.
⎨
⎩2 x � + �3 y � = �2
936. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
a. x = 8, y = –6
b. x = –8, y = 6 ⎧−2� = �x� − �4 y
⎪
c. There is no solution. ⎨ 1
⎪⎩5 y � = � 5
d. There are infinitely many solutions.
a. There is no solution.
932. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule: b. There are infinitely many solutions.
46 1
⎧2 x � + �3 y � = �1 c. x = –!!
25 , y = !!
25
⎨ 46 1
⎩ x � + �y � = � − 2 d. x = !25
!, y = –!!
25

a. x = –7, y = 5
b. x = 7, y = –5
c. There is no solution.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.

140
 – MATRIX ALGEBRA –

937. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule: 941. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
⎧ x � − �2� = �4x � − �y� + �3 ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎨ ⎢ ⎥�⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎩6� − �2y � = � − 3� − �x ⎣ 3 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
a. There is no solution. a. x = –5, y = –3
b. There are infinitely many solutions. b. x = 5, y = 3
c. x = –!!51 , y = !!
22
5 c. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. x = !!51 , y = –!!
22 d. There is no solution.
5

938. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule: 942. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:

⎧−1� = � − 3� − �2x ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎨ ⎢ ⎥�⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎩2� − �3y � = �6(1� − �2x ) ⎣ 9 −6 ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
16 a. x = –1, y = 4
a. x = 1, y = !!
3
–16
b. x = –1, y = ____ b. x = 1, y = –4
3
c. There is no solution.
c. There is no solution.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.
943. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
939. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤
⎧2 x � − �3 y � + �5� = �1� + �2x � − �4 y ⎢ ⎥�⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎨ ⎣ −1 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎩3� − �x � − �2y � = � − y � + �x � + �3
a. x = 1, y = –2
a. x = 2, y = –4
b. x = –1, y = 2
b. x = –2, y = 4
c. There is no solution.
c. There is no solution.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.

944. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:

940. Solve this system using Cramer’s rule:
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 14 ⎤
⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥�⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥�⎢ y ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 4 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦
⎣ 2 −1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
a. x = 5, y = –7
a. x = –2, y = –3
b. x = –5, y = 7
b. x = 2, y = 3
c. There is no solution.
c. There is no solution.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.
d. There are infinitely many solutions.

141
blank page
 8
S E C T I O N

COMMON
ALGEBRA
ERRORS

I t is common and expected for those who are learning algebra for the first time or reviewing the subject after
having been away from it for a while to make errors. Several of the most typical errors made are explored in
the four sets in this section.
For all of the questions in this section, identify the choice that best describes the error, if any, made in each
scenario.

143
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

�a + 2
S e t 61 (Answers begin on page 268) 949. �a
= 2, for any nonzero value of a.
a. This is incorrect because you cannot cancel
Some common arithmetic and pre-algebra errors are
terms in a sum; you can cancel only factors
explored in this problem set.
that are common to the numerator and
denominator.
945. (–3)–2 = 6
b. The correct result should be 3 because aa = 1
a. The answer should be –9 because (–3)–2 =
and a +a 2 = aa + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3.
–3 . 3.
c. There is no error.
b. The answer should be 91 because (–3)–2 =
1 1
(–3).(–3) = 9 . 3
950. + 2a = 3 +6 a , for any real number a.
c. There is no error. 4
a. You must first get a common denominator
before you add two fractions. The correct
946. (– 32 )0 = 1
computation is: 43 + 2a = 43 + 24a = 3 +8 2a .
a. The answer should be –1 because (– 32 )0 =
b. You must first get a common denominator
–( 32 )0 = –1.
before you add two fractions. The correct
b. The answer should be zero because you
computation is: 43 + a2 = 34 + 2a4 = 3 +42a .
should multiply the base and exponent.
c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.

951. 4 is 200% of 8.
947. 0.00013 = 1.3  104
a. There is no such quantity as “200%.” You
a. The statement should be 0.00013 = 1.3 
cannot exceed 100%.
10–4 because the decimal point must move
b. The placement of the quantities is incorrect.
four places to the left in order to yield
A correct statement would be “200% of 4
0.00013.
is 8.”
b. The statement should be 0.00013 = 1.3 
c. There is no error.
10–3 because there are three zeros before the
decimal point.
952. 0.50% of 10 is 0.05.
c. There is no error.
a. In order to compute this percentage, you
should multiply 0.50 times 10 to get 5, not
948. –42 = –16
0.05.
a. The answer should be –8 because 42 = 8,
b. In order to compute this percentage, you
and this is then multiplied by –1.
should multiply 50.0 times 10 to get 500,
b. The answer should be 16 because –42 =
not 0.05.
(–4)(–4) = 16.
c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.

144
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

3 3 3
953. V33 + V63 = V33 + 6 = V39 = 3 957. V3 27x3 = V3 27 . V3x3 = 3x, for any real
a. You must first simplify V63 as V63 = V23 ·3 number x.
= 2V33, and then combine with V33 to a. The first equality is wrong because the
conclude that V33 + V63 = 3V33. radical of a product is not the product of
b. The sum V33 + V36 cannot be simplified the radicals.
further because the radicands are different. b. The second equality holds only if x is not
c. There is no error. negative because you can only take the cube
root of a non-negative real number.
3 2+3 5
954. V63 + V–383 = V63 – 38 = V–332 = –2 c. There is no error.
a. The calculation is correct until the last line; 3
3 8 6
the fifth root of a negative number is not 958. 4
8
= 4 . 5 = 5
defined. 5
a. The first equality is wrong because you
b. The first equality is incorrect: the radicals
must multiply the numerator by the
cannot be combined since their indices are
reciprocal of the denominator.
different.
b. The second equality is wrong because the
c. There is no error. 24
fraction on the far right should be 20 , which
1 1 2 + V33 2 +V33 cannot be simplified further.
955. 2 + V33
= 2 + V33
. 2 + V33
= (2 +V33)2
=
c. There is no error.
2 + V33 2 + V33 2 + V33
22 + (V33)2 = 4+3 = 7 959. x12 12
= x –3 = x–4, for any non-negative real
x–3
a. The third equality is incorrect because the number x.
binomial was not squared correctly. The
a. The correct answer should be x36
correct2 denominator should be 22+2V33 + 12
because xx–3 = x12x3 = x12.3 = x36.
(V33) = 7 + 2V33.
b. The correct answer should be x15
b. The first equality is wrong because 12

2 + V33 because xx–3 = x12x3 = x12 + 3 = x15.

multiplying by 2 + V33
changes the value of
c. There is no error.
the expression. The remaining equalities are
correct.
960. (e4x)2 = e4x+2
c. There is no error.
a. The correct answer should be e8x because
2
2 (e4x) = e4x.2 = e8x.
956. (x5) = x7, for any real number x. 2
b. The correct answer should be e16x because
a. The exponents should be multiplied, not 2 2 2 2 2
(e4x) = e(4x) = e4 x = e16x .
added, so that the correct answer should
c. There is no error.
be x10.
b. The correct answer should be x25 because
2 2
(x5) = x5 .
c. There is no error.

145
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

S e t 62 (Answers begin on page 269) 964. The solution of – x +4 7 = xx ++ 37 is x = –7.

a. The equation obtained after multiplying
Some common errors in solving equations and in­ both sides by x + 7 was not solved correctly.
equalities, as well as simplifying algebraic expres­ The correct solution should be x = 1.
sions, are explored in this problem set. b. x = –7 cannot be the solution because it
makes the terms in the original equation
961. The solution set for the inequality –6x � 24 undefined—you cannot divide by zero. As
is (–4,•). such, this equation has no solution.
a. The inequality sign must be switched when c. There is no error.
multiplying both sides by a negative real
number. The correct solution set should be 965. The solutions of the equation log5x + log5(5x3)
(•,–4). = 1 are x = –1 and x = 1.
b. You should multiply both sides by –6, not a. Both solutions should be divided by V53;
divide by –6. The correct solution set should 1
that is, the solutions should be x = � V53 .
be (–144,•). b. While x = 1 satisfies the original
c. There is no error. equation, x = –1 cannot because negative
inputs into a logarithm are not allowed.
962. The solution set for the equation |x – 1| = 2 c. There is no error.
is {–1}.
a. There are two solutions of this equation, 966. The complex solutions of the equation x2 + 5 = 0
namely x = –1 and x = 3. obtained using the quadratic formula are given
b. The solution of an absolute value equation 02 – 4(3
0 �V3 1)(5)
by x = = � 2iV53.
cannot be negative. The only solution is x = 1

3. a. The denominator in the quadratic formula

c. There is no error. is 2a, which in this case is 2, not 1. As such,
the complex solutions should be x = �iV53.
963. log31 = 0 b. There are no complex solutions to this
a. 1 is an invalid input for a logarithm. As equation because the graph of y = x2 + 5
such, the quantity log31 is undefined. does not cross the x–axis.
b. The input and output are backward. The c. There is no error.
real statement should read log30 = 1.
c. There is no error. 967. x2 – 4x – 21 = (x + 7)(x – 3)
a. This is incorrect because multiplying the
binomials on the right side of the equality
yields x2 – 21, which is not the left side
listed above.
b. The signs used to define the binomials on
the right side should be switched. The
correct factorization is (x – 7)(x + 3).
c. There is no error.

146
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

968. Since taking the square root of both sides of 972. x2 + 25 = (x – 5)(x + 5)
the inequality x2 � 4 yields the statement x � a. The correct factorization of the left side is
�2 . Since both statements must be satisfied x2 + 25 = (x + 5)2.
simultaneously, the solution set is (–•, –2]. b. The left side is not a difference of squares. It
a. You must move all terms to one side of the cannot be factored further.
inequality, factor (if possible), determine the c. There is no error.
values that make the factored expression
x–1 – �
2� y–1
equal to zero, and construct a sign chart to 973. �
x–1 + 4�
y–1 = 2–1
1+4 = 1
5
solve such an inequality. The correct a. Cancelling the terms x–1 and y–1 leaves 0
solution set should be [–2,2]. each time, not 1. So, the correct statement
b. When taking the square root of both sides x–1 – �
2� y–1 2 1
should be �x–1 +4�y–1 = 4 = 2 .
of an equation, you use only the principal
b. You cannot cancel terms of a sum in the
root. As such, the correct statement should
numerator and denominator. You can
be x � 2, so that the solution set is (–•,2].
only cancel factors common to both. The
c. There is no error.
complex fraction must first be simplified
before any cancelation can occur. The
969. (x – y)2 = x2 – y2
correct statement is:
a. The left side must be expanded by FOILing. 2 1 2y x 2y – x
– xy – xy
The correct statement should be (x – y)2 = 2x–1 – y–1 x y xy

x –1 + 4y–1
= 1
+ 4 = y
+ 4x = y + 4x
xy xy xy
x2 – 2xy + y2. x y

b. The –1 must be squared. The correct = 2yxy

–x
.
�
xy
= 2y – x
� y + 4x y + 4x
statement should be (x – y)2 = x2 + y2.
c. There is no error. c. There is no error.

970. The solution of the equation Vx3 = –2 is x = 4, 974. ln(ex + e2y) = ln(ex) + ln(e2y) = x + 2y
as seen by squaring both sides of the equation. a. The first equality is incorrect because the
a. The correct solution is x = –4 because when natural logarithm of a sum is the product of
you square both sides of the equation, you the natural logarithms. So, the statement
do not square the –1. should be ln(ex + e2y) = ln(ex) . ln(e2y) = 2xy.
b. This equation has no real solutions because b. The first equality is incorrect because the
the output of a square root must be natural logarithm of a sum is not the sum of
nonnegative. the natural logarithms. In fact, the
c. There is no error. expression on the extreme left side of the
string of equalities cannot be simplified
971. The solution set of the inequality |x + 2| � 5 further.
is (–•,–7)»(3,•). c. There is no error.
a. The interval (–•,–7) should be deleted
because an absolute value inequality cannot
have negative solutions.
b. You must include the values that make the
left side equal to 5. As such, the solution set
should be (–•,–7]»[3,•).
c. There is no error.
147
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

975. log5(5x2) = 2log5(5x) = 2[log5(5) + log5(x)] = 978. The line x = a has a slope of zero, for any real
2[1 + log5(x)] number a.
a. The first equality is incorrect because a. The line is vertical, so its slope is undefined.
2log5(5x) = log5(5x)2 = log5(25x2). The b. The statement is true except when a = 0.
other equalities are correct. The y–axis cannot be described by such
b. The very last equality is incorrect because an equation.
log5 5 = 0. The other equalities are correct. c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.
979. The point (–2, 1) lies in Quadrant IV.
976. ln(4x – 1) = ln[(2x – 1)(2x + 1)] + ln(2x – 1)
2
a. The point is actually in Quadrant II.
+ ln(2x + 1) b. The point is actually in Quadrant III.
a. The “natural logarithm of a difference rule” c. There is no error.
was not applied correctly. The correct
statement should be ln(4x2 – 1) = ln(4x2) – 980. The inverse of the function f(x) = x2, where x is
ln(1) = ln(4x2) – 0 =ln(4x2). The last any real number, is the function f –1(x) = "x#.
expression in this string of equalities cannot a. f cannot have an inverse because it doesn’t
be simplified because the exponent 2 does pass the vertical line test.
not apply to the entire input of the b. The domain of f must be restricted to [0,•)
logarithm. in order for f to have an inverse. In such
b. Using the fact that the natural logarithm of case, the given function f –1(x) = "x# is
a difference is the quotient of the natural indeed its inverse.
logarithms, we see that the expression c. There is no error.
ln(4x2) ln(4x2)
ln(4x2 – 1) = " ln1 =
" "", so the
0
expression is not well–defined. 981. The lines y = 3x + 2 and y = –"31"x + 2 are
c. There is no error. perpendicular.
a. The lines are parallel since their slopes are
negative reciprocals of each other.
S e t 63 (Answers begin on page 269)
b. The lines cannot be perpendicular since the
This problem set highlights common errors made product of their slopes is not 1.
when working with functions. c. There is no error.

977. The vertical asymptote for the graph of 982. The slope of a line passing through the points
b–d
c , provided that a π
x+2 (a, b) and (c, d) is m = "
f (x) = "x2 +"4 is y = 0. a –"
a. The expression should be factored and c.
1 a. The slope is actually equal to the quantity m
simplified to obtain f(x) = "
x –"2 . Then, we can
a–c
conclude that the vertical asymptote for f is =" d , provided that b π d.
b –"
x = 2. b. The slope is actually equal to the quantity m
b–a
b. The line y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote =" d –"c , provided that c π d.
for f. c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.

148
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

8–x
983. The graph of the function f (x) = " 64 has an
x2 –" 986. If f(x) = 5 and g(x) = Vx3, it follows that
open hole at x = 8. (f ˚ g)(–2) = 5.
a. The graph actually has a vertical asymptote a. The composition was computed in the
at x = 8 because this value makes the wrong order. The correct output should
denominator equal to zero. be V53.
b. The graph actually has a horizontal b. –2 is not in the domain of g, so that the
asymptote at x = 8 because this value makes composition is not defined at –2.
the denominator equal to zero. c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.
987. The x–intercept of f(x) = x3 + 1 is (0, 1).
984. If f(2) = 5, then the point (5, 2) must be on the a. The point (0,1) is the y–intercept of f, not
graph of y = f(x). the x–intercept.
a. The coordinates of the point that is known b. There are no x–intercepts for this function
to lie on the graph of y = f(x) are reversed; it because x3 + 1 is always positive.
should be (2,5). c. There is no error.
b. The given information is insufficient to
make any conclusion about a point being 988. The graph of g(x) = 2–x is increasing as x moves
on the graph of y = f(x). All that can be said from left to right through the domain.
is that 2 is in the range of f. a. The graph of g is actually decreasing as x
c. There is no error. moves from left to right through the
domain.
985. The range of the function f(x) = (x – 1)2 b. There are intervals on which the graph of g
is [0,•). is increasing and others on which it is
a. The graph of f is the graph of g(x) = x2 decreasing.
shifted vertically up one unit. Since the c. There is no error.
range of g is [0,•), it follows that the range
of f must be [1,•). 989. The graph of y = f(x + 3) is obtained by
b. The graph of f is the graph of g(x) = x2 shifting the graph of y = f(x) to the right 3
shifted vertically down one unit. Since the units.
range of g is [0,•), it follows that the range a. The graph of y = f(x + 3) is actually
of f must be [–1,•). obtained by shifting the graph of y = f(x) to
c. There is no error. the left 3 units.
b. The graph of y = f(x + 3) is actually
obtained by shifting the graph of y =
f(x)vertically up 3 units.
c. There is no error.

149
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

990. The graph of y = f(x) – 2 is obtained by shifting Set 64 (Answers begin on page 270)
the graph of y = f(x)down 2 units.
a. The graph of y = f(x) – 2 is obtained by This problem set highlights common errors made
shifting the graph of y = f(x) to the left 2 when dealing with linear systems of equations and
units. matrix algebra.
b. The graph of y = f(x) – 2 is obtained by ⎧⎪ 2 x � + �3y � = �6
shifting the graph of y = f(x) to the right 2 993. The system ⎨ −2 x � − �3y � = �2 has infinitely
⎩⎪ many solutions.
units.
c. There is no error. a. Since adding the two equations results in
the false statement 0 = 8, there can be no
991. If f(x) = x4, then f(x – h) = f(x) – f(h) = x4 – h4. solution of this system.
a. You cannot distribute a function across b. The slopes of the two lines comprising the
parts of a single input. As such, the correct system are negatives of each other. As such,
statement should be f(x – h) = (x – h)4. the lines are perpendicular, so the system
b. The second equality is incorrect because has a unique solution.
you must also raise the –1 to the fourth c. There is no error.
power. As such, the correct statement ⎧⎪ 2 x � − �5 y� = � −1
should be f(x – h) = f(x) – f(h) = x4 + h4 . 994. The system ⎨ 4 x � − �10 y � = � − 2 has no
⎩⎪ solution.
c. There is no error.
a. Since multiplying the first equation by –2
992. The graph of y = 5 does not represent a function and then adding the two equations results in
because it does not pass the horizontal line test. the true statement 0 = 0, there are infinitely
a. The graph of y = 5 passes the vertical line many solutions of this system.
test, so it represents a function. It is, b. The two lines comprising the system
however, not invertible. intersect at a point, so the system has a
b. The fact that y = 5 does not pass the unique solution.
horizontal line test does not imply it is not a c. There is no error.
function. However, since the range of a
function must consist of more than a single
value, we conclude that it y = 5 cannot
represent a function.
c. There is no error.

150
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ 2 ⎡ 4 2 ⎤
995. The matrix equation ⎢ ⎥�⎢ ⎥� = � 998. det ⎢ ⎥ = (2)(1) – (4)(–1) = 6
⎣ −4 −2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎣ 1 −1 ⎦
a. The wrong pairs of entries are being
⎡ −2 ⎤ multiplied to compute the determinant. The
� � �⎢ ⎥ has infinitely many solutions. ⎡ 4 2 ⎤
⎣ 4 ⎦ correct statement should be det ⎢ ⎥
a. Since the determinant of the coefficient = (4)(2) – (1)(–1) = 9. ⎣ 1 −1 ⎦
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ 2 b. The difference is computed in the wrong
matrix ⎢ ⎥ �is zero, �the� system has
⎣ −4 −2 ⎦ order. The correct statement should be
no solution. ⎡ 4 2 ⎤
det ⎢ ⎥ = (4)(–1) – (2)(1) = –6.
b. The system has a unique solution given by ⎣ 1 −1 ⎦
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤ c. There is no error.
⎢ ⎥�+�⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ .
⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦ −1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤
c. There is no error. 999. ⎢ ⎥ = �−⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ −1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 1 −1 ⎦
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ a. The constant multiple on the right side of
996. ⎢ ⎥�+�⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0 ⎦ the first equality should be 1, not –1.
a. The two matrices on the left side of the Therefore, the inverse should be
0 0
� �dimension.� �
equality do not have the same ⎡ 0 −1 ⎤ 0
0 � ⎢ ⎥ .� �
As such, their sum is undefined. ⎣ −1 1 ⎦
b. The matrices were added incorrectly. The b. The inverse does not exist because several of
⎡ 0 0 1 ⎤ the entries are the same real number.
right side should be ⎢ 1 0 0 ⎥ .
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ c. There is no error.
c. There is no error.
⎡ −2 1 ⎤
997. ⎡⎣ −1 2 ⎦⎤ � ⋅ � ⎡⎣ 2 −1 ⎤⎦ � = � ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −2 ⎦
a. The product should be a real number,
2
namely ⎡⎣ −1 2 ⎦⎤ � ⋅ � ⎡⎣ 2 −1 ⎤⎦ �= �
(–1)(2) + (2)(–1) = –4.
b. The inner dimensions of the two matrices
on the left side are not the same. As such,
they cannot be multiplied.
c. There is no error.

151
 – COMMON ALGEBRA ERRORS –

⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤ 1
1000. ⎢ ⎥ � + �1�=� ⎢ ⎥ 1001. ⎢ ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎡⎣ −1 −1 −1 −1 ⎤⎦ �=�
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −1 ⎦
a. You cannot add a 2 � 2 matrix and a
real number because their dimensions ⎡ 1 1 1 1 ⎤
are different. Therefore, the� sum
� 1is not1 1 1 �=� ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 1 1 ⎥⎦
well–defined.
a. The product is not well–defined because
b. The 1 should be added only to the
the matrices must have the same
diagonal entries, so that the correct
dimensions in order to be multiplied.
statement should be
b. The correct product should be
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ � + �1�=� ⎢ ⎥. ⎡⎣ 1 1 1 1 ⎤⎦ .
⎣ 2 3 ⎦ ⎣ 2 4 ⎦
c. There is no error. c. There is no error.

152
 ANSWERS AND
EXPLANATIONS

Section 1— 4. a. Using the order of operations, compute the

Pre-Algebra Fundamentals quantities within each set of parentheses
first. Then, multiply left to right as such
Set 1 (Page 2) products arise. Finally, compute sums and
1. b. Multiply the contents of each set of differences from left to right as they arise, as
parentheses first. Then, multiply the follows: 12(84 – 5) – (3 • 54) = 12(79) –
resulting products: (15 + 32)(56 – 39) = (162) = 948 – 162 = 786
(47)(17) = 799 5. d. Computing the sum 60,000 + 800 + 2 yields
2. b. Dividing 65,715 by 4 results in 16,428 with a 60,802.
remainder of 3. Since the hundreds place is 6. c. Since 112 � 7= 16 and 112 � 8 = 14, we
not 5 or greater, rounding the quotient to conclude that 112 is divisible by both 7 and
the nearest thousand yields 16,000. 8.
3. c. Approximate 7,404 by 7,400. The quotient 7. a. Rounding 162 to the nearest hundred yields
7,400 � 74 = 100 is a good approximation 200 (since the tens place is greater than 5),
of the quotient 7,404 � 74. and rounding 849 to the nearest hundred
yields 800 (since the tens place is less than
5). Multiplying 200 times 800 yields a
product of 160,000, which is an estimation
of the product of 162 and 849.

153
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

8. d. Multiplying 5 times 5 yields 25. Then, 18. a. Since there is an odd number of negative
multiplying this product by 5 results in 125. signs, the product will be negative.
Thus, 5 • 5 • 5= 125. Computing this product yields –4 • –2 • –
9. c. By the definition of an exponent, we have 6 • 3 = –144.
35 = 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 = 243. 19. c. Applying the order of operations, first
10. b. First, the following are the multiples of 6 simplify the quantity enclosed in parenthe­
between 0 and 180: ses, then square it, then multiply left to
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, right, and finally compute the resulting
84, 90, 96, 102, 108, 114, 120, 126, 132, 138, difference:
144, 150, 156, 162, 168, 174, 180 5– (–17 + 7)2 • 3 = 5 – (–10)2 • 3 = 5 – 100
Of these, the following are also factors of • 3 = 5 – 300 = –295
180: 6, 12, 18, 30, 36, 60, 90, 180 20. a. Applying the order of operations, first
There are eight possibilities for the whole compute the quantities enclosed in
number p. parentheses. Then, compute the resulting
11. c. The only choice that is a product of prime difference:
numbers equaling 90 is 2 • 3 • 3 • 5. (49 � 7) – (48 � (–4)) = (7) – (–12) =
12. c. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. Of 7 + 12 = 19
these, only 1 and 3 are not multiples of 2. 21. d. Note that substituting the values 1, 2, and 3
Thus, the set of positive factors of 12 that in for p in the equation y = 6p – 23 yields –
are NOT multiples of 2 is {1,3}. 17, –11, and –5, respectively. However,
13. e. The sum of 13 and 12 is 25, which is an odd substituting 4 in for p results in the positive
number. Each of the other operations number 1. So, of the choices listed, the least
produces an even number: 20 • 8 = 160, 37 value of p for which y is positive is 4.
+ 47 = 84, 22. b. Applying the order of operations, first
7 • 12 = 84, 36 + 48 = 84 compute the quantities enclosed in
14. d. By the definition of an exponent, 24 = 2 • 2 parentheses. Then, compute the difference
• 2 • 2 = 16. from left to right:
15. b. Applying the order of operations, we first –(5 · 3) +(12 � ( – 4)) = –(15) + (–3) =
perform exponentiation, then subtract from –15 – 3 = –18
left to right to obtain 9 – 22 = 9 – 4 = 5. 23. c. Applying the order of operations, compute
16. c. The only choice that is divisible by only 1 both exponentiated quantities first. Then,
and itself is 11. Each of the other choices has multiply from left to right as products arise.
factors other than 1 and itself. Finally, compute the resulting difference:
–2(–2)2 – 22 = –2(4) – 4 = –8 – 4 = –12
Set 2 (Page 3) 24. a. Applying the order of operations, first
17. c. Begin by simplifying the absolute value perform the exponentiation. Then, compute
quantity. Then, divide left to right: the quantities enclosed with parentheses.
– 25 � |4 – 9| = – 25 � |–5| = –25 � 5 = –5. Finally, compute the resulting quotient:
(32 + 6) � ( – 24 � 8) = (9 + 6) � ( –3) =
(15) � ( –3) = –5

154
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

25. d. This one is somewhat more complicated 30. d. First, note that since g < 0 and h < 0, it follows
since we have an expression consisting of that g + h must be negative, so –g – h =
terms within parentheses which are, in turn, –(g + h) is positive. As such, we know that
enclosed within parentheses, and the whole –(g + h) is larger than g + h. Next, each of
thing is raised to a power. Proceed as the sums –g + h and –g – h consists of one
follows: positive integer and one negative integer.
(–2[1 – 2(4 – 7)])2 = (–2[1 – 2( – 3)])2 Thus, while it is possible for one of them to
= (–2[1 – (–6)])2 be positive, its value cannot exceed that of –
= (–2[7])2 g – h since this sum consists of two positive
= (–14)2 integers. As such, we conclude that – g – h is
= 196 the largest of the four expressions provided.
26. b. Applying the order of operations, first 31. c. First, note that since g < 0 and h < 0, it
compute quantities enclosed within follows that g + h must be negative and so,
parentheses and exponentiated terms on the –g – h = –(g + h) is positive. As such, we
same level from left to right. Repeat this know that –(g + h) is larger than g + h. Next,
until all such quantities are simplified. Then, each of the sums –g + h and g – h consists of
multiply from left to right. Finally, compute one positive integer and one negative
the resulting difference: integer. Thus, while it is possible for one of
3(5 – 3)2 – 3(52 – 32) = 3(2)2 – 3(25 – 9) = them to be negative, its value cannot be
3(4) – 3(16) = 12 – 48 = –36 smaller than g + h since this sum consists of
27. a. Here we have an expression consisting of two negative integers. As such, we conclude
terms within parentheses which are, in turn, that g + h is the smallest of the four
enclosed within parentheses. Proceed as expressions provided.
follows: 32. d. First, note that since we are given that g < –2,
–(–2 – ( –11 – (– 32 – 5) – 2)) = it follows that both g and – g2 are negative,
–(–2 – (–11 – (–9 – 5) – 2)) while both –g and (–g)2 are positive.
= –(–2 –( –11 – (–14) – 2)) Moreover, –g is an integer larger than 2
= –(–2 –(–11 + 14 – 2)) (which follows by multiplying both sides of
= –(–2 –(1)) the given inequality by –1). Squaring an
= –(– 3) integer larger than 2 produces an even larger
=3 integer. As such, we conclude that (–g)2 is
28. c. Since h < 0, it follows that –h > 0. Since we the largest of the four expressions provided.
are also given that g > 0, we see that g – h = g
+ (–h) is the sum of two positive numbers Set 3 (Page 5)
and hence, is itself positive. 33. a. Express both fractions using the least
29. c. Observe that –g – h = –(g + h). Since g < 0 common denominator, then add: ff95 – ff41 =
5·4 1·9 20 9 20 – 9 11
and h < 0, it follows that g + h < 0, so ff – ff = ff – ff = ff
9·4 4·9 36 36 36 = ff36
–(g + h) is positive.

155
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

34. b. First, rewrite all fractions using the least 39. a. The fact that ff41 < ff85 < ff32 is evident from the
common denominator, which is 30. following two comparisons:
Then, add: ?
2 1 1 3 2·2 1·6 1·5 3·3
Comparison 1: ff41 f 5
8 Cross multiplying
< ff
f15f + ff
5 + ff
6 + 10 = 15 · 2 + 5 · 6 + 6 · 5 + 10 · 3
ff ff ff ff ff
4 6 5 9
yields the true statement 8 < 20, so the
= ff
30 + ff
30 + 30 + 30
ff ff
original inequality is true.
4+6+5+9 ?
= ff 30 Comparison 2: ff85 f 2
3 Cross multiplying
< ff
24
= ff
30 yields the true statement 15 < 16, so the
4 original inequality is true.
= ff
5
35. d. The square is divided into 8 congruent 40. a. Since ff53 (360) = f53�f(5� · 72) = 216, we conclude
parts, 3 of which are shaded. Thus, ff83 of the that Irma has read 216 pages.
figure is shaded. 41. a. Cancel factors that are common to the
36. c. First, rewrite both fractions using the least numerator and denominator, then multiply:
5 4�
common denominator, which is 60. Then, ff
8 • ff74 = ff 5
4� · 2 •
f = ff
7
5
14
subtract: 21 42
42. d. The reciprocal of ff
42 is 21 , which
ff is
17
ff
20 – ff65 = ff
17 · 3 5 · 10 51 50 51 – 50
20 · 3 – 6 · 10 = 60 – 60 = 60 = 60
ff ff ff ff ff
1
equivalent to 2.
37. c. Rewrite this as a multiplication problem, 3
__ 11
__
43. d. Note that 1 8 = 8 . The additive inverse of a
cancel factors that are common to the real number is its negative. So, the answer
numerator and denominator, and then 11
is – __
8.
multiply: 44. c. The remaining 28 (of 42) envelopes need to
18 9 18 20 9� · 2 4·5
ff
5 20 = 5 · 9 =
� ff ff ff f 5� · ____
9 =8 be addressed. Thus, the fraction of
28
38. c. A reasonable strategy is to begin with one of envelopes that needs to be addressed is ff
42
2·� 14 2
the fractions, say ff85 , and compare it to the =f 3·� 14 = f3f.
next one in the list. Discard whichever is 45. b. Apply the order of operations:
smaller and compare the remaining one
(– )( – 2)
5
ff

3 ) = 1 + (f)�(ff
3 10
with the next in the list. Repeat this until 1 + ff � (ff57 · ff
10 7 5·2 ff
3 )
5 · ff
3

( ) 10 – 10
you reach the end of the list. Doing so – ff
7
ff
7

results in the following three comparisons:

( )
10 10 7 5� · 2
Comparison 1: ff85 f
?
2 =1+ ff � (–ff
7 ) � (f5�f ·
f)
3 Cross multiplying
> ff 3 3

yields the false statement 15 > 16. This

=1+( �
)�(
10 7 14
implies that ff32 is larger.
f3 ·(–ff
10 )
� 3)
ff

?
Comparison 2: ff32 f 8
11 Cross multiplying
> ff = 1 – ff37 � ff
14
3
3�
yields the false statement 22 > 24. This = 1 –f37�f · ff
14
8
implies that ff
11 is larger. = 1 –ff21
8 4 ?
Comparison 3: ff 10 Cross multiplying
> ff
11 f = ff21
yields the true statement 80 > 44. This 46. e. Since there are m men in a class of n students,
8 there must be n – m women in the class. So,
implies that ff
11 is larger.
8 the ratio of men to women in the class
Thus, we conclude that ff 11 is the largest of
m
the choices. is f n–m
.

156
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

47. d. Compute the difference between ff21 and each 54. b. Applying the order of operations and the
of the four choices. Then, compare the definition of an exponent yields:
absolute values of these differences; the –5(–1 – 5– 2) = –5(–1 – ff1 25 1
25 ) = –5(–ff
25 – ff
25 ) =
choice that produces the smallest difference 26 26 26
–5(–ff �( f
25 ) = 5 5·�5 ) = ff
5
is the one closest to ff21 . The differences are as
55. c. First, apply the definition of a negative
follows:
exponent to simplify the first term within
2 1 4 3 1
ff – ff = ff – ff = ff the brackets. Next, rewrite the resulting first
3 2 6 6 6
3 1 3 5 2 1 term using the fact that “a product raised to
10 – ff
ff 2 = ff
10 – ff
10 = –ff10 = –ff
5
5 1 5 3 2 1 a power is the product of the powers.” Then,
ff – ff = ff – ff = ff = ff
6 2 6 6 6 3 simplify:
3 1 6 5 1
�( ) ( ) � �( ) ( ) � =
–2 2 2 2
5 – f2f = 10 – 10 = f
ff ff ff
10 – –ff23 – 2
ff
3 = – –ff32 – 2
ff
3
The smallest absolute value of these four
� � � �
2 2 2 2 2
1
10 . So, of the four choices, the
differences is ff – (–1) ( ) – ( ) = – ( ) – ( ) = 0
2
ff
3
2
ff
3
2
ff
3
2
ff
3
one closest to ff21 is ff53 .
56. b. First, apply the definition of a negative
48. c. Applying the order of operations, first
exponent to simplify the two terms to which
simplify the exponentiated term. Then,
it applies. Then, apply the order of
multiply left to right. Finally, compute the
operations:
resulting difference by first rewriting both (–ff31 )2 (– ff31 )2
fractions using the least common denomi- –(–ff21 )–3 – f
9–2
= –(–2)3 – f
(ff91 )2
nator, which is 12:
(f1
)( )
– –
ff
3
1
ff
3

( ) – 3( ) = 7( ) – 3( ) =
2
7 5 1 5 1 35 3
f6f – ff = –[(–2)(–2)(–2)] –
ff ff 4 =
ff ff
6 2 6 4
1
( )( )
1
ff
9
1
ff
9
35 · 2 3 · 3 70 9 61
ff
6·2 –f
4 · 3 = 12 – 12 = 12
f ff ff ff
= –[–8] –
ff
f
9
1
ff
81

Set 4 (Page 7) = 8 – ff91 · ff

81
1
49. d. The exponent applies only to 5, not to the – =8–9
1 multiplied in front. So, –53 = –(5 • 5 • 5) =–1
= –125. 57. d. Apply the order of operations and exponent
50. a. By definition, (–11)2 = (–11) • (–11) = 121. rules:
1 –1
51. c. Using the fact that any nonzero base raised –(ff52 )0 · (–32 + 2– 3)–1 = –1 · ( – 9 + f
23 )
to the zero power is 1, we have 5(40) = 5(1) = –1 · ( – 9 + ff81 )–1
= 5. 72
= –1 · (–ff 1 –1
8 + ff
8)
52. a. Applying the exponent rules yields: 71 –1
= –1 · (–ff
8)
2 –3 (2 · (3)) –6 1 1
(2 ) = 2 =2 = = f6
2
ff
64 8
= –1 · (–ff
71 )
53. c. Applying the order of 8
operations and the definition of an = ff
71

exponent yields:
(1 – 3)2 (–2)2 (–2) • (–2)
f –8 = f–8 = ff –8 = f–4f8 = ff
–1
2

157
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

58. c. Apply the order of operations and exponent 63. b. Note that the expressions p, p3, and p–1 are
rules: all negative since it is assumed that p is a

( ( ))
3 –2
1 1 fraction between –1 and 0. Since squaring a
4– 2(1 – 2(–1)– 3)– 2 = ff
4 2 1 – 2 ff
–1 =
negative fraction results in a positive value,
(ff3 ) =
1 –2 1 –2 1 1
16 (1 – 2( – 1)) = 16 (3) = ff
ff ff 16 2
we conclude that p2 is positive and is,
1 1 –2
144 = ff
122 = 12 therefore, the largest of the four choices.
ff

59. d. Apply the order of operations and exponent 64. c. Raising a fraction strictly between 1 and 2 to
rules: a positive integer power results in a larger
fraction. Thus, we know that 1 � p � p2.
(–13 +(–1)3) – 2 1 (– 1 + (–1))–2
–2 – 2 + ff –2 2 = –f
22 + ff –4 Moreover, the reciprocals of fractions larger
1 1
(–2)–2 ff2 ff than 1 are necessarily less than 1. In
= –ff41 + 1
= –f14f +
(–2) 4
–4 = – 4 + =
f ff f f
–4 –4
particular, p–1 � 1, which shows that p–1 is
–ff41 – 1
16 = –ff
ff
5
16 smaller than both p and p2. Finally,
60. c. Simplify each expression: multiplying both sides of the inequality,
p–1 � 1 by p–1 shows that p–2 = p–1 · p –1� p–1.
(–ff41 )–1 = (–4)1 = –4
Therefore, we conclude that the smallest of
3 3 3
–f 1
= –ff
–2 = 2
ff the four expressions is p–2.
8(–ff4 )

4(–ff41 ) + 3 = –1 + 3 = 2
Set 5 (Page 8)
–(–ff41 )0 = –(1) = –1 65. a. The quantity n% means “n parts out of
Hence, the expression with the largest value n
100 or equivalently
100.” It can be written as ff
is 4(–ff41 ) + 3. as n • 0.01. Applying this to 40 yields the
61. d. The reciprocal of a fraction p strictly equivalent expressions I and II.
between 0 and 1 is necessarily larger than 1. 66. d. The result of increasing 48 by 55% is given
So, p–1 � 1. Also, raising a fraction p strictly by 48 + 0.55(48) = 74.4.
between 0 and 1 to a positive integer power 67. d. The price resulting from discounting $250
results in a fraction with a smaller value. (To by 25% is given by $250 – 0.25($250). This
see this, try it out with p = ff21 .) As such, both quantity is equivalent to both 0.75 • $250
p2 and p3 are less than p and are not larger and (1 – 0.25) • $250.
1 1
than 1. So, of the four expressions provided, 68. c. Note that if 0 < a < b, then __ __
a > b . So, the
the one with the largest value is p–1. 1
correct expression would be __ > __
1
__ 1
1
__
x > , 1
__

62. c. The reciprocal of a fraction p strictly

3 2

1
which is equivalent to 3 > __ x > 2.
between 0 and 1 is necessarily larger than 1.
69. c. Since the digit in the thousandths place is 8,
So, p– 1 � 1. Raising a fraction p strictly
we round the digit in the hundredths place
between 0 and 1 to a positive integer power
up by 1, resulting in 117.33.
results in a fraction with a smaller value.
70. b. We must determine the value of n for which
(Try this out with p = ff21 .) We know that 0 � n
100 • 300 = 400. The value of n that satisfies
ff
p3 � p2 � p � 1. Therefore, of the four
this equation is 133ff31 . So, we conclude that
expressions provided, the one with the
133ff31 % of 300 results in 400.
smallest value is p3.

158
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

71. d. Starting with 0.052, moving the decimal 79. a. Move the decimal place to the right until
place to the left one unit to obtain 0.0052 is just after the first nonzero digit; each place
equivalent to dividing 0.052 by 10. moved contributes an additional –1 power
Therefore, 0.0052 is smaller than 0.052. of 10. Doing so in 0.00000321 requires that
72. c. The phrase “400% of 30” is equivalent to the we move the decimal place 6 units to the
400
mathematical expression ff 100 • 30. right, so that 0.00000321 is equivalent to
Simplifying this expression yields 120. 3.21 • 10–6.
73. c. Note that x = ff83 satisfies the condition 80. c. We must determine the value of n for which
5 9 n 8 1
100 • ff
ff < x < ff
16 20 , which is seen by performing the ff 9 = ff
3 . Solve for n, as follows:
following two comparisons using cross n 8 1
100 • ff
9 = ff
ff 3
multiplication: n 9 1 3
8 • ff
100 = ff 3 = ff
ff
5 3 ? 8
Comparison 1: ff 8 Cross multiplying
� ff
16 f n = 100 • ff83 = ff
300
8 = 37.5
yields the true statement 40 < 48, so the Thus, we conclude that 37.5% of ff98 is ff31 .
original inequality is true.
?
Comparison 2: ff83 f 9
20 Cross multiplying
� fff Set 6 (Page 10)
yields the true statement 60 < 72, so the 81. a. Apply the order of operations as follows:
original inequality is true. –2(–3)2 + 3(–3) – 7 = –2(9) –9 – 7 = –18 – 9 –7
74. b. 22.5% is equivalent to ff
22.5
100 , which is equal = –34
to 0.225. 82. b. Apply the order of operations as follows:
75. d. Note that ff
2 3 3
7 ª 0.42857. So, ff
7(–2)
5 = 0.40 and ff 7 is
–14 14
ff
(–2)2 + (–2)
= f
4–2 = –f2 = –7
not less than ff52 .
83. b. Apply the order of operations as follows:
76. b. To see that – 0.01 < – 0.005, first convert
2(3)(6) – ( – 8) = 36 + 8 = 44
both to their equivalent fractional form:
1 84. c. Apply the order of operations as follows:
–0.01 = –ff
100 y = –(– 3)3 + 3(–3) – 3 = –(–27) –9 – 3 =
5 1
– 0.005 = –ff
1000 = –ff
200 27 – 9 – 3 = 15
Next, we compare these two fractions. To 85. b. Apply the order of operations as follows:
1
this end, note that –ff 1
100 � –ff
1
200 is equivalent (–5)(6) + (–8) � (ff21 ) = –30 – 8 � ff2 =
1 1
to f f � ff
100 200 . Cross multiplying in the latter –30 –8 · 2 = –30 – 16 = –46
inequality yields the true statement 200 > 86. b. Apply the order of operations as follows:
62 36
100, so the inequality is true. Since –0.005 is 3 – 4(6) + 10 = ff
3 – 4(6) + 10 = 12 – 24 +
ff
clearly less than 1.01, we conclude that – 10 = –2
0.005 is between –0.01 and 1.01. 87. a. Apply the order of operations as follows:
77. b. Observe that ff85 – ff52 = ff
25 16 9
40 – 40 = 40 = 0.225.
( )(2 · )(3 · 4)
ff ff 1 1
3.09 4(2–2)(2(2)–2)(3( – 2)2)=4 ff
4 ff
4
78. c. Observe that (3.09 • 1012) � 3 = ff 3 • 10
12
4� · 2 · 3 · 4�
= 1.03 • 1012. Alternatively, you could first = ff 4� · 4� =6
rewrite 3.09 • 1012 as 3,090,000,000,000 and 88. a. Apply the order of operations as follows:
divide by 3 to obtain 1,030,000,000,000, 12
7(6) + ff
6 – (–8) = 42 + 2 + 8 = 52
which is equivalent to 1.03 • 1012.

159
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

89. b. Apply the order of operations as follows: 101. a. (2x3)3 · (4x3)2 = 23 · x9 · 42 · x6

= (23 · 42) · (x9 · x6)
(3(2)(5) + 2)
( ) =(32)( ) =
2
f5f
2
ff
5
64
ff
5 = 12.8
= 64x15
90. d. Apply the order of operations as follows:
102. d. ( ) ( )
(ab)3 4
f b = a3b3 4
fb = (a3b2)4 = a12b8
( ) =( )
7 –2 7 –2
3 ____ 3
f2
5(–2) + f
10(–2) 5·4 + f
10(–2) =
(ffxy )2(ffxy )–2 x2 f y–2 x2 x 2
x4 x4 x3
103. b. f xy = y2 · x–2
ff
f
f
= · ff
ff
y2
f
y2 = ff
y4
f
= f
y4(xy) = ff
y5

( ) ( ) ( )
–2
7 3 –2 4 1 –2 xy xy xy
ff
20 – ff
20 = ff
20 = f
5 = 52 = 25

( )( )
–1
91. c. Apply the order of operations as follows: 104. d. ff
2a a 2a 2b
b (2b)–1 = ff
f
4ab
b · faf = ff
ba = 4
6(2)2 4(2) 6·4 4(2) 24 8
f
2(3)2 + f
3(3) = f
2·9 + f
3(3) = f
18 + f
9 =
105. c. 3x 2y(2x 3y 2) = 6x5y3
24 16 40 20
f + f = f = f
106. e. (ffba )2(ffba )–2(ff1a )–1 = f
a 2
b–2 a a
=f
2
a2 a
f2 · ff
a5
18 18 18 9
b2
· f
a–2
· f
1 b2
· b 1=fb4
92. c. Apply the order of operations as follows: 2
107. c. (3xy5) – 11x2y2(4y4) = 32x2y10 –
2

1 2 2
–1 + (1) – (–1) = –1 – 1 + 1 – 1
(1)(–1) + ff 11x2y2 · 42y 8 = 9x 2y10 – 176x2y10 = –167x2y10
= –2 2(3x2y)2(xy)3 2(32x4y2)(x3y3) 18x7y5
108. a. ff = ff = f = 6x5y3
93. b. Note that if x = 2, then y = –2. Now, apply 3(xy)2 3(x2y2) 3x2y2

the order of operations as follows: (4b)2x –2 4bx 2 2 –2

16b 2
16b 4 2
109. c. f =f = ff =f =f
(((2)(– 2))–2)2 = ((–4)– 2)2 = (–4)– 2 • 2 = (2ab2x)2 22a2b 4x2 22a 2b 4x 2x 2 4a2b4x4 a2b2x4

1 1
110. a. “The product of 6x2 and 4xy2 is divided by
(–4)–4 = f =f
(–4)4 256 3x3y” can be expressed symbolically as
94. b. Apply the order of operations as follows: (6x2)(4xy2)
1 6 1 1 ff
3x3y
, which is simplified as follows:
f2f[(ff
2 – 3) – 4(3)] = ff
2 [(3 – 3) – 12] = ff
2 [–12]
=–6 (6x2)(4xy2) 24x3y2
ff
3x3y
= f
3x3y
= 8y
95. d. Apply the order of operations as follows:
111. a. The expression described by the phrase “3x2
(–8)2 – 4(3)2(ff21 ) = 64 – 4(9)(ff21 )= 64 – 18
is multiplied by the quantity 2x3y raised to
= 46
the fourth power” can be expressed
96. a. Apply the order of operations as follows:
symbolically as (3x2)(2x3y)4, which is
3(6)2(–5)(5(3) – 3(–5)) = 3(36)(–5)
simplified as follows: (3x2)(2x3y)4 =
(15 � 15) = 3(36)(–5)(30) = –16,200
(3x2)(24x12y4) =48x14y4
112. b. “The product of –9p3r and the quantity
Set 7 (Page 12)
5p – 6r” can be expressed symbolically as
(3x2)3 =
97. b. f
33x6
= 33 = 27
2 4
f
x6 (–9p3r)(5p – 6r), which is simplified using
xx
the distributive property as follows:
98. d. (4w9)3 = 43w27 = 64w 27
(–9p3r)(5p – 6r) = –45p4r + 54p3r2.
99. b. Note that the power –2 does not apply to the 6
since it is not enclosed in the parentheses to
Set 8 (Page 13)
which the exponent applies. Therefore,
113. c. 5ab4 – ab4 = 4ab4
6(e–2)–2 = 6e4.
114. a. 5c2 + 3c – 2c2 + 4 – 7c = (5c2 – 2c2) +
–45a4b9c5
100. a. (–45a4b9c5) � (9ab3c3) = ff
9ab3c3
= –5a3b6c2 (3c – 7c) + 4 = 3c2 – 4c + 4
115. c. – 5(x – ( – 3y)) + 4(2y + x) = – 5(x + 3y) +
4(2y + x) = – 5x – 15y + 8y + 4x = – x – 7y

160
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

116. b. Gather like terms, as follows: 3x2 + 4ax – 8a2 127. b.

� ( )�
–1
+ 7x2 – 2ax + 7a2 = (3x2 + 7x2) + (4ax – 2ax) 4z((xy–2)–3 + (x–3y6))–1 – 1 2y6
ff ff
z x3
+ (–8a2 + 7a2) = 10x2 + 2ax – a2
117. d. The base expressions of the three terms used
–� �
–1
2y6
= 4z((x–3y6) + (x – 3y6))–1 f
zxf3
to form the sum 9m3n + 8mn3 + 2m3n3 are
different. So, they cannot be combined.
� �
–1
2y6
118. d. – 7g6 + 9h + 2h – 8g6 =(–7g6 – 8g6) + = 4z(2(x–3y6))–1 – f
zxf3
(9h + 2h) = –15g6 + 11h
zx3
119. b. (2x2)(4y2) + 6x2y2 = 8x2y2 + 6x2y2 = 14x2y2 = 4z(2–1x3y – 6)–1 – f6
2y
120. c. (5a2 · 3ab) + 2a3b = 15a3b + 2a3b = 17a3b
4zx3 zx3
3x–1 2 3 1 = f
2y6
– f6
121. b. 2x –3
–f x4
– (x3)–1 = f3
x
– f5
x
– f3
x
= 2y

1 3 –3 –5
f3
x
– x5 = x –3x
f
= 3zx3
f
2y6
122. a. (ab2)3 + 2b2 – (4a)3b6 = a3b6 + 2b2 – 43a3b6 =
5x4
2b2 – 63a3b6 128. a. (0.2x–2)–1 + ff52 x2 – f2
(2x)
(–3x–1)–2 x2 8x4
123. b. + ff98 (x2)2 =
( )
f f + f = 2
–1 4
x–2 (–3x–1)2 9 = ff x–2
10 + ff52 x2 – ff
5x
4x2
x2 8x4 x4 8x4
f
(–3)2x–2
+ f9 = f
9 + f9 = x4
= 5x2 + f52f x2 – ff45 x2

( )
b 100 8 25
f ff ff 2
–2 –2
124. b. –(–a–2bc–3) + 5 f
a2c3
= –(a4b–2c6) + = (f20 + 20 – 20 )x
83 2
= ff
20 x
( b–2
)=–
4 6 4 6 4 6
ac 5a c 4a c
5 f
a–4c–6
f
b2
+ f
b2
= f
b2
2w(z + 1) Set 9 (Page 15)
125. c. 3(z + 1)2w3 – ff
((z + 1)w2)–1 129. b. According to the order of operations, we
= 3(z + 1)2w3 – 2w(z + 1) · ((z + 1)w2) perform exponentiation first, then
= 3(z + 1)2w3 – 2(z + 1)2w3 multiplication, and then subtraction. The
= (z + 1)2w3 square of a number x is x2. Four times this

( )
–2
2y(4x + 1)
126. a. –2(4x +1)5y –5 – ff
2
quantity is 4x2, and finally, two less is 4x2 –
(4x + 1)y–2)–3
2.
130. d. First, note that 25% of V is equal to 0.25V,
( )
5 2y(4x + 1)2 –2
2(4x +1) __________
= – ff 5
– (4x + 1)–3y6 which is equivalent to ff41 V. Since the original
y
volume of the tank is being increased by this

( )
2(4x +1)5 2(4x + 1)5 –2 quantity, we add it to the original volume V.
= – ff
y5
– ff
y5
This results in the equivalent expressions V
+ 0.25V and V + ff41 V. Adding the coefficients
( )
4(4x +1)5 –2
= – ff
y5 of V in the first expression yields another
equivalent expression 1.25V. So, they are all
= (– )
y5 2
ff5
4(4x + 1) correct choices.
(–1)2y10 131. b. The amount of money paid for the total
= ff
42(4x + 1)10 number hours of tutoring is $40h. Adding
y10 the one-time fee of $30 to this amount
= ff
16(4x + 1)10
results in x = $30 + $40h.

161
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

132. a. According to the order of operations, we 139. a. First, since there are w weeks in one month,
interpret parenthetical quantities first, then the number of weeks in m months must be
multiply, and then subtract. The quantity mw. Since we are told that there are m
the sum of a number and 5 is (x + 5). Then, months in one year, the quantity mw
three times this quantity is 3(x + 5), and represents the number of weeks in one year.
finally nine less results in 3(x + 5) – 9. Next, since there are d days in one week, and
133. a. The total cost for a phone call lasting x the number of weeks in a year is mw, we
minutes is the cost for the first minute plus the conclude that there are mwd days in one
cost for the remaining x – 1 minutes. The first year.
minute costs $0.35 and the cost for the 140. d. The phrase “40% of j” is expressed
remaining x – 1 minutes is $0.15(x – 1). The symbolically as 0.40j and the phrase “50%
sum of these results in the total cost y = 0.15(x of k” is expressed symbolically as 0.50k.
– 1) + 0.35. Equating these quantities yields 0.40j = 0.50k.
134. b. According to the order of operations, we first Dividing both sides by 0.40 then results in
0.50
interpret parenthetical quantities and then the equivalent equality j = ff 0.40 k = 1.25k.
multiply. The difference between a number This says that the value of j is 125% of k. So,
and five is represented by the expression (x – we conclude that j is 25% larger than k.
5). Then, half of this difference is ff21 (x – 5). 141. d. p percent of q can be represented symboli­
pq
135. c. The sum of three numbers is represented by cally as ___
100 . As such, since we are decreasing
(a + b + c). The reciprocals of these q by this quantity, the resulting quantity is
pq
numbers are ffa1 , fb1f and ff1c . The sum of the represented by q – ___ 100 .
reciprocals is (ffa1 + ffb1 + ff1c ), and so, the 142. d. The cost of the three meals is (a + b + c) and
product of these two sums is given by a 15% tip is represented by. 0.15(a + b + c).
(a + b + c)(ffa1 + fb1f + ff1c ). This latter value is added to the cost of the
136. c. The expression 3x is described by the phrase three meals to obtain the total cost of the
“3 times a number.” So, the sum of 3x + 15 dinner, namely (a + b + c) + 0.15(a + b + c)
is described by the phrase “15 more than 3 = 1.15(a + b + c). Now, splitting this cost
times a number.” Finally, since the word “is” evenly between the two brothers amounts to
is interpreted as “equals,” we conclude that dividing this quantity by 2; this is repre­
the given equation is described by choice c. sented by choices b and c.
137. c. The cost for x desks, each of which costs D 143. d. A 75% increase in enrollment E is
dollars, is xD. Similarly, the costs for the represented symbolically as 0.75E, which is
chairs and file cabinets are yE and zF, equivalent to ff43 E. Adding this to the original
respectively. Thus, the total cost T is equal to enrollment E results in the sum E + ff43 E,
xD + yE + zF. which is the new enrollment.
138. a. First, increasing d by 50% is described by 144. a. The total cost of her orders, before the
the expression d + 0.50d,which is equal to discount is applied, is represented by the
1.50d. Now, a decrease of this quantity by sum W + X + Y + Z. A 15% discount on
50% is described by the expression this amount is represented symbolically
1.50d – 0.50(1.50d) = 1.50d – 0.75d = 0.75d as 0.15(W + X + Y+ Z). So her cost is
This value is 75% of the original value d. (W + X + Y+ Z) – 0.15(W + X + Y+ Z),
Hence, it is 25% smaller than d. which is equivalent to 0.85 (W + X + Y+ Z).

162
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

S e ct io n 2— Lin e a r Eq u ations 152. b. 2.3(4 – 3.1x) = 1 – 6.13x

a n d In e q u a lit ie s 9.2 – 7.13x = 1 – 6.13x
9.2 – 7.13x + 7.13x = 1– 6.13x + 7.13x
Set 10 (Page 18) 9.2 = 1 + x
145. a. z – 7 = –9 9.2 – 1 = 1 – 1 + x
z – 7 + 7 = –9 + 7 8.2 = x
41
z = –2 Since 8.2 = ff 5 , the correct choice is b.
146. e. ff8k = 8 153. d. An application of the distributive property
k
·8=8·8
ff shows that 33c – 21 = 3(11c – 7). So, since
8
k = 64 11c – 7 = 8, we conclude that 33c – 21 = 3(8)
147. a. –7k – 11 = 10 = 24.
–7k – 11 + 11 = 10 + 11 154. d. f2xf + ff61 x = 4
6x 2x
–7k = 21 ff + ff = 4
12 12

( ) ( )
8x
–7k –ff71 = 21 –ff71 ff = 4
12

k = –3
148. c. 9a + 5 = –22
( ) ( )
8x 12
ff ff = 4 ff
12 8
12
8

x=6
9a + 5 – 5 = –22 – 5 2 b
__ __
9a = –27 155. b. –3b – 3 = 3
b 2
( ) = –27( )
1 1 __ __
9a ff ff –3b – 3 = 3
9 9
9b
__ b
__ 2
__
a = –3 –3 – 3 = 3
149. d. ffp6 + 13 = p – 2 10b
– ___
2
__
3 = 3
p
ff
6 + 13 – 13 = p – 2 – 13 3
__ 2
__ 1
__
b = – 10 · 3 =–5
p
ff
6 = p – 15 3c
p
156. c. ff – 9 = 3
4
ff
6 – p = p – p – 15 3c
ff –9 + 9 = 3 + 9
4
5
– __
6p = –15 3c
ff = 12
4
5
– __ ( )
__ 6
6 p – 5 = –15 ( )
–6
__
5
()
3c 4
4 3
4
ff ff = 12 ff
3 ()
p = 18 c = 16
150. a. 2.5p + 6 = 18.5 2a
157. b. –ff
3 = –54
2.5p + 6 – 6 = 18.5 – 6
2.5p = 12.5
12.5
( ) ( )
–f32fa –ff23 = –54 –ff23

p = ff
2.5 = 5
a = 81
3x 15
151. a. 10 = ff
ff
25
3x 10 15 10
ff(ff) = ff(ff)
10 3 25 3
150
x = ff
75 = 2

163
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

158. d. 1.3 + 5x – 0.1 = –1.2 – 3x 163. c. Let x be the unknown number. The sentence
1.2 + 5x = –1.2 – 3x “Twice a number increased by 11 is equal to
1.2 + 5x – 1.2 = –1.2 – 3x – 1.2 32 less than three times the number” can be
5x = –2.4 – 3x expressed symbolically as 2x + 11 = 3x – 32.
5x + 3x = –2.4 – 3x + 3x We solve this equation for x, as follows:
8x = –2.4 2x + 11 = 3x – 32
x = –0.3 2x = 3x – 32 – 11
159. d. 4(4v + 3) = 6v – 28 2x – 3x = –43
16v + 12 = 6v – 28 –x = –43
16v + 12 – 12 = 6v – 28 – 12 x = 43
4a + 4 2 – 3a
16v = 6v – 40 164. d. ff7 = –ff 4
16v – 6v = 6v – 6v – 40 4a + 4
28 · ( f 2 – 3a
) = 28 · (–ff
7 4 )
10v = –40
4(4a + 4) = –7(2 – 3a)
v = –4
16a + 16 = –14 + 21a
160. b. 13k + 3(3 – k) = –3(4 + 3k) – 2k
16 = –14 + 21a – 16a
13k + 9 – 3k = – 12 – 9k – 2k
16 + 14 = 5a
10k + 9 = –12 – 11k
30 = 5a
10k + 9 – 9 = – 12 – 11k – 9
a=6
10k = – 21 – 11k
165. a. Let x be the smaller of the two unknown
10k + 11k = – 21 – 11k + 11k
integers. The next consecutive even integer
21k = – 21
is then x + 2. The sentence “The sum of two
21k ( ) = –21( )
1
ff
21
1
ff
21 consecutive even integers is 126” can be
k = –1 expressed symbolically as x + (x + 2) = 126.
We solve this equation for x:
Set 11 (Page 19) x + (x + 2) = 126
161. a. –2(3v + 5) = 14 2x + 2 = 126
–6v – 10 = 14 2x = 124
–6v = 14 + 10 = 24 x = 62
24
v = ff Thus, the two integers are 62 and 64.
–6 = –4
166. b. 0.8(x + 20) – 4.5 = 0.7(5 + x) – 0.9x
162. b. ff25 (x – 2) + 3x = 3(x + 2) – 10
8(x +20) – 45 = 7(5 + x) – 9x
5
2 x – 5 + 3x = 3x + 6 – 10
ff 8x + 160 – 45 = 35 + 7x – 9x
11
ffx – 5 = 3x – 4
2
8x + 115 = 35 – 2x
11
ffx – 3x – 5 = –4
10x = –80
2
5 x=–8
ffx = –4 + 5 = 1
2 167. e. First, we solve the equation 4x + 5 = 15 for x:
x = ff52 4x + 5 = 15
4x = 10
10
x = ff4 = 2.5
Now, substitute x = 2.5 into the expression
10x + 5 to obtain 10(2.5) + 5 = 25 + 5 = 30.

164
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

168. d. Let x be the unknown number. 40% of this 172. b. Let x be the unknown number. The sentence
number is represented symbolically as 0.40x. “When ten is subtracted from the opposite of
Therefore, the sentence “Ten times 40% of a a number, the resulting difference is 5” can
number is equal to 4 less than six times the be expressed symbolically as the equation –x
number” can be expressed as the equation –10 = 5. We solve this equation for x as
10(0.40x) = 6x – 4. We solve this equation follows:
for x: –x – 10 = 5
10(0.40x) = 6x –4 –x = 15
4x = 6x – 4 x = –15
4x + 4 = 6x 173. b. 9x + ff38 = ff38 x + 9
4 = 2x 3 · (9x + ff38 ) = 3 · (ff38 x + 9)
x=2 27x + 8 = 8x + 27
169. b. Let x be the unknown number. The sentence 27x – 8x + 8 = 27
“ff87 of nine times a number is equal to ten 19x = 27 – 8 = 19
times the number minus 17” can be x=1
expressed as the equation ff87 (9x) = 10(x – 174. c. Substitute F = 50˚ into the formula F = ff59 C
17). Solve this equation for x: + 32 and then solve the resulting equation
7 for C, as follows:
ff(9x) = 10(x – 17)
8
8 · ff87 (9x) = 8 · 10(x – 17) 50 = ff59 C + 32
63x = 80(x – 17) 5 · 50 = 5 · (ff59 C + 32)
63x = 80x – 1360 250 = 9C + 160
–17x = –1360 90 = 9C
x = 80 C = 10
7b – 4
170. d. a = ff4
175. d. Let x be the unknown number. A 22.5%
decrease in its value can be expressed
4a = 4 · ( )
7b – 4
ff
4 symbolically as x – 0.225x = 0.775x. We are
4a = 7b – 4 given that this quantity equals 93, which can
4a + 4 = 7b be expressed as 0.775x = 93. We solve this
4a + 4
equation for x:
b = ff7 0.775x = 93
2x + 8 5x – 6
171. b. ff5 = ff x = ff 93
0.775 = 120
6
2x + 8 5x – 6
30 · ff 5 = 30 · ff6 176. a. The scenario described in this problem can
6(2x + 8) = 5(5x – 6) be expressed as the equation –4(x + 8) + 6x
12x + 48 = 25x –30 = 2x + 32. We solve this equation for x:
12x = 25x – 78 –4(x + 8) + 6x = 2x + 32
–13x = –78 –4x – 32 + 6x = 2x + 32
x=6 2x – 32 = 2x + 32
0 – 32 = 32
0 = 64
So, there is no such number x.

165
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

C+A
Set 12 (Page 21) 182. a. B = f
D–A
1
ffx – 4
2 x+8 B · (D – A) = C + A
177. c. f 3 = f5
BD – BA = C + A
( ) = 15 ·
1
ffx – 4 x+8
15 · 2
f f5 BD – C = A + BA
3
BD – C = A (1 + B)
5 · (ff21 x –4) = 3(x + 8)
BD – C
5 A= f1+B
2x – 20 = 3x + 24
ff
183. b. 30% of r is represented symbolically as 0.30r,
2 · (ff25 x – 20) = 2(3x + 24)
and 75% of s is represented symbolically as
5x – 40 = 6x + 48
0.75s. The fact that these two quantities are
5x – 88 = 6x
equal is represented by the equation 0.30r =
–88 = x
0.75s. We are interested in 50% of s when r =
178. a. 5x – 2[x – 3(7 – x)] = 3 – 2(x – 8)
30. So, we substitute r = 30 into this
5x – 2x + 6(7 – x) = 3 – 2(x – 8)
equation, solve for s, and then multiply the
5x – 2x + 42 – 6x = 3 – 2x + 16
result by 0.50:
–3x + 42 = 19 – 2x
0.30(30) = 0.75s
23 = x
9 = 0.75s
179. d. ax + b = cx + d 9
s = ff
0.75 = 12
ax – cx =d – b
So, 50% of s is equal to 0.50(12) = 6.
(a – c)x = (d – b)
184. e. We must solve the given equation for g:
(a – c)x (d – b)
(a – c) = (a – c)
f ff fg + 2f – g = 2 – (f + g)
d–b fg + 2f – g = 2 – f – g
x = ff a–c
180. a. Let x be the smallest of the four whole fg = 2 – f – g– 2f + g
numbers. The next three consecutive odd fg = 2 – 3 f
2 – 3f
whole numbers are then x +2, x + 4, and g = ff f
x + 6. The sentence “The sum of four 185. b. Let x be the width of the room. Then,
consecutive, odd whole numbers is 48” can the length of the room is equal to 2x + 3.
be expressed as the equation x + (x + 2) + The perimeter of the room is given by 2x +
(x + 4) + (x + 6) = 48. We solve this 2(2x + 3). Since this quantity is known to be
equation for x as follows: 66, we must solve the equation 2x +
x + (x +2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) = 48 2(2x + 3) = 66 as follows:
4x + 12 = 48 2x + 2(2x + 3) = 66
4x = 36 2x + 4x + 6 = 66
x=9 6x + 6 + 66
Thus, the smallest of the four whole 6x = 60
numbers is 9. x = 10
181. a. In order to solve for T, we must simply Thus, the length of the room is 2(10) + 3 =
divide both sides of the equation by nR. 23 feet.
PV
This results in the equation T = ___
nR .

166
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

4 – 2x 1–y
186. b. ff3 – 1 = ff 2 189. d. Let x be the unknown number. The sentence
4 – 2x
6 · ff 1–y “Three more than one-fourth of a number
3 –6·1= 6 · ff
2
2(4 – 2x) – 6 = 3(1 – y) is three less than the number” can be
8 – 4x – 6 = 3 – 3y expressed as the equation ff41 x + 3 = x – 3. We
2 – 4x = 3 – 3y must solve this equation for x as follows:
1
4x + 3 = x – 3
ff
3y = 1 + 4x
y= 1 + 4x
f 4 · (ff41 x + 3) = 4 · (x – 3)
3
x + 12 = 4x – 12
187. e. Let x be the smallest of five consecutive odd
x + 24 = 4x
integers. The next four consecutive odd
24 = 3x
integers are given by x +2, x + 4, x + 6, and
x=8
x + 8. The average of these five integers is
_5_x_–__
2
equal to their sum divided by 5, which is 190. c. 2–x =y
5x – 2
expressed symbolically by 2 – x = (2 – x) · y
(2 – x) · ff
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8)
fffff 5 . Since this 5x – 2 = y(2 – x)
quantity is –21, we must solve the equation 5x – 2 = 2y – xy
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) 5x + xy = 2 + 2y
ffff 5 = –21 as
x(5 + y) = 2 + 2y
follows: 2 + 2y
x= f
5+y
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8)
fffff 5 = –21
191. b. Solve this problem by determining the
5x + 20
f 5 = –21 weight of each portion. The sum of the
x + 4 = –21 weights of the initial batches of corn is
x = –25 equal to the weight of the final mixture.
Thus, the least of the five integers is –25. Therefore,
188. a. First, we solve ffab + 6 = 4 for a:
a
ff + 6 = 4
b
(20 bushels) ( 56 pounds
ffbushel )+
( )=
a 50 pounds
ff
b = –2 (x bushels) ffbushel
a = –2b
Next, substitute this expression for a into the
equation –6b + 2a – 25 = 5 and solve for b:
[(20 + x) bushels] ( 54 pounds
ffbushel )
Suppressing units yields the equation
–6b + 2a – 25 = 5 20 • 56 + 50x = (20 + x) • 54.
–6b + 2(–2b) – 25 = 5 192. d. –5[x – (3 – 4x – 5) – 5x] –22 = 4[2 –(x –3)]
–6b –4b – 25 = 5 –5[x – 3 + 4x + 5 – 5x] – 4 = 4[2 – x + 3]
–10b – 25 = 5 –5[2] – 4 = 4[5 – x]
–10b = 30 –10 – 4 = 20 – 4x
b = –3 –14 = 20 – 4x
Plugging this in for b in the expression –34 = –4x
a = –2b yields a = –2(–3) = 6. Finally, we –34 17
substitute these numerical values for a and b –4 = ff
x = ff 2 = 8.5

() ( ) ( )=
2 2 2
b –3
into ff
a to obtain ff
6 = –ff21 1
4.
ff

167
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 13 (Page 22) 201. d. –6(x + 1) � 60

193. c. 3x + 2 � 11 –6x – 6 � 60
3x � 9 –6x � 66
x�3 x � –11
194. a. –7x ≥ –35 (Note: Remember to reverse the inequality
1
__ 1
__ sign when dividing both sides of an
(– 7 ) –7x � (– 7 ) · (–35)
x�5 inequality by a negative number.)
So, the solution set is {x : x � 5}. 202. b. The right side of the inequality 2x – 4 � 7
195. a. 1 – 2 x � –5 (x – 2) can be described as “the product of
–2x � –6 seven and the quantity two less than a
x�3 number,” and the left side can be described
(Note: Remember to reverse the inequality as “four less than two times the number.”
sign when dividing both sides of an Reading from right to left, the quantity on
inequality by a negative number.) the right side is greater than the one on the
196. d. All values to the right of and including –4 left. Hence, the correct choice is b.
–x
are shaded. Thus, the inequality that depicts 203. a. ff
0.3 � 20
this situation is x � –4. x � (–0.3)(20) = –6
197. b. 4x + 4 � 24 (Note: Remember to reverse the inequality
4x � 20 sign when dividing both sides of an
x�5 inequality by a negative number.)
198. a. –8x + 11 � 83 204. d. –8(x + 3) � 2(–2x + 10)
–8x � 72 –8x – 24 � –4x + 20
x � –9 –24 � 4x + 20
(Note: Remember to reverse the inequality –44 � 4x
sign when dividing both sides of an –11 � x
inequality by a negative number.) The answer can be written equivalently as
199. c. –4(x – 1) � 2(x + 1) x � –11.
–4x + 4 � 2x + 2 205. b. 3(x – 16) – 2 � 9(x – 2) – 7x
4 � 6x + 2 3x – 48 – 2 � 9x – 18 – 7x
2 � 6x 3x – 50 � 2x – 18
1 x – 50 � –18
f3f = ff62 � x
x � 32
The answer can be written equivalently as 206. b. –5[9 + (x – 4)] � 2(13 – x)
x � ff31 . –5[5 + x] � 2(13 – x)
200. c. x + 5 � 3x + 9 –25 – 5x � 26 – 2x
5 � 2x + 9 –51 – 5x � –2x
–4 � 2x –51 � 3x
–2 � x –17 � x
The answer can be written equivalently as The answer can be written equivalently as
x � –2. x � – 17.

168
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

207. a. When solving a compound inequality for The left side must be nonnegative for any
which the only expression involving the value of x (since it is the absolute value of
variable is located between the two an expression) while the right side is
inequality signs and is linear, the goal is to negative. So, there can be no solution to this
simplify the inequality by adding/subtract­ equation.
ing the constant term in the middle portion 211. c. We rewrite the given equation as an
of the inequality to/from all three parts of equivalent one solved for |x|:
the inequality, and then to divide all three –3|x| + 2 = 5|x| – 14
parts of the inequality by the coefficient of –3|x| + 16 = 5|x|
x. The caveat in the latter step is that when 16 = 8|x|
the coefficient of x is negative, both 2 = |x|
inequality signs are switched. We proceed as Using the fact that |a| = b if and only if a
follows: = �b, it follows that the two solutions of the
–4 � 3x – 1 � 11 equation 2 = |x| are x = �2. Thus, there are
–3 � 3x � 12 two distinct values of x that satisfy the given
–1 � x £ 4 equation.
208. b. Using the same steps as in question 207, 212. a. Using the fact that |a| = b if and only if a
proceed as follows: = �b, we see that solving the equation
10 � 3(4 – 2x) –2 � 70 |3x – ff32 | – ff91 = 0, or equivalently |3x –ff32 | = ff91 , is
10 � 12 – 6x – 2 � 70 equivalent to solving 3x – ff32 = � ff91 . We solve
10 � 10 – 6x � 70 these two equations separately:
0 � – 6x � 60 3x – ff32 = – ff91 3x – ff32 = ff91
0 � x � –10 3x = ff32 – ff91 = f95f 3x = ff32 + ff91 = ff97
The last compound inequality above can be 5
x = ff 7
x = ff
27 27
written equivalently as –10 � x � 0. 5 7
So, both ff
27 and ff27 are solutions to this
equation.
Set 14 (Page 24)
213. b. Using the fact that |a| = b if and only if
209. c. Using the fact that |a| = b if and only if
a = �b, we see that solving the equation
a = �b, we see that solving the equation
|3x + 5 | = 8 is equivalent to solving 3x + 5
|–x| – 8 = 0, or equivalently |–x| = 8, is
= �8. We solve these two equations
equivalent to solving –x = �8. We solve
separately, as follows:
these two equations separately:
3x + 5 = –8 3x + 5 = 8
–x = 8 –x = –8
3x = –13 3x = 3
x = –8 x=8
13
So, both –8 and 8 are solutions of this x = –ff
3 x=1
equation. Thus, the solutions to the equation are
13
210. a. We rewrite the given equation as an x = –ff
3 and x = 1.
equivalent one solved for |x|, as follows:
2|x| + 4 = 0
2|x| = –4
|x| = –2

169
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

214. b. First, we rewrite the equation in an 218. a. First, note that |–2x| = |–1| · |2x| = |2x|. Also,
equivalent form: |a| � c if and only if (a � c or a � –c). The
–6(4 – |2x + 3|) = –24 values of x that satisfy the inequality |2x| �
–24 + 6|2x + 3| = – 24 0 are those that satisfy either 2x � 0 or
6|2x + 3| = 0 2x � 0. Dividing both of these inequalities
|2x + 3| = 0 by 2 yields x � 0 or x � 0. So, the solution
Now, using the fact that |a| = b if and only if set is (–»,0)(0,»).
a = �b, we see that solving the equation 219. c. First, note that the inequality –|–x – 1| � 0
|2x + 3| = 0 is equivalent to solving 2x + 3 is equivalent to |–x – 1| � 0. Moreover, since
= 0. The solution of this equation is x = –f23f. |–x – 1| = |–(x + 1)| = |–1| · |x + 1| = |x + 1|,
So, we conclude that there is only one value this inequality is also equivalent to |x + 1| �
of x that satisfies this equation. 0. The left side must be nonnegative since it
215. a. First, we rewrite the equation in an is the absolute value of a quantity. The only
equivalent form: way that it can be less than or equal to zero
1 – (1 –(2 –|1 – 3x|)) = 5 is if it actually equals zero. This happens only
1 – (1 – 2 + |1 – 3x|) = 5 when x + 1 = 0, which occurs when x = –1.
1 – (–1 + |1 – 3x|) = 5 220. c. Note that |a| � c if and only if (a � c or
1 + 1 – |1 – 3x| = 5 a � –c). Using this fact, we see that the
2 – |1 – 3x| = 5 values of x that satisfy the inequality
–|1 – 3x| = 3 |8x + 3| � 3 are precisely those values of x
|1 –3x| = – 3 that satisfy either 8x + 3 � 3 or 8x + 3 � –3.
Since the left side is non-negative (being the We solve these two inequalities separately:
absolute value of a quantity) and the right 8x + 3 � 3 8x + 3 � –3
side is negative, there can be no value of x 8x � 0 8x � –6
that satisfies this equation. x�0 x � –ff86 = –ff43
216. c. Note that |a| =|b| if and only if a = �b. Thus, the solution set is [0,»)(–»,–ff43 ]
Using this fact, solving the equation |2x + 1| 221. d. Note that |a| � c if and only if –c � a � c.
= |4x – 5| is equivalent to solving 2x + 1 Using this fact, we see that the values of x
= �(4x – 5). We solve these two equations that satisfy the inequality |2x –3| � 5 are
separately: precisely those values of x that satisfy –5 �
2x + 1 = (4x – 5) 2x + 1 = –(4x – 5) 2x – 3 � 5. We solve this compound
6 = 2x 2x + 1 = –4x + 5 inequality as follows:
3=x 6x = 4 –5 � 2x –3 � 5
–2 � 2x � 8
x = ff32
–1 � x � 4
Thus, there are two solutions to the original
Thus, the solution set is (–1,4).
equation.
217. d. Note that |a| � c if and only if (a � c or
a � –c). Using this fact, we see that the values
of x that satisfy the inequality |x| � 3 are
precisely those values of x that satisfy either
x � 3 or x � –3. So, the solution set is
(–»,–3)(3,»).

170
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

222. a. First, we rewrite the given inequality in an 224. d. First, we rewrite the given inequality in an
equivalent form: equivalent form:
2 – (1 – (2 – |1 – 2x|)) � –6 |1 – (–22 + x) – 2x | � | 3x – 5|
2 – (1 – 2 + |1 – 2x|) � –6 1 – (–4 + x) – 2x | � | 3x – 5|
2 – (–1 + |1 – 2x|) � –6 |1 + 4 – x – 2x | � | 3x – 5|
2 + 1 – |1 – 2x| � –6 |5 – 3x| � |3x – 5|
3 – |1 –2x| � –6 Now, note that the left side of the last
–|1 – 2x| � –9 inequality is equivalent to
|1 – 2x| � 9 |5 – 3x| = |–1(3x – 5)| = |–1| · |3x – 5|
Now, note that |a| � c if and only if if = |3x – 5|
–c � a � c. Using this fact, we see that the Thus, the original inequality is actually
values of x that satisfy the inequality equivalent to |3x – 5| � |3x –5|. Since the
|1 –2x| � 9 are precisely those values of x left and right sides of the inequality are
that satisfy –9 � 1 – 2x � 9. We solve this identical, every real number x satisfies the
compound inequality: inequality. So, the solution set is the set of
–9 � 1 – 2x � 9 all real numbers.
–10 � –2x � 8
5 � x � –4 Set 15 (Page 26)
So, the solution set is (–4,5). 225. c. The coordinates of points in the third
223. c. First, we rewrite the given inequality in an quadrant are both negative.
equivalent form: 226. e. The x-coordinate of J is –3 and the
–7|1 – 4x| + 20 � –2|1 – 4x| – 15 y-coordinate is 4. So, J is identified as the
–7|1 – 4x| + 35 � –2|1 – 4x| point (–3, 4).
35 � 5|1–4x| 227. b. Since ABCD is a square, the x-coordinate
7 � |1 – 4x| of B will be the same as the x-coordinate of
The last inequality is equivalent to |1 – A, namely –1, and the y-coordinate of B will
4x| � 7. Now, |a| � c if and only if (a � c or be the same as the y-coordinate of C,
a � –c). Using this fact, we see that the namely 4. So, the coordinates of B are (–
values of x that satisfy the inequality |1 – 1,4).
4x| � 7 are precisely those values of x that 228. e. Since ABCD is a square, the x-coordinate of
satisfy either 1 – 4x � 7 or 1 – 4x � –7. We D is the same as the x-coordinate of C,
solve these two inequalities separately: which is 6, and the y-coordinate of D is the
1 – 4x � 7 1 – 4x � –7 same as the y-coordinate of A, which is –3.
–4x � 6 –4x � –8 So, the coordinates of D are (6,–3).
x � –ff46 = –ff23 x�2 229. d. Points in Quadrant IV have positive x-
3
So, the solution set is (–», –ff2 ][2,»). coordinates and negative y-coordinates.
Therefore, (2,–5) lies in Quadrant IV.
230. a. For all nonzero real numbers, both x2 and (–
y)2 are positive, so points of the form
(x2,(–y)2) must lie in Quadrant I.

171
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

231. d. First, note that |–x –2| = 0 only when x = –2 237. d. Note that if x is a negative integer, then –x3 =
and |–x – 1| = 0 when x = –1. So, for all –(x)(x)(x) must be positive (because it is a
other values of x, these expressions are product of an even number of negative
positive. For all real numbers x � –2, we integers). Likewise, since x and y are both
conclude that |–x – 2| � 0 and –|–x –1| � 0. negative integers, xy2 is negative (because it
Therefore, points whose coordinates are is a product of an odd number of negative
given by (|–x –2|, –|–x–1|) must lie in integers). Hence, the x-coordinate of (–x3,
Quadrant IV. xy2) is positive and its y-coordinate is
232. b. The fact that x is a positive real number negative. So, the point lies in Quadrant IV.
requires that the point (x,y) lie to the right 238. b. Using the fact that x and y are both assumed
of the y-axis, so it cannot lie in Quadrants II to be negative integers, we must determine
or III, or be on the y-axis. It can, however, the signs of the coordinates of the point
–x2 ff 1 2
lie in Quadrants I or IV, or be on the x-axis. (f(–y)3 , xy ). To this end, note that –x is
The fact that y can be any real number does negative, (–y)3 is positive (since –y is a
not further restrict the location of (x,y). positive integer and the cubes of positive
Hence, the correct choice is b. integers are positive integers), and xy is
233. c. Because y is a nonnegative real number, the positive (since it is a product of an even
point (x,y) must lie on or above the x-axis, number of negative integers). The x-
so it cannot lie in Quadrants III or IV. The coordinate of the given point is therefore
point can also be on the y-axis. The fact that negative (since the numerator is negative
x can be any real number does not further and denominator is positive, thereby
restrict the location of (x,y), so the correct creating a quotient involving an odd
choice is c. number of negative integers) and the
234. a. We need to choose the point that has a y-coordinate is positive. So, the point lies in
positive x-coordinate and negative Quadrant II.
y-coordinate. Since a � 0, it follows that 239. c. Since the y-coordinate of the point (–x, –2)
–a � 0. Thus, the point that lies in is –2, it follows that for any real number x,
Quadrant IV is (–a,a). the point must lie somewhere strictly below
235. b. The correct point will have a negative the x-axis. If x � 0, the x-coordinate of the
x-coordinate and negative y-coordinate. point is negative, so that it lies in Quadrant
Note that for any nonzero real number, that III, while it lies in Quadrant IV if x � 0 and
–a2� 0 and (–a)2 �0. So, the point that lies on the y-axis if x = 0. So, the correct choice
in Quadrant III is (a,–a2). is c.
236. a. Look for the point that has a negative x- 240. d. The phrase “y is nonpositive” can be expressed
coordinate and positive y-coordinate. Since symbolically as y � 0. As such, –y � 0. Since
a � 0, it follows that –a � 0. So, the point the x-coordinate of the point (1, –y) is
that lies in Quadrant II is (–a, a). positive and the y-coordinate is nonnegative,
the point must be in Quadrant I or on the
x-axis. It can be on the x-axis if y = 0. So,
neither a nor b is true.

172
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 16 (Page 28) we solve for y to obtain the equation y =

241. a. Convert the given equation 3y – x = 9 into –3x + 5.
slope-intercept form by solving for y, as 248. b. First, the slope of the line containing the
5–3 2
follows: points (2,3) and (–2,5) is m = f (–2)–2 = ff
–4
3y – x = 9 = –ff21 . Next, use one of the points, such as
3y = x + 9 (2,3), and the slope m = –ff21 to write the
y = ff31 x + 3 equation of the line using the point-slope
The slope of this line is the coefficient of x, formula y – y1 = m(x – x1), where, (x1,y1) is
namely ff31 . the point on the line. This yields the
242. b. The line whose equation is y = –3 is equation y – 3 = –ff21 (x – 2), which simplifies
horizontal. Any two distinct points on the to y – 3 = –ff21 x + 1, or equivalently y =
line share the same y-value, but have –ff21 x + 4.
2 3
different x-values. So, computing the slope 249. c. We transform the equation y = –ff 15 x – 5
ff
as “change in y over change in x” results in 0, into standard form Ax + By = C, as follows:
no matter which two points are used. 2 3
15 x –ff
y = –ff 5
243. a. Convert the given equation 8y = 16x – 4 –15y = 2x + 9
into slope-intercept form by solving for y: 0 = 2x + 15y + 9
8y = 16x – 4 2x + 15y = –9
y = 2x – ff21 250. a. We must solve the equation –3y =12x – 3 for
So, the y-intercept is (0,–ff21 ). y, which can be done by simply dividing
244. d. Substituting x = 3 and y = 1 into the both sides by –3. This yields y = –4x + 1.
equation y = ff32 x – 1 yields the true The slope of this line is –4.
statement 1 = ff32 (3) – 1, which implies that 251. d. Solving the equation 6y + x = 7 for y yields
the point (3,1) is on this line. the equivalent equation y = –ff61 x + ff67 . The
245. b. The slope-intercept form of a line with 1
slope of this line is – f6 .
slope m and y-intercept (0,b) is y = mx + b.
252. c. We must first determine the equation of the
So, the equation of the line with slope –3
line. To do so, choose two of the five points
and y-intercept of (0,2) is y = –3x + 2.
listed and compute the slope. Using (–4,15)
246. a. First, choose two of the five points listed 15 – 11 4
(–4) – (–2) = ff
and (–2,11), the slope is m = ff –2
and compute the slope. We will use the first
= –2. Next, use one of the points, say
two listed, (1,7) and (2,10). The slope is
10 – 7 (–4,15), and the slope m = –2 to write the
m = ff 2 – 1 = 3. Next, use one of the points,
equation of the line using the point-slope
such as (1,7), and the slope m = 3 to write
formula y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is
the equation of the line using the point-
the point on the line. Applying this yields
slope formula y – y1 = m(x –x1), where
the equation y – 15 = –2(x – (–4)), which
(x1,y1) is the point on the line. Applying this
simplifies to y – 15 = –2x – 8, or equivalently
yields the equation y – 7 = 3(x – 1), which
y = –2x + 7. Now, to determine the missing
simplifies to y – 7 = 3x – 3, or equivalently
value z, we simply substitute x = 2 into this
y = 3x + 4.
equation; the resulting value of y is equal to
247. b. Transforming the equation 3x + y = 5 into
the missing value of z. The substitution
slope-intercept form simply requires that
yields y = –2(2) + 7 = 3.

173
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

253. c. First, the slope of the line containing the Set 17 (Page 31)
4
points (0,–1) and (2,3) is m = 3f – (–1)
2–0 = 2
ff 257. d. The points on the line y = –3 are of the form
= 2. Next, use one of the points, such as (x,–3), for all real numbers x. This set of
(2,3), and the slope m = 2 to write the points forms a horizontal line containing
equation of the line using the point-slope the point (0,–3). The correct graph is given
formula y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) is by choice d.
0 – (–5)
the point on the line. This yields the 258. b. The slope of this line segment is m = f –3 – 0
equation y – 3 = 2(x – 2), which simplifies = –ff35 .
to y – 3 = 2x – 4, or equivalently y = 2x – 1. 259. b. The y-axis is a vertical line and hence, its
254. a. Consider the line whose equation is x = 2. All slope is undefined.
points on this line are of the form (2,y), 260. d. The slope of this line segment is
2 –(–6) 8 2
where y can be any real number. However, in m= f 10 –(–2) = 12 = 3 .
ff ff

order for this line to have a y-intercept, at 261. c. The slope is 2 (so that the graph of the line
least one of the points on it would need to rises from left to right at a rate of two
have an x-coordinate of 0, which is not the vertical units up per one horizontal unit
case. So, a vertical line need not have a right) and the y-intercept is (0,3). The
y-intercept. correct graph is shown in choice c.
255. a. First, we must determine the equation of 262. a. The slope is –2 (so that the graph of the line
the line. The slope of the line is given by falls from left to right at the rate of two
0 – (–6) 6 2
m= f 9 – 0 = 9 = 3 . Since the y-intercept
ff ff vertical units down per one horizontal unit
of the line is given to be (0, –6), we conclude right) and the y-intercept is (0,9). The
that the equation of the line is y = ff32 x – 6. correct graph is shown in choice a.
Now, observe that substituting the point 263. d. The slope is –ff25 (so that the graph of the line
(–6,–10) into the equation yields the true falls from left to right at a rate of five
statement –10 = ff32 (–6) – 6. Therefore, the vertical units down per two horizontal units
point (–6,–10) lies on this line. right) and the y-intercept is (0,–5). The
256. d. The slope of a line containing the points correct graph is in choice d.
(–3,–1), (0,y), and (3,–9) can be computed 264. d. The line falls from left to right at a rate of
using any two pairs of these points. one vertical unit down per one horizontal
Specifically, using (–3,–1) and (3,–9), we see unit right, and it crosses the y-axis at the
(–1) – (–9) 8 4
that the slope is m = ff (–3) –3 = – 6 = – 3 .
ff ff point (0,7). So, the slope of the line is –1
Now, we equate the expression obtained by and its y-intercept is (0,7). Its equation is
computing the slope of this line using the therefore y = –x + 7.
points (–3,–1) and (0,y) to –ff34 , and solve 265. b. Using the two points (0,5) and (–9,–1) on
for y: the line, we observe that the line rises from
left to right at a rate of six vertical units up
y – (–1)
f
0 – (–3)
= –ff34
per nine horizontal units right. Hence, its
y+1
f
3 = –ff34 slope is ff96 = ff32 . Also, it crosses the y-axis at
y + 1 = –4 (0,5). Thus, the equation of this line is y =
2
y = –5 3 x + 5.
ff

174
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

266. c. First, convert the equation ff32 y – ff21 x = 0 into 272. a. For instance, consider the line whose
slope-intercept form: equation is y = –x – 1. Its graph is shown
2
– ff21 x = 0 here:
3y
ff
y
2
3y
ff = ff21 x 10

y=
( )·( )=
3
ff
2
1
2x
ff
3
4x
ff 8

6
From this, we observe that since the slope is
3
4 , the graph of the line rises from left to
ff 4

right at a rate of 3 vertical units up per 4 2

horizontal units right. The y-intercept is the –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

x

origin. So, the correct graph is shown in –2

choice c. –4

267. b. A line with a positive slope rises from left to –6

right. The only line that rises from left to
–8
right is the one in choice b.
–10
268. a. A line with an undefined slope must be
vertical. The only graph that satisfies this Observe that the graph does indeed cross
criterion is choice a. into three of the four quadrants.
269. d. First, convert the equation into slope-intercept
form as follows: Set 18 (Page 42)
0.1x – 0.7y = 1.4 273. e. A line perpendicular to the given line must
–3
0.1x = 0.7y + 1.4 have a slope m = __ 2 . So, the line given in
0.1x – 1.4 = 0.7y choice e is the correct choice.
0.1 1.4 1 274. e. Two lines are parallel if and only if they have
0.7 x – ff
y = ff 0.7 = ff
7x – 2
the same slope. This is true for the lines
Since the slope is ff71 , the graph of the line
provided in choice e since the slopes of both
rises from left to right at a rate of one
lines are 6.
vertical unit up per seven horizontal units
275. b. The line provided in choice b is equivalent
right. The y-intercept is (0,–2), and the
to y = –2x +6. Since this has the same slope
correct graph is given by choice d.
as the given line, namely –2, we conclude
270. c. The graph of y = c, where c - 0 is a
that the correct answer is b.
horizontal line that is either above or below
276. d. Since we want a line perpendicular to a line
the x-axis. If it lies above the x-axis, the 1
with slope m1 = ff43 , we must use m2 = – f 3 =
graph crosses into only Quadrant I and 4
ff
4
–ff3 as the slope. Since the point (–6,4)
Quadrant II, while if it lies below the x-axis,
must be on the line, the point-slope formula
it crosses into only Quadrant III and
for the line is y – 4 = –ff34 (x + 6). This is
Quadrant IV.
equivalent to the equation y = –ff34 x – 4.
271. b. The graph of y = c, where c - 0, is a
277. b. A line parallel to y = 3x + 8 must have
horizontal line that lies either above or
slope 3. Using the point-slope formula for a
below the x-axis, and must cross the y-axis.
line with the point (4,4), we see that the
equation of the line we seek is y – 4 = 3(x –
4), which simplifies to y = 3x – 8.

175
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

278. b. The slope of the line passing through the amount spent on Ace balls + amount spent
6–2 4
two given points is m = ff –5 – 4 = – 9 . This is
ff on Longline balls = total amount spent
actually the slope of the line we seek because Using the information provided, this
the line is assumed to be parallel to the one equation becomes 3.50x + 2.75(x + 1) =
containing the two given points. Using this 40.25. Simplifying the left side of the
slope with the point (0,12), we see that the equation yields 6.25x + 2.75 = 40.25.
point-slope form of the equation of the Subtracting 2.75 from both sides and then
4
lines is y – 12 = –ff9 (x – 0), which simplifies dividing by 6.25 yields the solution x = 6. So,
4
to y = –ff9 x + 12. we conclude that he bought 6 canisters of
279. c. A line perpendicular to the given line must Ace balls and 7 canisters of Longline balls.
18
have slope ff 13 . Using this slope with the 284. d. Let x = the number of gallons needed of the
point (0,0), we see that the point-slope form 30% nitrogen. Then, since we are supposed
of the equation of the line we seek is y – 0 = to end up with 10 gallons, it must be the
18 18
ff(x – 0), which simplifies to y = ffx.
13 13 case that 10 – x = the number of gallons
280. b. A line with undefined slope is vertical. Only needed of the 90% nitrogen. Multiplying
horizontal lines are perpendicular to vertical the number of gallons of 30% nitrogen by
ones, and y = –2 is a horizontal line. its concentration yields the amount of
281. b. Only horizontal lines have zero slopes. The nitrogen contained within the 30%
only horizontal line among the choices solution. A similar situation holds for the
provided is given by choice b. 90% nitrogen, as well as for the final 70%
282. c. Let x = the length of the first piece. Then, solution. We must solve an equation of the
2x – 1 = the length of the second piece and following form:
3(2x – 1) + 10 = the length of the third
piece. The sum of the lengths of these three ( amount of nitrogen contributed
from the 30% solution )+
smaller pieces will be the length of the
original piece of rope. This is represented as ( amount of nitrogen contributed
from the 90% solution )=
the equation x + (2x – 1) + 3 (2x – 1) + 10 =
( )
total amount of nitrogen
60. To solve this equation, we first simplify in the entire 10 gallons

the left side to obtain 9x + 6 = 60. Solving Using the information provided, this
this equation gives us x = 6. Therefore, the equation becomes 0.30x + 0.90(10 – x) =
length of the first piece is 6 feet, the second 0.70(10), which is solved as follows:
piece is 11 feet long, and finally, the third 0.30x + 0.90(10 – x) = 0.70(10)
piece is 43 feet long. So, we conclude that 30x + 90(10 – x) = 70(10)
the longest piece of rope is 43 feet long. 30x + 900 – 90x = 700
283. b. Let x = number of canisters of Ace balls. –60x + 900 = 700
Then, x + 1 = number of canisters of –60x = –200
Longline balls. The important observation is –200 10
–60 = 3
x = ff ff
that multiplying the price of one canister of
Ace balls by the number of canisters of Ace Thus, rounding to two decimal places, we
balls results in the portion of the total conclude that she should mix approximately
amount spent on Ace balls. The same 3.33 gallons of the 30% nitrogen solution
reasoning is true for the Longline balls. So, with 6.67 gallons of the 90% nitrogen
we must solve an equation of the form: solution to obtain the desired mixture.

176
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

285. a. The important concept in this problem is 286. d. Let x = the amount invested at 10% interest.
how rate, time, and distance interrelate. It is Then, she invested 1,500 + x dollars at 11%
known that distance = rate • time. We need interest. The amount of interest she earns
to determine the amount of time that the in one year from the 10% investment is
girl is riding, and at precisely what time the 0.10x, and the amount of interest earned in
girl and the instructor meet and have one year from the 11% investment is
therefore traveled the exact same distance 0.11(1,500 + x). Since her total yearly
from the starting point. So, we must interest earned is 795 dollars, the following
determine expressions for the distances equation describes this scenario:
traveled by both the girl and her instructor, 0.10x + 0.11(1,500 + x) = 795
and then equate them. To this end, let This equation is solved as follows:
x = number of hours the girl has been 0.10x + 0.11(1,500 + x) = 795
riding when she intercepts her instructor. 0.10x + 165 + 0.11x = 795
Then, since the instructor had a 3-hour 0.21x = 630
630
head start, the amount of time that he has x = ff
0.21 = 3,000
been riding when the girl catches him must Hence, she invested $3,000 at 10% interest
be 3 + x hours. and $4,500 at 11% interest.
287. b. Let x = the number of nickels in the piggy
Now, write an equation for the girl, and one
bank. Then there are 65 – x dimes in the
for the instructor that relates their
bank. The amount contributed to the total
respective times, rates, and distance
by the nickels is 0.05x and the amount
traveled.
contributed by the dimes is 0.10(65 – x).
Let Rg = rate of the girl = 17 mph Since the total in the bank is $5.00, we must
Tg = time the girl is riding when she solve the following equation.
meets her instructor = x hours 0.05x + 0.10(65 – x) = 5.00
Dg = distance the girl has ridden when The equation is solved as follows:
she finally intercepts the 0.05x + 0.10(65 – x) = 5.00
instructor = 17x 0.05x + 6.5 – 0.10x = 5.00
RI = rate of the instructor = 7 mph –0.05x = –1.5
–1.5
TI = time the instructor is riding when –0.05 = 30
x = ff
he meets the girl = 3 + x hours Thus, there are 30 nickels and 35 dimes in
DI = distance the instructor has ridden the piggy bank.
when he is intercepted by the girl 288. b. Let x = Lisa’s current age (in years). Lori’s
= 7(3 + x) age is 2x. The statement, “In 5 years, Lisa
will be the same age as her sister was 10
Using the information provided, we must
years ago” can be expressed symbolically as
solve the equation 17x = 7(3 + x), as follows:
the equation x + 5 = 2x – 10, which is solved
17x = 7(3 + x)
as follows:
17x = 21 + 7x
x + 5 = 2x – 10
10x = 21
x = 15
x = 2.1
Thus, Lisa is currently 15 years old and Lori
Thus, it takes the girl 2.1 hours (or 2 hours
is 30 years old.
6 minutes) to overtake her instructor.

177
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 19 (Page 45) the inequality results in the true statement –

289. b. The fact that the graph of the line is solid 4 � –3.
means that it is included in the solution set, 292. c. The graph of the line is dashed, so it is not
so the inequality describing the shaded included in the solution set and the
region must include equality (that is, it inequality describing the shaded region
must be either � or �). Next, since the must not include equality (it must be
shaded region is below the horizontal line either � or � ). Next, since the shaded
y = –2, all points in the solution set have a region is to the left of the vertical line x = 8,
y-value that is less than or equal to –2. all points in the solution set have an x-value
Hence, the inequality illustrated by this that is less than 8. Hence, the inequality
graph is y � – 2. illustrated by this graph is x � 8.
290. a. The graph of the line is solid, so it is 293. c. The graph of the line is solid, so it is
included in the solution set and the included in the solution set and the
inequality describing the shaded region inequality describing the shaded region
must include equality (either � or �). must include equality (it must be either �
Next, since the graph of the line rises from or � ). Next, since the graph of the line rises
left to right at the rate of two vertical units from left to right at the rate of one vertical
up per one horizontal unit right, its slope is unit up per one horizontal unit right, its
2. And, since it crosses the y-axis at (0,7), slope is 1. Since it crosses the y-axis at (0,2),
we conclude that the equation of the line is the equation of the line is y = x + 2. Finally,
y = 2x + 7. Finally, since the shaded region since the shaded region is above the line
is below the line y = 2x + 7, the inequality y = x + 2, the inequality illustrated by this
illustrated by this graph is y � 2x + 7. This graph is y � x + 2, which is equivalent to
can be verified by choosing a point in the x – y � –2. We can verify this by choosing
shaded region, say (0,0), and observing that any point in the shaded region, such as
substituting it into the inequality results in (0,3), and observing that substituting it into
the true statement 0 � 7. the inequality results in the true statement
291. b. The graph of the line is dashed, so it is not –3 � –2.
included in the solution set and the inequality 294. c. The fact that the graph of the line is solid
describing the shaded region must not means that it is included in the solution set,
include equality (it must be either � or �). so the inequality describing the shaded
Next, since the graph of the line falls from left region must include equality (it must be
to right at the rate of four vertical units down either � or £). Next, since the graph of the
per one horizontal unit right, its slope is –4. line rises from left to right at the rate of one
Since it crosses the y-axis at (0,–3), we vertical unit up per one horizontal unit
conclude that the equation of the line is right, its slope is 1. Since it crosses the y-axis
y = –4x – 3. Finally, the shaded region is at (0,0), the equation of the line is y = x. The
below the line y = –4x – 3, so we conclude shaded region is above the line y = x, so we
that the inequality illustrated by this graph conclude that the inequality illustrated by
is y � –4x – 3. This can be verified by this graph is y � x, which is equivalent to
choosing any point in the shaded region, say y – x � 0. Substituting a point from the
(0,–4), and observing that substituting it into shaded region, such as (0,3) into the

178
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

inequality results in the true statement 297. c. The graph of the line is dashed, so it is not
3 � 0. included in the solution set and the
295. a. The graph of the line is dashed, so it is not inequality describing the shaded region
included in the solution set, and the must not include equality (it must be
inequality describing the shaded region must either � or �). Next, since the graph of the
not include equality (it must be either � line rises from left to right at the rate of
or �). Next, since the graph of the line falls three vertical units up per one horizontal
from left to right at the rate of one vertical unit right, its slope is 3. And, since it crosses
unit down per six horizontal units right, its the y-axis at (0,–2), the equation of the line
slope is –ff61 . It crosses the y-axis at (0,–ff21 ), so is y = 3x – 2. Finally, since the shaded region
the equation of the line is y = –ff61 x – f21f. is above the line y = 3x – 2, we conclude that
Finally, since the shaded region is above the the inequality illustrated by this graph is
line y = –ff61 x – ff21 , the inequality illustrated by y � 3x – 2. Moving the y-term to the right
this graph is y � –ff61 x – ff21 . Multiplying both results in the equivalent inequality 3x – y –
sides of this inequality by 2 and moving the 2 � 0. This can be verified by choosing an
x-term to the left results in the equivalent arbitrary point in the shaded region, say
inequality ff31 x + 2y � –1.We can verify this (0,0), and observing that we can verify this
by substituting any point from the shaded by substituting a point from the shaded
region, such as (0,1), into the inequality, region, such as (0,0) into the inequality,
which results in the true statement 2 > –1. resulting in the true statement –2 � 0.
296. a. Because the graph of the line is solid, we 298. a. The graph of the line is solid, so we know
know that it is included in the solution set, that it is included in the solution set, and
so the inequality describing the shaded that the inequality describing the shaded
region must include equality ( it must be region must include equality (either �
either � or £). Next, the graph of the line or �). Next, since the graph of the line rises
falls from left to right at the rate of three from left to right at the rate of three vertical
vertical unit down per one horizontal unit unit up per one horizontal unit right, its
right, so its slope is –3. And, since it crosses slope is 3. It crosses the y-axis at (0,1), so the
the y-axis at (0, 4), we conclude that the equation of the line is y = 3x + 1. Finally,
equation of the line is y = –3x + 4. The since the shaded region is above the line
shaded region is below the line y = –3x + 4, y = 3x + 1, the inequality illustrated by this
so the inequality illustrated by this graph is graph is y � 3x + 1. This can be verified by
y � –3x + 4 Multiplying both sides of the choosing any point in the shaded region,
inequality by 2 and moving the x-term to such as (0,2), and substituting it into the
the left results in the equivalent inequality inequality, which results in the true
2y + 6x � 8. This can be further verified by statement 2 � 1.
choosing a point from the shaded region,
such as (0,0), and observing that substitut­
ing it into the inequality results in the true
statement 0 � 8.

179
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

299. d. The fact that the graph of the line is solid 303. b. The graph of the line is solid, so it is included
means that it is included in the solution set, in the solution set, and the inequality
so the inequality describing the shaded describing the shaded region must include
region must include equality (that is, it must equality (it must be either � or £). Next,
be either � or � ). Next, since the graph of since the graph of the line falls from left to
the line falls from left to right at the rate of right at the rate of one vertical unit down per
two vertical unit down per one horizontal seven horizontal units right, its slope is –ff71 .
unit right, its slope is –2. And, since it It crosses the y-axis at (0,10), so the equation
crosses the y-axis at (0,4), we conclude that of the line is y = –ff71 x + 10. Finally, since the
the equation of the line is y = –2x + 4. shaded region is below the line y = –ff71 x + 10,
Finally, since the shaded region is above the the inequality illustrated by this graph is
line y = –2x + 4, we conclude that the y � –ff71 x + 10. This can be verified by
inequality illustrated by this graph is y � choosing any point in the shaded region,
–2x + 4. This can be verified by choosing a such as (0,5), and substituting it into the
point in the shaded region, such as (0,5), inequality to produce the true statement 5 �
substituting it into the inequality to produce 10. Observe that simplifying –28y � 2x –
the true statement 5 � 4. Observe that 14(y + 10) results in this inequality.
simplifying 3x – y � 7x + y – 8 results in this 304. b. The following graph illustrates the
inequality. inequality y � 2x + 7, whose solution set
300. d. Substituting x = 3 and y = –2 into the intersects all four quadrants.
y
inequality 9x – 1 � y yields the true
10
statement 26 � –2. We can therefore
8
conclude that (3,–2) satisfies this inequality. (0,7)
301. d. First, since the given inequality does not 6

include equality, the horizontal line y = 4 is (–2,3)

4

not included in the solution set and should 2

be dashed. Because y � 4, any point in the x

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
solution set (the shaded region) must have a –2
y-coordinate that is larger than 4. Such
–4
points occur only above the line y = 4. So,
–6
the correct graph is given by choice d.
302. c. Since the given inequality does not include –8

equality, the vertical line x = 4 is not –10

included in the solution set and should be

dashed. Also, since x � 4, any point in the Set 20 (Page 50)
solution set (the shaded region) must have 305. c. Adding the two equations together yields
an x-coordinate that is larger than 4. Such the equation 10a = –40, the solution of
points occur to the right of the line x = 4. which is a = –4. Now, substitute –4 in for a
So, the correct graph is shown in choice c. in the first equation and solve for b:
5(–4) + 3b = –2
–20 + 3b = –2
3b = 18
b=6

180
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

306. d. Add the two equations together to get the 312. a. Simplifying the left side of the first equation
equation –2y = 8, which simplifies to y = –4. results in 14a + 21b = 56. Multiplying the
Next, substitute –4 for y in the second second equation by –7 yields –7b – 14a =
equation and solve for x: 28. Now, adding these two equations
x – 5(–4) = –3 together yields 14b = 84, the solution of
x + 20 = – 3 which is b = 6.
x = – 23 Finally, substitute this into the second
307. b. In the first equation, multiply the (x + 4) equation and solve for a:
term by 3 to obtain 3(x + 4) = 3x + 12. 6 + 2a = –4
Then, subtract 12 from both sides of the 2a = –10
equation, so that the first equation becomes a = –5
3x – 2y = –7. Now, add the two equations 313. c. Multiply the first equation by 8 to obtain
together to obtain –x = 1, or x = –1. the equivalent equation 4x + 48y = 56.
308. d. First, multiply the second equation by 2 to Adding this to the second equation in the
obtain y +8x = 24. Then, subtract the first system results in the equation 33y = 66,
equation from this one to obtain 6x = 18, which simplifies to y = 2.
which simplifies to x = 3. 314. d. Divide the second equation by 2 and add it
309. b. First, simplify the second equation by to the first equation to obtain the equation
subtracting 9 from both sides of the 7a = 21, the solution of which is a = 3. Now,
equation. The second equation becomes –2x substitute the value of a into the first
– 6 = y. Then, multiply the equation by 2 equation and solve for b:
and add it to the first equation to obtain –6 4(3) + 6b = 24
= –y, the solution of which is y = 6. Now, 12 + 6b = 24
substitute the value of y into the first 6b = 12
equation and solve for x: b=2
4x + 6 = –3(6) Since a = 3 and b = 2, the value of a + b =
4x + 6 = –18 3 + 2 = 5.
4x = –24 315. b. First, simplify the first equation by
x = –6 multiplying (a + 3) by ff21 to obtain the
Since x = –6 and y = 6, the value of equivalent equation ff21 a + f23f – b = –6. Then,
x ff –6
y = 6 = –1.
ff subtract ff23 from both sides to further obtain
1 15
310. e. First, multiply the first equation by –4 to ffa – b = –ff. Next, multiply the equation by
2 2
obtain 28a – b = –100. Then, add this to the –6 and add it to the second equation to
second equation to obtain 29a = –87 so that obtain the equation 4b = 40, or b = 10. Now,
a = –3. To find b, substitute this value into substitute the value of b into the second
the second equation to obtain b + (–3) = 13, equation and solve for a:
so b = 16. 3a – 2(10) = –5
311. b. Simplify the first equation as follows: 3a – 20 = –5
2(m + n) + m = 2m + 2n + m = 3m + 2n = 9. 3a = 15
Now, subtract the second equation from the a=5
first equation to obtain the equation 5n = Since a = 5 and b = 10, the value of a + b = 5
–15, which simplifies to n = –3. + 10 = 15.

181
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

316. b. Multiply the first equation to 5 and simplify 320. b. Multiply the first equation by 2 to obtain
to obtain c – d = 10. Then, subtract the 8x – 6y = 20 and the second equation by 3
second equation from this to obtain 5d = to obtain 15x + 6y = 3. Then, add these
10, or d = 2. Now, substitute this value into equations to obtain 23x = 23, which
the second equation and solve for c: simplifies to x = 1. Now, substitute this into
c – 6(2) = 0 the first equation and solve for y:
c = 12 4(1) – 3y = 10
So, the value of fdcf is f122f = 6. –3y = 6
317. a. Multiply the second equation by 2, then add y = –2
to the first equation to obtain –7x = –63, So, the solution of the system is x = 1,
which simplifies x = 9. Now, substitute this y = –2.
value into the second equation and solve
for y: Set 21 (Page 53)
–9 – y = –6 321. a. Since the first equation is already solved for
–y = 3 x, substitute it directly into the second
y = –3 equation and solve for y:
So, the value of xy is (9)(–3)= –27. 2(–5y) + 2y = 16
318. e. First, simplify the first equation by –10y + 2y = 16
multiplying (x – 1) by 9 to obtain 9(x – 1) = –8y = 16
9x – 9. Then, add 9 and 4y to both sides of y=–2
the equation. The first equation becomes 9x Now, substitute this value for y into the first
+ 4y = 11. Multiply the second equation by equation to find the corresponding value
–2 and add it to the first equation to obtain – of x: x = –5(–2) = 10. Hence, the solution of
5x = 5 or x = –1. Now, substitute the value of the system is x = 10, y = –2.
x into the second equation and solve for y: 322. d. Solve the first equation for y in terms of x:
2y + 7(–1) = 3 2x + y = 6
2y – 7 = 3 y = 6 – 2x
2y = 10 Substitute this expression for y in the
y=5 second equation and solve for x:
6 – 2x
Since y = 5 and x = –1, the value of 2 + 4x = 12
ff
(y – x)2 = (5 – (–1))2 = 62 = 36. 3 – x + 4x = 12
319. c. Multiply the second equation by 3 and add 3x + 3 = 12
it to the first equation to obtain 14q = 98, 3x = 9
which simplifies to q = 7. Now, substitute x=3
the value of q into the second equation and 323. d. Solve the first equation for a in terms of b
solve for p: by multiplying both sides of the equation by
–5p + 2(7) = 24 2 to obtain a = 2b + 2. Now, substitute this
–5p + 14 = 24 expression for a in the second equation and
–5p = 10 solve for b:
p = –2 3(2b + 2 – b) = –21
Since p = –2 and q = 7, the value of (p + q)2 3(b + 2) = –21
= (–2 + 7)2 = 52 = 25. 3b + 6 = –21

182
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

3b = –27 Substitute the value of d into the second

b = –9 equation and solve for c:
Substitute the value of b into the first c – 6(2) = 0
equation and solve for a: c – 12 = 0
a
2 = –9 + 1 c = 12
ff
a
2 = –8 Since c = 12 and d = 2, the value of
ff
c 12
a = –16 ff = ff = 6.
d 2
Since a = –16 and b = –9, the value of 327. a. Solve the second equation for y in terms of x:
��ffa = ��
b ff = ��
–16
–9
ff = ff.
16 4
9 3
–x – y = –6
324. e. Solve the second equation for a in terms of b: –y = x – 6
b + a = 13 y = –x + 6
a = 13 – b Substitute this expression for y in the first
Substitute this expression for a in the first equation and solve for x:
equation and solve for b: –5x + 2(–x + 6) = –51
–7a + ff4b = 25 –5x – 2x + 12 = –51
b –7x + 12 = –51
–7(13 – b) + ff4 = 25
b –7x = –63
7b – 91 + ff4 = 25
29b x=9
ff
4 = 116
Substitute the value of x into the second
29b = 464
equation and solve for y:
b = 16
–9 – y = –6
325. a. Solve the second equation for b in terms of a:
–y = 3
b + 2a = –4
y = –3
b = –2a – 4
Since x = 9 and y = –3, the value of
Substitute this expression for b in the first
xy = (9)(–3) = –27.
equation and solve for a:
328. e. Solve the second equation for b in terms of a:
7(2a + 3(–2a – 4)) = 56
b–a=1
7(2a – 6a – 12) = 56
b=a+1
7(–4a – 12) = 56
Substitute this expression for b in the first
–28a – 84 = 56
equation and solve for a:
–28a = 140
10(a + 1) – 9a = 6
a = –5
10a + 10 – 9a = 6
326. b. Solve the second equation for c in terms of d:
a + 10 = 6
c – 6d = 0
a = –4
c = 6d
Substitute the value of a into the second
Substitute this expression for c in the first
equation and solve for b:
equation and solve for d:
c–d b – (–4) = 1
ff – 2 = 0
5
6d – d
b+4=1
ff – 2 = 0
5 b = –3
5d
ff – 2 = 0 Since a = –4 and b = –3, the value of ab =
5
d–2=0 (–4)(–3) = 12.
d=2

183
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

329. b. Solve the second equation for y in terms of x: 3x = 12

2x – y = 9 x=4
–y = –2x + 9 Next, substitute this value of x into the first
y = 2x – 9 equation to determine that the correspon­
Substitute this expression for y in the first ding value of y is y = 3(4) – 2 = 10. Thus,
2x 2(4) 4
equation and solve for x: the value of ffy is 10 = 5 .
ff ff
x + 2x – 9
ff =8 334. c. Since the graph consists of a single line, we
3
conclude that the two equations that make
3x – 9 =8
f up the system are exactly the same, so every
3
x–3=8 point on the line is a solution of the system.
x = 11 There are infinitely many such points.
Substitute the value of x into the second 335. b. Since the two lines are parallel, they never
equation and solve for y: intersect. There are no solutions of this
2(11) – y = 9 system.
22 – y = 9 336. c. Observe that dividing both sides of the
–y = –13 second equation –3y + 9x = –6 by –3 and
y = 13 rearranging terms results in the first
Since x = 11 and y = 13, the value of x – y = equation. This means that the equations are
11 – 13 = –2. identical, so any point that satisfies the first
330. c. Two lines are parallel if and only if they have equation automatically satisfies the second.
the same slope. The slope-intercept form of Since there are infinitely many such points,
the line x – y = 7 is y = x – 7, and the slope- the system has infinitely many solutions.
intercept form of the line 2 – y = –x is
y = x + 2. The slope of each of these lines is 1, Set 22 (Page 56)
so, they are parallel. 337. c. The graphs of the lines y = 4 and y = x + 2
331. b. Since the two lines can intersect in exactly are dashed, so that the inequality signs used
one point, we conclude that the system of in both of the inequalities comprising the
equations represented by the graph has one system are either � or �. Next, note that
solution. points in the shaded region lie above the
332. b. The slope-intercept form of the line line y = 4 and below the line y = x + 2. This
y – 3x = –2 is y = 3x – 2. As such, since the means that the system of linear inequalities
slope of this line, namely 3, is the same as for which the shaded region is the solution
the slope of the line given by the first set is given by y � 4, y � x + 2.
equation, we conclude that the lines are 338. a. The graphs of the lines y = 5 and x = 2 are
parallel. Their graphs never intersect, so the solid, which means that the inequality signs
system has no solution. used in both of the inequalities are either �
333. b. Solve the first equation for y to obtain or �. Next, note that points in the shaded
y = 3x – 2. Now, substitute this into the region lie above (or on) the line y = 5 and to
second equation and solve for x, as follows: the left of (or on) the line x = 2. Therefore,
2(3x – 2) – 3x = 8 the system of linear inequalities for which
6x – 4 – 3x = 8 the shaded region is the solution set is given
3x – 4 = 8 by y � 5, x � 2.

184
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

339. a. First, note that the graphs of the lines 343. b. The slope-intercept forms of the lines 5y =
y = –x + 4 and y = x + 2 are dashed, which 8(x + 5) and 12(5 – x) = 5y are, respectively,
8 12
means that the inequality signs used in both y = ff5 x + 8 and y = –ff 5 x + 12. The graph of
8
of the inequalities in the system are either � the line y = ff5 x + 8 is solid (so that the
or � . Next, note that points in the shaded corresponding inequality should involve
region lie below the line y = x + 2 and below one of the signs � or �). The graph of
12
the line y = –x + 4. This implies that the y = –ff 5 x + 12 is dashed, so that the
system of linear inequalities for which the corresponding inequality should involve
shaded region is the solution set is given by one of the signs � or �. Points in the
y � x + 2, y � –x + 4. shaded region lie below (or on) the line
1
340. a. First, the graph of the line y = ff4 x is dashed, 5y = 8(x + 5) and below the line 12(5 – x)
so the corresponding inequality should = 5y. This implies that the system of linear
involve one of the signs � or �. The graph inequalities for which the shaded region is
of y = –4x is solid (so the corresponding the solution set is given by 5y � 8(x + 5),
inequality should involve one of the signs � 12(5 – x) � 5y.
or �). Points in the shaded region lie above 344. d. The graph of the line y = 3x is dashed, so
1
the line y = ff4 x and below the line y = –4x. that the corresponding inequality should
Therefore, the system of linear inequalities involve one of the signs < or >. The graph of
for which the shaded region is the solution y = –5 is solid, so that the corresponding
1
set is given by y � ff4 x, y � –4x. inequality should involve one of the signs �
341. d. The slope-intercept form of the line 2y – 3x or �. Note that points in the shaded region
3
= –6 is y = ff2 x – 3. The graphs of this line lie above the line y = 3x and below (or on)
5
and y = 5 – ff2 x are solid, so the inequality the line y = –5. The system of linear
signs used in both of the inequalities are inequalities for which the shaded region is
either � or �. Points in the shaded region the solution set is given by y � 3x, y � –5.
lie above (or on) the line 2y – 3x = – 6 and 345. b. The slope-intercept form of the lines 9(y – 4)
5
above (or on) the line y = 5 – ff2 x. This = 4x and –9y = 2(x + 9) are, respectively, y =
4 2
means that the system of linear inequalities ffx + 4 and y = –ffx – 2. The graphs of both
9 9
for which the shaded region is the solution lines are dashed, so the inequality signs used
5
set is given by 2y – 3x � –6, y � 5 – ff2 x. in both inequalities are either � or �. Next,
342. a. Given that the first inequality does not note that points in the shaded region lie
4
include equality, but the second inequality below the line y = ff9 x + 4 and above the line
2
does, we know that the graph of the line y = –ff9 x – 2. This tells us that the system of
y = 2 is dashed and the graph of the line linear inequalities for which the shaded
4
y = 2x + 1 is solid. Points that satisfy the region is the solution set is given by y � ff9 x
2
inequality y � 2 must be above the line + 4, y � –ff9 x – 2. This system is equivalent to
y = 2, and those satisfying y � 2x + 1 must 9(y – 4) � 4x, –9y � 2(x + 9), which can be
lie below the line y = 2x + 1. The intersec­ seen by reversing the simplification process
tion of these two regions is given by the used to obtain the slope-intercept forms of
illustration in choice a. the lines in the first step. In doing so,
remember that multiplying both sides of an
inequality results in a switching of the
inequality sign.

185
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

346. c. The slope-intercept forms of the lines y – x of linear inequalities for which the shaded
5
= 6 and 11y = –2(x + 11) are y = x + 6 and region is the solution set is given by y � –ff7
2 2
y = –ff
11 x – 2, respectively. The graphs of x + 5, y � ff3 x + 4. This system is equivalent
1
both lines are solid, so the inequality signs to 7(y – 5) � –5x, –3 � ff4 (2x – 3y), which
used in both inequalities are either � or �. can be seen by reversing the simplification
Next, points in the shaded region lie above process used to obtain the slope-intercept
(or on) the line y = x + 6 and above (or on) forms of the lines in the first step. In doing
2
the line y = –ff 11 x – 2. The system of linear so, remember that multiplying both sides of
inequalities for which the shaded region is an inequality results in a reversing of the
the solution set is given by y � x + 6, y � – inequality sign.
2
ff x – 2. This system is equivalent to y – x �
11 349. d. The solution set for the system in choice a is
6, 11y � –2(x + 11), which can be seen by the empty set. The solution set for the system
reversing the simplification process used to in choice b consists of only the points that lie
obtain the slope-intercept forms of the lines on the line y = 3x + 2, and the solution set of
in the first step. the system in choice c consists of only the
347. c. The slope-intercept forms of the lines 5x – points that lie on the line y = x. So, the
2(y + 10) = 0 and 2x + y = 3 are, respec­ solution sets of none of these systems span
5
tively, y = ff2 x – 10 and y = –2x – 3. The the entire Cartesian plane. In fact, it is
graphs of both lines are solid, which means impossible for such a system of linear
that both inequality signs are either � or �. inequalities to have a solution set that spans
Points in the shaded region lie above (or on) the entire Cartesian plane.
5
the line y = ff2 x – 10 and below (or on) the 350. b. Note that the graphs of the lines y = x + 3
line y = –2x – 3, so the system of linear and y = x – 1 are parallel, and the graph of
inequalities for which the shaded region is y = x + 3 lies strictly above the graph of y = x –
5
the solution set is given by y � ff2 x – 10, 1. Using the first inequality specified in the
y � –2x – 3 This system is equivalent to system, any point that it is in the solution set
5x – 2(y + 10) � 0, 2x + y � –3, which can of the system to y � x + 3, y � x – 1 would
be seen by reversing the simplification necessarily be above the line y = x + 3, and
process used to obtain the slope-intercept therefore, by the previous observation, also
forms of the lines in the first step. In doing above the line y = x – 1. However, the
so, remember that multiplying both sides of second inequality in the system requires that
an inequality results in a reversing of the the point be below the line y = x – 1, which
inequality sign. is not possible. Hence, the solution set of
348. b. The slope-intercept forms of the lines this system is the empty set.
1
7(y – 5) = –5x and –3 = ff4 (2x – 3y) are, 351. d. The boundaries of Quadrant III are the
5 2
respectively, y = – f7 x + 5 and y = ff3 x + 4. x-axis and y-axis; the equations of these axes
The graphs of both lines are dashed, so the are y = 0 and x = 0, respectively. Since points
inequality signs used in both of the in the solution set are not to be on either
inequalities comprising the system are axis, both inequalities comprising the
either � or �. Points in the shaded region system must involve one of the signs �
5
lie below the line y = –ff7 x + 5 and below the or �. Next, note that the sign of both the
2
line y = ff3 x + 4. This tells us that the system x- and y-coordinate of a point in Quadrant

186
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

1 2 2
III is negative. We conclude that the system 357. a. (ff6 x2 + ff3 x + 1) + (2x – f3fx2 + 4) –
7 1
with this solution set is given by x � 0, (ff2 + 3x + f2fx2)
y � 0. 1 2 2 7 1
= ff6 x2 + ff3 x + 1 + 2x – ff3 x2 + 4 – ff2 – 3x – ff2 x2
352. b. A system of linear inequalities whose 1 2 1 2 7
solution set consists of the points on a single = ff6 x2 – ff3 x2 – ff2 x2 + ff3 x + 2x – 3x + 1 + 4 – ff2
1 4 3 2 7
line must be of the form y � mx + b, y � = ff6 x2 – ff6 x2 –ff6 x2 + ff3 x – x + 5 – ff2
mx + b, assuming that the lines are not 1 3
= –x2 – ff3 x + ff2
vertical. Observe that the first inequality in 358. d. (2 – 3x3) – [(3x3 + 1) – (1 – 2x3)]
the system 2y – 6x � 4, is equivalent to = 2 – 3x3 – [3x3 + 1 – 1 + 2x3]
y � 2 + 3x. Since the second inequality in = 2 – 3x3 – [5x3]
the system of choice b is y � 2 + 3x, we = 2 – 3x3 – 5x3
conclude that the solution set consists of = 2 – 8x3
those points on the line y = 3x + 2. 359. b. The degree of a polynomial is the highest
power to which the variable x is raised. For
the polynomial –5x8 + 9x 4 – 7x 3 – x2, the
S e ct io n 3— term involving the highest power of x is –
Po lyn o mia l Ex p re s s ions 5x8, so the degree of the polynomial is 8.
3
360. c. For the polynomial –ff2 x + 5x 4 – 2x2 + 12,
Set 23 (Page 66) the term involving the highest power of x is
353. d. (x2 – 3x + 2) + (x3 – 2x2 + 11) = 5x 4, so the degree of the polynomial is 4.
x3 + x2 – 2x2 – 3x + 2 + 11 = 361. a. A constant polynomial is of the form
x3 – x2 – 3x + 13 cx0 = c, where c is a constant. By this
2
354. a. (3x2 – 5x + 4) – (–ff3 x + 5) definition, the degree of the constant
2
= 3x2 – 5x + 4 + ff3 x – 5 polynomial 4 is zero.
2
= 3x2 – 5x + ff3 x + 4 – 5 362. c. By definition, a polynomial is an expression
15 2 of the form anxn + an–1x n–1 + ... + a1x + a0
= 3x2 –ff
3 x + 3x – 1
ff
where a0, a1, ... , an are real numbers and n is
13
= 3x2 –ff 3x–1 a nonnegative integer. Put simply, once the
1 1 2 2 7 1
355. b. ( 3 x – 5 x – ff3 ) – (ff3 x2 – f10fx + ff2 )
ff 2 ff
expression has been simplified, it cannot
1 1 2 2 7 1
= ff3 x2 – ff5 x – f3f – ff3 x2 + f10fx – ff2 contain negative powers of the variable x.
1 2 1
=ff3 x2 – ff3 x2 – ff5 x + ff
7 2 1 Therefore, the expression x – 3x–2 is not a
10 x – 3 – 2
ff ff
1 2 7 4 3 polynomial.
= –ff3 x2 – ff
10 x + 10 x – 6 – 6
ff ff ff
363. c. A polynomial is an expression of the form
1 5 7
= –ff3 x2 + ffx – ff
10 6 anxn + an–1x n–1 + ... + a1x + a0, where a0,
1 1 7
= –ff3 x2
+ ffx – ff a1, ... , an are real numbers and n is a
2 6
356. c. (9a2b + 2ab – 5a2) – (–2ab – 3a2 + 4a2b) nonnegative integer. That is, once the
= 9a2b + 2ab – 5a2 + 2ab + 3a2 – 4a2b expression has been simplified, it cannot
= 9a2b – 4a2b + 2ab + 2ab – 5a2 + 3a2 contain negative powers of the variable x.
= 5a2b + 4ab – 2a2 If we simplify the expression (–2x)–1 – 2
using the exponent rules, we obtain
1
–ff2 x–1 – 2, which cannot be a polynomial
1
because of the term –ff2 x–1. Note that the

187
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

expression given in choice a is a polynomial; Set 24 (Page 67)

the coefficients, not the variable, involve 369. a. (3x3)(7x2) = (3 · 7) (x3x2) = 21(x3+2) = 21x5
negative exponents. The expression in 370. c. 2x(5x2 + 3y) = 2x(5x2) + 2x(3y) = 10x3 + 6xy
choice b is a polynomial for similar reasons; 371. a. x3 + 6x = x · x2 + 6 · x = x(x2 + 6)
note that the first term is really just a 372. b. 2x2(3x + 4xy – 2xy3) = 2x2(3x) + 2x2(4xy)
constant since x0 = 1. – 2x2(2xy3) = 6x3 + 8x3y – 4x3y3
364. d. The statements in choices a, b, and c are all 373. d. 7x5(x8 + 2x4 – 7x –9)
true, and follow from the fact that = 7x5(x8) + 7x5(2x4) – 7x5(7x) – 7x5(9)
simplifying such arithmetic combinations = (7) (x5x8) + (7 · 2) (x5x4) – (7 · 7) (x 5x) –
of polynomials simply involves adding and (7 · 9) (x5)
subtracting the coefficients of like terms. = 7x13 + 14x9 – 49x6 – 63x5
Note also that, by definition, a trinomial is a 374. c. 4x2z(3xz3 – 4z2 + 7x5)
polynomial with three terms and a binomial = 4x2z(3xz3) + 4x2z(–4z2) + 4x2z(7x5)
is a polynomial with two terms. = 12x3z4 – 16x2z3 + 28x7z
365. a. In general, dividing one polynomial by 375. c. To find the product of two binomials,
another will result in an expression multiply the first term of each binomial, the
involving a term in which the variable is outside terms, the inside terms, and the last
raised to a negative power. For instance, the terms (FOIL). Then, add the products:
quotient of even the very simple polynomi­ (x – 3)(x + 7) = x2 + 7x – 3x – 21
3
x2 = 3x , which is not a
als 3 and x2 is ff –2
= x2 + 4x – 21
polynomial. 376. d. Use FOIL to find the product of two
366. b. –(–2x0)–3 + 4–2x2 – 3–1x – 2 binomials. Then, add the products:
1 1
= –(–2)–3 + f2 x2
4
– ff3 x – 2 (x – 6)(x – 6) = x2 – 6x – 6x + 36
1
= x2 – 12x + 36
1 1
=– f3
(–2) + f2 x2
4 – ff3 x – 2 377. a. Use FOIL to find the product of two
1
___ 1 2
___ 1
__ binomials. Then, add the products:
=– –8 + 16 x – 3 x–2
(x – 1)(x + 1) = x2 + x – x – 1 = x2 – 1
1 1 15
16 x – 3 x – 8
= ff 2 ff ff 378. e. First, note that (x + c)2 = (x + c)(x + c).
367. d. –(2 – (1 – 2x2 – (2x2 – 1))) – (3x2 – (1 – 2x2)) Then, use FOIL to find the product of the
= –(2 – (1 – 2x2 – 2x2 + 1)) – (3x2 – 1 + 2x2) two binomials. Finally, add the products:
= –(2 – (2 – 4x2)) – (5x2 – 1) (x + c)(x + c) = x2 + cx + cx + c2
= –(2 – 2 + 4x2) – (5x2 – 1) = x2 + 2cx + c2
= –4x2 – 5x2 + 1 379. b. Use FOIL to find the product of two
= –9x2 + 1 binomials. Then, add the products:
368. b. –22(2–3 – 2–2x2) + 33(3–2 – 3–3x3) (2x + 6)(3x – 9) = 6x2 – 18x + 18x – 54
= 6x2 – 54
( ) + 27( – x )
1 1 1 1
= –4 ff3
2 – f2 x2
2
ff2
3
ff3 3
3 380. e. Begin by multiplying the first two terms: –
3x(x + 6) = –3x2 – 18x. Then, multiply the
= –4( x ) + 27( – x )
1 1 1 1
ff
8 – ff4 2 ff
9
ff 3
27 two binomials, –3x2 – 18x and x – 9:
1 (–3x2 – 18x)(x – 9) = –3x3 + 27x2 – 18x2 +
= –ff2 + x2 + 3 – x3
162x = –3x3 + 9x2 + 162x
5
= –x3 + x2 + ff2

188
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

381. c. (x – 4) (3x2 + 7x – 2) 391. c. 125x3 – 405x2 = 5x2(25x) + 5x2(–81)

= x(3x2 + 7x – 2) – 4(3x2 + 7x – 2) = 5x2(25x – 81)
= x(3x2) + x(7x) – x(2) – 4(3x2) –4(7x) 392. c. 73x3 – 72x2 + 7x – 49 = 7(72x3 – 7x2 + x – 7)
– 4(–2) = 7(49x3 – 7x2 + x – 7)
= 3x3 + 7x2 – 2x – 12x2 – 28x + 8 393. b. 5x(2x + 3) – 7(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(5x – 7)
= 3x3 – 5x2 – 30x + 8 394. c. 5x(6x – 5) + 7(5 – 6x) = 5x(6x – 5) – 7(6x – 5)
382. e. Begin by multiplying the first two terms: = (5x – 7)(6x – 5)
(x – 6)(x – 3) = x2 – 3x – 6x + 18 395. a. 6(4x + 1) – 3y(1 + 4x) + 7z(4x + 1)
= x2 – 9x + 18 = 6(4x + 1) – 3y(4x + 1) + 7z(4x + 1)
Then, multiply (x2 – 9x + 18) by (x – 1): = (6 – 3y + 7z)(4x + 1)
2 2 2
(x2 – 9x + 18)(x – 1) = x3 – 9x2 + 18x – x2 + 396. b. 5x(ff3 x + 7) – (ff3 x + 7) = (5x – 1)(ff3 x + 7)
9x – 18 = x3 – 10x2 + 27x – 18 397. c. 3x(x + 5)2 – 8y(x + 5)3 + 7z(x + 5)2
383. c. First, simplify the left side of the equation: = (x + 5)2(3x) + (x + 5)2 (–8y(x + 5)) +
(5x + 1)(2y + 2) = 10xy + 2y + 10x + 2 (x + 5)2(7z)
Now, simplify the equation by rearranging = (x + 5)2(3x – 8y(x + 5) + 7z)
and combining like terms: = (x + 5)2(3x – 8yx – 40y + 7z)
(5x + 1)(2y + 2) = 10xy + 12 398. a. 8x4y2(x – 9)2 – 16x3y5(x – 9)3 + 12x5y3(9 – x)
10xy + 2y + 10x + 2 = 10xy + 12 = 8x4y2(x – 9)2 – 16x3y5(x – 9)3
2y + 10x + 2 = 12 – 12x5y3(x – 9)
10x + 2y = 10 = 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x(x –9)] + 4x3y2(x – 9)
5x + y = 5 [–4y3(x – 9)2]+ 4x3y2(x – 9)[–3x2y]
384. a. (2x3 – 2x2 + 1)(6x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 9) = 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x(x –9) – 4y3(x – 9) – 3x2y]
= 2x3(6x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 9) – 2x2 = 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x2 – 18x – 4y3(x2 – 18x + 81)
(6x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 9) + (6x3 + 7x2 – 5x – 9) –3x2y]
= 12x6 + 14x5 – 10x4 – 18x3 – 12x5 – 14x4 + = 4x3y2(x – 9)[2x2 – 18x – 4y3x2 + 72y3
10x3 + 18x2 + 6x3 + 7x2 – 5x –9 – 324y3 –3x2y]
= 12x6 + (14x5 – 12x5) + (–10x4 – 14x4) + 399. c. 8x4y2z(2w – 1)3 – 16x2y4z3(2w – 1)3
(–18x3 + 10x3 + 6x3) + (18x2 + 7x2) + 12x4y4z(2w–1)4
– 5x –9 = 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3[2x2] + 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3
= 12x6 + 2x5 – 24x4 – 2x3 + 25x2 – 5x –9 [–4y2z2] + 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3[3x2y2(2w – 1)]
= 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3[2x2 – 4y2z2 + 3x2y2
Set 25 (Page 69) (2w – 1)]
385. b. 15x – 10 = 5(3x) – 5(2) = 5(3x – 2) = 4x2y2z(2w – 1)3[2x2 – 4y2z2 + 6x2y2w
386. b. 9x5 + 24x2 – 6x – 3x2y2]
= 3x(3x4) + 3x(8x) – 3x(2) 400. b. –22a3bc2(d – 2)3(1 – e)2 + 55a2b2c2(d – 2)2
= 3x(3x4 + 8x – 2) (1 – e) – 44a2bc4(d – 2)(1 – e)
387. c. 36x 4 – 90x3 – 18x = 11a2bc2(d – 2)(1 – e)[–2a(d – 2)2(1– e)]
= 18x(2x3) + 18x(–5x2) + 18x(–1) + 11a2bc2(d – 2)(1 – e)[5b(d – 2)] +
= 18x(2x3 – 5x2 –1) 11a2bc2(d – 2)(1 – e)[–4c2]
388. a. x3 – x = x(x2) + x(–1) = x(x2 –1) = 11a2bc2(d – 2)(1 – e)[–2a(d – 2)2(1– e)
389. d. 5x2 + 49 cannot be factored further. + 5b(d – 2) – 4c2]
390. a. 36 – 81x2 = 9(4) – 9(9x2) = 9(4 – 9x2)

189
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 26 (Page 70) 415. b. 1 – 6x2 + 9x 4 = 1 – 3x2 – 3x2 + 9x 4

401. b. x2 – 36 = x2 – 62 = (x – 6)(x + 6) = (1 – 3x2) – 3x2(1 – 3x2)
402. a. 144 – y2 = 122 – y2 = (12 – y)(12 + y) = (1 – 3x2)(1 – 3x2) = (1 – 3x2)2
403. d. 4x2 + 1 cannot be factored further. 416. b. 8x7 – 24x4 + 18x = 2x(4x6 – 12x3 + 9) =
404. b. 9x2 – 25 = (3x)2 – (5)2 = (3x –5)(3x + 5) 2x[4x6 – 6x3 – 6x3 + 9]
405. a. 121x4 – 49z2 = (11x2)2 – (7z)2 = = 2x[2x3(2x3 – 3) – 3(2x3 – 3)]
(11x2 – 7z)(11x2 + 7z) = 2x[(2x3 – 3)(2x3 – 3)] = 2x(2x3 – 3)2
406. c. 6x2 – 24 = 6(x2) – 6(4) = 6(x2 –4) = 6((x)2 –
(2)2) = 6(x – 2)(x + 2) Set 27 (Page 71)
407. c. 32x5 – 162x = 2x(16x4 – 81) 417. a. x2 + 2x – 8 = x2 + 4x – 2x – 8
2
= 2x[(4x2) – 92] = 2x(4x2 – 9)(4x2 + 9) = (x2 + 4x) – (2x + 8) = x(x + 4) – 2(x + 4)
= 2x[(2x)2 – 32](4x2 + 9) = 2x(2x – 3) = (x + 4)(x – 2)
(2x + 3)(4x2 + 9) 418. a. x2 – 9x + 20 = x2 – 5x – 4x + 20
408. b. 28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x) = (28x – 7x3)(5 – x) = (x2 – 5x) – (4x – 20) = x(x – 5) – 4(x – 5)
= 7x(4 – x2)(5 – x) = (x – 4)(x – 5)
= 7x(22 – x2)(5 – x) = 7x(2 – x)(2 + x)(5 – x) 419. c. 6x2 + 11x – 2 = 6x2 – x + 12x – 2
409. a. x2(3x – 5) + 9(5 – 3x) = x2(3x – 5) – = (6x2 – x) + (12x – 2) = x(6x – 1) + 2(6x – 1)
9(3x – 5) = (x2 – 9)(3x – 5) = (x – 3)(x + 3) = (x + 2)(6x – 1)
(3x – 5) 420. b. 12x2 – 37x – 10 = 12x2 + 3x – 40x – 10
410. a. x(x2 + 7x) – 9x3(x2 + 7x) = (x – 9x3)(x2 + 7x) = 3x(4x + 1) – 10(4x + 1)
= [x(1 – 9x2)][x(x + 7)] = (3x – 10)(4x + 1)
= x(1 – (3x)2) · x(x + 7) = x(1 – 3x)(1 + 3x) 421. c. 7x2 – 12x + 5 = 7x2 – 5x – 7x + 5
x(x + 7) = x2(1 – 3x)(1 + 3x)(x + 7) = x(7x – 5) – (7x – 5) = (7x – 5)(x – 1)
411. b. 1 + 2x + x2 = x2 + 2x + 1 = x2 + x + x + 1 = 422. a. 9 – 7x – 2x2 = 9 + 2x – 9x – 2x2
(x2 + x) + (x + 1) = 1(9 + 2x) – x(9 + 2x) = (9 + 2x)(1 – x)
= x(x + 1) + (x + 1) = (x + 1)(x + 1) 423. c. 2x3 + 6x2 + 4x = 2x(x2 + 3x + 2)
= (x + 1)2 = 2x(x2 + x + 2x + 2)
412. c. 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 4x2 – 6x – 6x + 9 = (4x2 – 6x) = 2x[x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)] = 2x(x + 2)(x + 1)
– (6x – 9) 424. c. –4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3 = –4x3(x2 – 6x + 5)
= 2x(2x – 3) – 3(2x – 3) = (2x – 3)(2x – 3) = –4x3(x2 –x – 5x + 5)
= (2x – 3)2 = –4x3[x(x – 1) – 5(x –1)]
413. c. 75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2 = 3x2[25x2 + 10x + 1] = = –4x3(x – 5)(x –1)
3x2[25x2 + 5x + 5x + 1] 425. b. –27x4 + 27x3 – 6x2 = –3x2(9x2 – 9x + 2) = –
= 3x2[5x(5x + 1) + (5x + 1)] = 3x2[(5x + 1) 3x2(9x2 – 6x – 3x + 2)
(5x + 1)] = 3x2(5x + 1)2 = –3x2[(9x2 –6x) – (3x – 2)]
414. a. 9x2(3 + 10x) – 24x(10x + 3) + 16(3 + 10x) = –3x2[3x(3x – 2) – (3x – 2)]
= 9x2(3 + 10x) – 24x(3 + 10x) + 16(3 + 10x) = –3x2(3x – 1)(3x – 2)
= (3 + 10x)(9x2 – 24x + 16) 426. b. x2(x + 1) – 5x(x + 1) + 6(x + 1)
= (3 + 10x)(9x2 – 12x – 12x + 16) = (x + 1)(x2 – 5x + 6)
= (3 + 10x)(3x(3x – 4) – 4(3x –4) = (x + 1)(x2 – 2x – 3x + 6)
= (3 + 10x)(3x – 4)(3x – 4) = (x + 1)[x(x – 2) – 3(x – 2)]
= (3 + 10x)(3x – 4)2 = (x + 1)(x – 3)(x – 2)

190
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

427. a. 2x2(x2– 4) – x(x2 – 4) + (4 – x2) Set 28 (Page 73)

= 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) – (x2 – 4) 433. c. First, factor the polynomial:
= (x2 – 4)[2x2 – x – 1] x2 – 36 = x2 – 62 = (x – 6)(x + 6)
= (x2– 4)[2x2 – 2x + x – 1] Now, set each of the factors equal to zero
= (x2 – 4)[2x(x – 1) + (x –1)] and solve for x to conclude that the zeros of
= (x2 – 4)(2x + 1)(x – 1) the polynomial are –6 and 6.
= (x– 2)(x + 2)(2x + 1)(x – 1) 434. a. First, factor the polynomial:
428. b. 27(x – 3) + 6x(x – 3) – x2(x – 3) 9x2 – 25 = (3x)2 – (5)2 = (3x – 5)(3x + 5)
= –(x – 3)(x2 – 6x – 27) The factors are 3x – 5 and 3x + 5. Now, set
= –(x – 3)(x2 – 9x + 3x – 27) each factor equal to zero and solve for x. The
5 5
= –(x – 3)[x(x – 9) + 3(x – 9)] zeros of the polynomial are –ff3 and f3f.
= –(x – 3)(x + 3)(x – 9) 435. d. Note that 5x2 + 49 cannot be factored
429. c. (x2 + 4x + 3)x2 + (x2 + 4x + 3)3x + 2(x2 + 4x further. Since both terms are positive, the
+ 3) = (x2 + 4x + 3)[x2 + 3x + 2] sum is positive, so there is no x-value that
= (x2 + 3x + x + 3)[x2 + x + 2x + 2] makes the expression equal to zero.
= [x(x + 3) + (x + 3)][x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)] 436. b. First, factor the polynomial:
= [(x + 1)(x + 3)][(x + 2)(x + 1)] 6x2 – 24 = 6(x2) – 6(4) = 6(x2 – 4)
= (x + 1)2(x + 2)(x + 3) = 6(x – 2)(x + 2)
430. a. 18(x2 + 6x + 8) – 2x2(x2 + 6x + 8) The factors are 6, x – 2, and x + 2. Set each
= (x2 + 6x + 8)[18 – 2x2] factor equal to zero and solve for x to
= (x2 + 6x + 8)[2(9 – x2)] conclude that the zeros of the polynomial
= (x2 + 4x + 2x + 8)[2(32 – x2)] are –2 and 2.
= (x(x+ 4) +2(x + 4)][2(3 – x)(3 + x)] 437. d. Begin by factoring, the polynomial:
= 2(x + 2)(x + 4)(3 – x)(3 + x) 5x(2x + 3) – 7(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(5x – 7)
431. a. 2x2(16 + x4) + 3x(16 + x4) + (16 + x4) The factors are 2x + 3 and 5x – 7. Now, set
= (16 + x4)[2x2 + 3x + 1] each factor equal to zero and solve for x to
3
= (16 + x4)[2x2 + 2x + x + 1] find that the zeros of the polynomial are –ff2
7
= (16 + x4)[2x(x + 1) + (x + 1)] and ff5 .
= (16 + x4)(2x + 1)(x + 1) 438. d. First, factor the polynomial:
432. c. 6x2(1 – x4) + 13x(1 – x4) + 6(1 – x4) = (1 – x4) 5x(ff32 x + 7) – (f32fx + 7) = (5x –1)(f32fx + 7)
[6x2 + 13x + 6] = (1 – x4)[6x2 + 4x + 9x + 6] The factors are 5x – 1 and ff32 x + 7. Now, set
= (12 – (x2)2)[2x(3x + 2) + 3(3x + 2)] each factor equal to zero and solve for x.
= (1 – x2)(1 + x2)(2x + 3)(3x + 2) The zeros of the polynomial are ff51 and –ff 21
2.
= (1 – x)(1 + x)(1 + x2)(2x + 3)(3x + 2) 439. a. Begin by factoring the polynomial:
28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x) = (28x – 7x3)(5 – x)
= 7x(4 – x2)(5 – x)
= 7x(22 – x2)(5 – x)
= 7x(2 – x)(2 + x)(5 – x)
There are four factors: 7x, 2 – x, 2 + x, and
5 – x. Now, set each of these factors equal to
zero and solve for x. The zeros of the
polynomial are 0, –2, 2, and 5.

191
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

440. c. First, factor the polynomial: 445. c. First, factor the polynomial:
75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2 = 3x2[25x2 + 10x + 1] –4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3 = –4x3(x2 – 6x + 5)
= 3x2[25x2 + 5x + 5x + 1] = –4x3(x2 – x – 5x + 5)
= 3x2[5x(5x + 1) + (5x + 1)] = –4x3[x(x – 1) – 5(x – 1)]
= 3x2[(5x + 1)(5x + 1)] = 3x2(5x + 1)2 = –4x3(x – 5)(x – 1)
The factors are 3x2 and (5x + 1)2. Now, set The three factors are –4x3, x – 5, and x – 1.
each factor equal to zero and solve for x to Now, set each factor equal to zero and solve
conclude that the zeros of the polynomial for x to find that zeros of the polynomial: 0,
are 0 and –ff51 . 1, and 5.
441. a. First, factor the polynomial: 446. a. First, factor the polynomial:
x2 – 9x + 20 = x2 – 5x– 4x + 20 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) + (4 – x2)
= (x2 – 5x) – (4x – 20) = x(x – 5) – 4(x – 5) = 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) – (x2 – 4)
= (x – 4)(x – 5) = (x2 – 4)[2x2 – x – 1]
The new factors are x – 4 and x – 5. Now, set = (x2 – 4)[2x2 – 2x + x – 1]
each factor equal to zero and solve for x. = (x2 – 4)[2x(x – 1) + (x – 1)]
The zeros of the polynomial are 4 and 5. = (x2 – 4) (2x +1)(x – 1)
442. c. Begin by factoring the polynomial: = (x– 2)(x + 2)(2x + 1)(x – 1)
12x2 – 37x – 10 = 12x2 + 3x – 40x – 10 Now, set each of the four factors equal to
= 3x(4x + 1) – 10(4x + 1) zero and solve for x. The zeros of the
= (3x – 10)(4x + 1) polynomial are 1, 2, –2, and –ff21 .
The factors are 3x – 10 and 4x + 1. Now, set 447. d. Begin by factoring the polynomial:
each factor equal to zero and solve for x to 2x2(16 + x4) + 3x(16 + x4) + (16 + x4)
10
find that the zeros of the polynomial are ff3 = (16 + x4)[2x2 + 3x + 1]
and –ff41 . = (16 + x4)[2x2 + 2x + x + 1]
443. d. First, factor the polynomial: = (16 + x 4)[2x(x + 1) + (x + 1)]
9 –7x – 2x2 = 9 + 2x – 9x – 2x2 = 1(9 + 2x) – = (16 + x4)(2x + 1)(x + 1)
x(9 + 2x) = (9 + 2x)(1 – x) The three factors are 16 + x4, 2x + 1, and x +
The factors are 9 + 2x and 1 – x. Set each 1. Now, set each factor equal to zero. Solve
factor equal to zero and solve for x. The for x to find that zeros of the polynomial: –1
zeros of the polynomial are –ff29 and 1. and –ff21 .
444. b. Begin by factoring the polynomial: 448. b. First, factor the polynomial:
2x3 + 6x2 + 4x = 2x(x2 + 3x + 2) 18(x2 + 6x + 8) – 2x2(x2 + 6x + 8)
= 2x(x2 + x + 2x + 2) = (x2 + 6x + 8)[18 – 2x2]
2x[x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)] = 2x(x + 2)(x + 1) = (x2 + 6x + 8)[2(9 – x2)]
There are three factors: 2x, x + 2, and x + 1. = (x2 + 4x + 2x + 8)[2(32 – x2)]
Set each factor equal to zero and solve for x = (x(x + 4) + 2(x + 4))[2(3 – x)(3 + x)]
to conclude that the zeros of the polynomial = 2(x + 2)(x + 4)(3 – x)(3 + x)
are –2, –1, and 0. Set each of the four factors equal to zero
and solve for x. The zeros of the polynomial
are –4, –2, –3, and 3.

192
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 29 (Page 74) + – +

449. b. The strategy is to determine the x-values
that make the expression on the left side – 53 5
3
equal to zero. Doing so requires that we first Since the inequality includes “equals,”
factor the polynomial: include those values from the number line
x2 – 36 = x2 – 62 = (x – 6)(x + 6) that make the polynomial equal to zero. The
solution set is [–f35f, ff35 ].
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve 451. c. Determine the x-values that make the
for x to conclude that the zeros of the expression on the left side equal to zero.
polynomial are –6 and 6. Now, we assess the Begin by factoring the polynomial, if
sign of the expression on the left side on possible. However, note that 5x2 + 49 cannot
each subinterval formed using these values. be factored further. Moreover, since both
To this end, we form a number line, choose terms are positive for any value of x, the
a real number in each of the subintervals, sum is positive for every value of x.
and record the sign of the expression above Therefore, the solution set is the empty set.
each: 452. a. Find the x-values that make the expression
on the left side equal to zero. First, factor the
+ – +
polynomial:
–6 6
6x2 – 24 = 6(x2) – 6(4) = 6(x2 –4) =
Since the inequality does not include 6((x)2 – (2)2) = 6(x –2)(x + 2)
“equals,” we do not include those values from
the number line that make the polynomial Next, set each factor equal to zero. Solve for
equal to zero. Therefore, the solution set is x to find that the zeros of the polynomial:
(–∞,–6)(6,∞). –2 and 2. Now, assess the sign of the
450. b. Determine the x-values that make the expression on the left side on each
expression on the left side equal to zero. subinterval formed using these values. Form
First, factor the polynomials: a number line, choose a real number in each
of the subintervals, and record the sign of
9x2 – 25 = (3x)2 – (5)2 = (3x – 5)(3x + 5) the expression above each:
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve
+ – +
for x to conclude that the zeros of the
polynomial are –ff35 and ff35 . Now, assess the –2 2

sign of the expression on the left side on Since the inequality includes “equals,” we
each subinterval formed using these values. include those values from the number line
To this end, form a number line, choose a that make the polynomial equal to zero. The
real number in each of the subintervals, and solution set is (–∞,–2][2,∞).
record the sign of the expression above
each:

193
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

453. a. The strategy is to determine the x-values The inequality includes “equals,” so we
that make the expression on the left side include those values from the number line
equal to zero. Doing so requires that we first that make the polynomial equal to zero. The
21 1
factor the polynomial: solution set is [–ff
2 , 5 ].
ff
5x(2x + 3) – 7(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(5x – 7) 455. a. Determine the x-values that make the
Set each factor equal to zero and solve for x. expression on the left side equal to zero. To
The zeros of the polynomial: –ff23 and ff57 . Next do this, factor the polynomial:
assess the sign of the expression on the left 28x(5 – x) – 7x3(5 – x) = (28x – 7x3)(5 – x)
side on each subinterval formed using these = 7x(4 – x2)(5 – x) = 7x(22 – x2)(5 – x)
values. Form a number line, choose a real = 7x(2 – x)(2 + x)(5 – x)
number in each of the duly formed Next, set each factor equal to zero. Solve for
subintervals, and record the sign of the x to find the zeros of the polynomial, which
expression above each: are 0, –2, 2, and 5. Now, assess the sign of
the expression on the left side on each
+ – + subinterval formed using these values. To
this end, we form a number line, choose a
– 32 7
5
real number in each of the subintervals, and
Since the inequality does not include record the sign of the expression above
“equals,” do not include those values from each:
the number line that make the polynomial
equal to zero. As such, the solution set is + – + – +
(–∞,–ff23 )(ff57 ,∞). –2 0 2 5
454. c. Find the x-values that make the expression Since the inequality includes “equals,”
on the left side equal to zero. First, factor the include the values from the number line
polynomial: that make the polynomial equal to zero. The
5x(ff32 x + 7) – (ff32 x + 7) = (5x – 1)(ff32 x + 7) solution set is (–∞,–2][0,2][5,∞).
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve 456. c. First, determine the x-values that make the
for x. The zeros of the polynomial are ff51 and expression on the left side equal to zero.
21
–ff2 . Assess the sign of the expression on the Doing so requires that we factor the
left side on each subinterval formed using polynomial:
these values. Form a number line, choose a
real number in each of the subintervals, and 75x4 + 30x3 + 3x2 = 3x2[25x2 + 10x + 1]
record the sign of the expression above = 3x2[25x2 + 5x + 5x + 1]
each: = 3x2[5x(5x + 1) + (5x + 1)]
= 3x2[(5x + 1) + (5x + 1)] = 3x2(5x + 1)2
+ – +
Set each factor equal to zero, then solve for x
– 21
2
1
5 to find the zeros of the polynomial: 0 and –
1
5 . Assess the sign of the expression on the
ff
left side on each subinterval formed using
these values: Form a number line, choose a

194
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

real number in each subinterval, and record Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve
the sign of the expression above each: for x to conclude that the zeros of the
10 1
polynomial are ff3 and – 4 . Now, we assess
ff
+ + + the sign of the expression on the left side on
each subinterval formed using these values.
– 15 0
To this end, we form a number line, choose
The inequality includes “equals,” so we a real number in each subinterval, and
include those values from the number line record the sign of the expression above each,
that make the polynomial equal to zero. as follows:
Since every x-value that is not a zero of the
+ – +
polynomial results in a positive quantity, the
solution set consists of only the zeros of the – 14 10
3
polynomial, namely {–ff51 , 0}.
Because the inequality does not include
457. d. Find the x-values that make the expression
“equals,” we exclude those values from the
on the left side equal to zero. Begin by
number line that make the polynomial
factoring the polynomial:
equal to zero. The solution set is(–ff41 , ff
10
3 ).
x2 – 9x + 20 = x2 – 5x – 4x + 20
459. d. Determine the x-values that make the
= (x2 – 5x) – (4x – 20) = x(x – 5) – 4(x – 5)
expression on the left side equal to zero. To
= (x – 4)(x – 5)
do this, we first factor the polynomial:
Set each factor equal to zero, then solve for x
9 – 7x – 2x2 = 9 + 2x – 9x – 2x2
to find the zeros of the polynomial, which
= 1(9 + 2x) – x(9 + 2x) = (9 + 2x)(1 –x)
are 4 and 5. Now, assess the sign of the
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve
expression on the left side on each
for x to find the zeros of the polynomial
subinterval formed using these values. To
which are –ff29 and 1. Now, we assess the sign
this end, form a number line, choose a real
of the expression on the left side on each
number in each subinterval, and record the
subinterval formed using these values. Form
sign of the expression above each:
a number line, choose a real number in each
subinterval, and record the sign of the
+ – +
expression above each:
4 5

The inequality does not include “equals,” so – + –

we exclude those values from the number – 92 1
line that make the polynomial equal to zero.
Therefore, the solution set is (4,5). The inequality does not include “equals,” so
458. d. First, find the x-values that make the we do not include those values from the
expression on the left side equal to zero. number line that make the polynomial
Doing so requires that we factor the equal to zero. The solution set is (–ff29 ,1).
polynomial:
12x2 –37x – 10 = 12x2 + 3x – 40x – 10 =
3x(4x + 1) – 10(4x + 1) = (3x – 10)(4x + 1)

195
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

460. b. The strategy is to determine the x-values The inequality includes “equals,” so we
that make the expression on the left side include those values from the number line
equal to zero. First, factor the polynomial: that make the polynomial equal to zero. The
2x3 + 6x2 + 4x = 2x(x2 + 3x + 2) = solution set is(–∞,0][1,5).
2x(x2 + x + 2x + 2) 462. a. First, determine the x-values that make the
= 2x[x(x + 1) + 2(x + 1)] = 2x(x + 2)(x + 1) expression on the left side equal to zero.
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve This requires that we factor the polynomial:
for x to conclude that the zeros of the 2x2(x2 –4) – x(x2 – 4) + (4 – x2)
polynomial are –2, –1, and 0. Now, we assess = 2x2(x2 – 4) – x(x2 – 4) – (x2 – 4)
the sign of the expression on the left side on = (x2 – 4)[2x2 –x –1]
each subinterval formed using these values. = (x2 – 4)[2x2 – 2x + x – 1]
To this end, we form a number line, choose = (x2 – 4)[2x(x – 1) + (x – 1)]
a real number in each subinterval, and = (x2 – 4)(2x + 1)(x – 1)
record the sign of the expression above = (x – 2)(x + 2)(2x + 1)(x – 1)
each: Set each factor equal to zero and solve for x
to find the zeros of the polynomial are 1, 2,
– + – +
–2, and –ff21 . Assess the sign of the expression
–2 –1 0 on the left side on each subinterval formed
Since the inequality includes “equals,” we using these values. To this end, form a
include those values from the number line number line, choose a real number in each
that make the polynomial equal to zero. subinterval, and record the sign of the
The solution set is[–2, –1][0, ∞). expression above each:
461. a. Find the x-values that make the expression + – + – +
on the left side equal to zero. First, factor the
polynomial: –2 – 12 1 2

–4x5 + 24x4 – 20x3 = –4x3(x2 – 6x + 5) The inequality does not include “equals,” so
= –4x3(x2 – x – 5x + 5) we exclude those values from the number
= –4x3[x(x – 1) – 5(x – 1)] line that make the polynomial equal to zero.
= –4x3(x – 5)(x – 1) The solution set is (–2, –ff21 )(1, 2).
Next, set each factor equal to zero and solve 463. c. Determine the x-values that make the
for x. The zeros of the polynomial are 0, 1, expression on the left side equal to zero.
and 5. Now, we assess the sign of the First, factor the polynomial:
expression on the left side on each 2x2(16 + x4) + 3x)(16 + x4) + (16 + x4)
subinterval formed using these values: We = (16 + x4)[2x2 + 3x + 1]
form a number line, choose a real number = (16 + x4)[2x2 +2x + x + 1]
in each subinterval, and record the sign of = (16 + x4)[2x(x + 1) + (x + 1)]
the expression above each: =(16 + x4)(2x + 1)(x + 1)
Set each factor equal to zero and solve for x.
+ – + – The zeros of the polynomial are – 1 and –ff21 .
0 1 5 Assess the sign of the expression on the left
side on each subinterval formed using these
values. To this end, form a number line,

196
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

choose a real number in each of the Section 4—Rational Expressions

subinterval, and record the sign of the Set 30 (Page 78)
expression above each, as follows: 2z2 – z – 15 (2z + 5)(z – 3) 2z + 5
465. d. ff
z2 + 2z – 15
= ff
(z + 5)(z – 3)
= fz+5

+ – + 25(–x)4 25x4
466. d. f
x(5x2)2
= f4
x · 25x
= ff1x
1
–1 –
2 z3 – 16z z(z2 – 16) z(z –4)(z + 4) z(z + 4)
467. a. f
8z – 32
= ff
8(z – 4)
= ff
8(z – 4)
= f 8
The inequality includes “equals,” so we
y2 – 64 (y – 8)(y + 8) (y – 8)(y + 8)
include those values from the number line 468. b. ff =f = ff = –(y + 8)
8–y 8 –fy –(y – 8)
that make the polynomial equal to zero.
Therefore, the solution set is [–1, –ff21 ]. 469. a. x2 + 8x
f = x(x + 8)
ff = ff
x(x + 8)
= f
1
x3 – 64x x(x2 – 64) x(x + 8)(x – 8) x–8
464. b. Find the x-values that make the expression
on the left side equal to zero. First, factor the 2x2 + 4x 2x(x + 2)
470. c. ff
4x3 – 16x2 – 48x
= ff
4x(x2 – 4x – 12)
=
polynomial:
18(x2 + 6x + 8) – 2x2(x2 + 6x + 8) 2x(x + 2) 1 1
ff
4x(x – 6)(x + 2)
= f
2(x – 6)
= f
2x – 12
= (x2 + 6x + 8)[18 – 2x2]
= (x2 + 6x + 8)[2(9 – x2)] 471. a. A rational expression is undefined at any
= (x2 + 4x + 2x + 8)[2(32 – x2)] value of x that makes the denominator
= [x(x + 4) + 2(x + 4)][2(3 – x)(3 + x)] equal to zero even if the corresponding
= 2(x + 2)(x + 4)(3 – x)(3 + x) factor cancels with one in the numerator.
Set each factor equal to zero and solve for x to Observe that the denominator factors as
find the zeros of the polynomial, which are 4x3 + 44x2 + 120x = 4x(x2 + 11x + 30)
–4, –2, –3, and 3. Assess the sign of the = 4x(x + 5)(x + 6).
expression on the left side on each subinterval Setting each factor equal to zero shows that
formed using these values. To this end, form a the rational expression is undefined at x = 0,
number line, choose a real number in each –5, and –6.
subinterval, and record the sign of the 472. c. The domain of a rational expression is the
expression above each: set of all real numbers that do not make the
denominator equal to zero. For this
– + – + – expression, the values of x that must be
–4 –3 –2 3 excluded from the domain are the solutions
of the equation x3 – 4x = 0. Factoring the
Because the inequality does not include
left side yields the equivalent equation
“equals,” we exclude those values from the
x3 – 4x = x(x2 – 4) = x(x – 2)(x + 2) = 0
number line that make the polynomial
The solutions are x = –2, 0, and 2. Hence,
equal to zero. The solution set is
the expression is defined for any x in the set
(–4,–3)(–2,3).
(–»,–2)(–2,0)(0,2)(2,»).

197
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 31 (Page 79)

x2 – 16 (x – 4)(x + 4) (x – 4)(x + 4)
473. d. ff
x3 + x2 – 20x
= ff
x(x2 + x –20)
= ff 4x– 45 2x – 9 3x + 1
x(x + 5)(x – 4) 481. a. fx–9 + fx–9 – fx–9 =
x+4
= f
x2 + 5x
(4x – 45) + (2x – 9) – (3x + 1)
ffff =
x–9
_x
474. e. = _41_ = 20
__
4x
_5_
, provided that x is not zero. 4x – 45 + 2x – 9 – 3x – 1
fff = 3x – 55
f
x–9 x–9
475. b. Any value of x that makes the denominator 5a 2a 5a + 2a 7a 7
equal to zero, even if it also makes the 482. a. f3
ab
+ f3
ab
= f
ab3
= f3
ab
= f3
b
numerator equal to zero, renders a rational 483. d. ff
3 – 2x
– ff
2–x
= 3 – 2x – (2 – x)
ff =
(x + 2)(x – 1) (x – 1)(x + 2) (x – 1)(x + 2)
expression undefined. For the given
1–x –(x – 1) 1
expression, both 4 and –4 make the ff
( x – 1)(x + 2)
= ff
(x – 1)(x + 2)
= –f
x+ 2
denominator equal to zero.
4 2 4s 2r2 4s + 2r2 2(2s + r2)
476. b. Any value of x that makes the denominator 484. d. f3
sr
+ f2
rs
= f
s2r3
+ f
s2r3
= f 2 3
sr
= ff
s2r3
equal to zero, even if it also makes the 485. c. f
2
– ff
5 – 2x
=
2
f · f (x – 1)
–
x(x – 2) (x – 2)(x – 1) x(x – 2) (x – 1)
numerator equal to zero, renders a rational
expression undefined. To determine these ff
5 – 2x
· x
f = 2(x – 1) – x(5 – 2x)
ff =
(x – 2)(x – 1) x x(x – 1)(x – 2)
values for the given expression, we factor the
2x – 2 – 5x + 2x2 2x2 – 3x – 2
denominator as x3 + 3x2 – 4x = x(x2 + 3x – 4) ff
x(x – 1)(x – 2)
= ff
x(x – 1)(x – 2)
= x(x + 4)(x – 1). Note that the values –4, 0,
and 1 all make the given expression 486. b. f
4
t(t + 2) – ff2t = f
4
t(t + 2) – 2(t + 2)
f
t(t + 2) = 4 – 2(t + 2)
fft(t + 2)
undefined. –2t –2
= f
t(t + 2)
= f
t+2
477. b. 5x2(x – 1) – 3x(x – 1) – 2(x – 1) =
ffff
10x2(x – 1) + 9x(x – 1) + 2(x – 1)
1
(x – 1)(5x2 – 3x – 2) (x –1)(5x + 2)(x – 1) 487. b. f
1
x(x + 1) – ff
2x
(x + 1)(x + 2) + ff3x = f
x(x + 1) · (x + 2)
f
(x – 1)(10x2 + 9x + 2) = fff =
fff (x + 2)
(x –1)(5x + 2)(2x + 1)
2x
x–1
ff
2x + 1
– ff
(x + 1)(x + 2) · ffxx + ff3x · (x + 1)(x + 2)
ff
(x + 1)(x + 2)
=

6x3 – 12x 6x(x2 – 2) 2

x –2 x + 2 – 2x2 + 3(x + 1)(x + 2)
478. b. = =f fff =
ff24x2 ff
4·6·x·x 4xf x(x + 1)(x + 2)

4ab2 – b2 b2(4a – 1) b2 x + 2 – 2x2 + 3x2 + 3x + 6x + 6 x2 + 10x + 8

479. a. ff = ff = f ffff
x(x + 1)(x + 2)
= ff
x(x + 1)(x + 2)
8a2 + 2a – 1 (4a – 1)(2a + 1) 2a + 1
x 1 2x2 x 2x – 1
_____
480. c. (2x – 5)(x + 4) – (2x – 5)(x + 1)
ffff 488. b. f
2x + 1 – f
2x – 1 + f
4x2 – 1 = f
2x + 1 · 2x – 1 –
9(2x – 5)
1 2x + 1 2x2
= (2x – 5)[(x + 4) – (x + 1)]
fff = ff93 = ff31
f
2x –1 · f
2x + 1 + f
4x2 – 1 =
9(2x – 5)
x(2x – 1) – 1(2x + 1) + 2x2 2x2 – x – 2x – 1 + 2x2
fff (2x – 1)(2x + 1) = fff
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
=
4x2 – 3x – 1 (4x + 1)(x – 1)
ff
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
= ff
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)

198
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

3y + 2 y+1 x–1 3x – 4 x–1 3x – 4 x(x – 1)

489. c. f
3y + 2
(y – 1)2 – ff
7y –3
(y – 1)(y + 1) + f
5
y+1 = f2 · f
(y – 1) y+1
495. c. f
x– 2 – f
x2 – 2x = f
x–2 – f
x(x – 2) = f
x(x – 2) –
3x – 4 x(x – 1) – (3x – 4) x2 – x – 3x + 4
7y – 3 (y – 1) 5 (y – 1)2 f = ff = ff =
– ff
(y – 1)(y + 1) · f
(y – 1) + f
y+1 · f
(y – 1)2 = x(x – 2) x(x – 2) x(x – 2)

x2 – 4x + 4 (x – 2)2 x–2
(3y + 2)(y + 1) – ( 7y – 3)(y – 1) + 5(y – 1)2 ff = f = f
fffff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= x(x – 2) x(x – 2) x

x–1 3x – 3 x–1 3x – 3
3y2 + 5y + 2 – (7y2 – 10y + 3) + 5(y2 – 2y + 1) 496. c. 1 + f – f
x2 + 3x =1+ f – f =
fffff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= x x x(x + 3)

x(x + 3) (x – 1)(x + 3) 3x – 3
3y2 + 5y + 2 – 7y2 + 10y – 3 + 5y2 – 10y + 5 f + ff – f =
fffff
(y – 1)2(y +1)
= x(x + 3) x(x + 3) x(x + 3)

x(x + 3) + (x – 1)(x + 3) – (3x – 3)

y2 + 5y + 4 (y + 4)(y + 1) y+4 ffff =
ff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= ff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= f2
(y – 1)
x(x + 3)

x2 + 3x + x2 + 2x – 3 – 3x + 3
fff =
( ) (
2z – 6 –1 6z + 12 + 2z – 6 –1
)
6z + 12 x(x + 3)
490. a. f4z + 3 + f
4z + 3 = ff 4z + 3 =
2x2 + 2x 2x(x + 1) 2(x + 1)
f
x(x + 3)
= ff
x(x + 3)
= f
x+3
( ) =( )
–1 –1
8z + 6 2(4z + 3)
f
4z + 3 f 4z + 3 = 2–1 = ff21
Set 32 (Page 81)
4 x+5 4 x+5 4 x+5
491. a. f
x –3 + f
3–x = f
x–3 + f
–(x – 3) = f
x–3 – f
x–3 4x3y2 y3z4 4x3y5z4 2y5z
497. c. z3 · 2x5
f f = f
2x5z3 = f
x2
4 –(x + 5) x+1
= ff x–3 = –f
x–3 8a4 5a2 + 13a – 6 8a4
498. d. f2
9–a
· ff
24a – 60a2
= ff
(3 – a)(3 + a)
·
______x______ __3 ______x______ __3
492. a. 2
x – 10x + 24 – ___
x–6 +1= (x – 6)(x – 4) – ___
x–6 (5a – 2)(a + 3) 8a4 (5a –2)(a + 3)
ff
12a(2 – 5a)
= ff
(3 – a)(3 + a)
· ff
12a(5a – 2)
=
x 3(x – 4) (x – 6)(x – 4)
+1= ff
(x – 6)(x – 4)
– ff
(x – 6)(x – 4)
+ ff
(x – 6)(x – 4) 2a3
f
–3(3 – a)
x – 3(x – 4) + (x – 6)(x – 4)
= fff
(x – 6)(x – 4) 9x – 2 10 – 5x 9x – 2 5(2 – x) 5
499. b. f
8 – 4x f2 – 9x = f
4(2 – x) · f
–(9x – 2) = f
–4
2
x – 3x + 12 + x – 10x + 24
= fff
(x – 6)(x – 4) 12x2y –24xy2 (12)(–24)x3y3 2x2
500. a. f
–18xy
· f
56y3
= ff
(–18)(56)xy4
= f
7y
x2 – 12x + 36 (x – 6)(x – 6) x –6
= ff
(x – 6)(x – 4)
= ff
(x – 6)(x + 4)
= f
x+4 x2 – x – 12 x2 – x – 12
501. a. ff
3x2 – x – 2 � (3x2 – 10x – 8) = ff
3x2 – x – 2 ·
–x2 + 5x x+1 –x(x – 5) x+1
493. d. f
(x – 5)2
+ f
x+5
= f
(x – 5)2
+ f
x+5 = 1 (x – 4)(x + 3) 1
ff
3x2 – 10x – 8
= ff
(3x + 2)(x – 1)
· ff
(3x + 2)(x – 4)
=
–x x+1 –x(x + 5) (x + 1)(x – 5)
f
x–5 + f
x+5 = ff
(x – 5)(x + 5) + ff
(x + 5)(x – 5) =
x+3
ff
2 2 (3x + 2)2(x – 1)
–x(x + 5) + (x + 1)(x – 5) –x – 5x + x – 4x – 5
fff (x – 5)(x + 5) = fff(x – 5)(x + 5) =
x–3 x2 – 3x x–3 4x 2
502. c. f
2x3
� f
4x
= f
2x3
· f
x(x – 3)
= f3
x
5 – 9x
ff x2 – 64 6x2 + 48x x2 – 64 2x – 6
(x – 5)(x + 5) 503. d. fx2 –9 � ff
2x – 6 = fx2 –9 · ff
6x2 + 48x =
2x2 1 1 2x2 1 (x – 8)(x + 8) · 2(x – 3) x –8
494. b. f
x4 –1
– f
x2 –1
+ f
x2 + 1
= ff
(x2 –1)(x2 + 1)
– f
x2 –1
fff
(x – 3)(x + 3) · 6x(x +8)
= f
3x(x + 3)

2x2 x2 + 1 2(x – 6)2 –(5 + x) –(x – 6)

+ f
1
= ff – ff + 504. a. f x+5 · f
4(x – 6) = f 2
x2 + 1 (x2 – 1)(x2 + 1) (x2 – 1)(x2 + 1)
9x2y3 21y 10x (9)(21)(10)x3y4
ff
x2 – 1
= 2x2 – x2 –1 + x2 – 1
ff = 505. b. f
14x · f2 · f
15xy 12y3
= ff
(14)(15)(12)x2y5
= 3x
f
(x2 –1)(x2 + 1) (x2 – 1)(x2 + 1) 4y

2x2 –2 2(x2 – 1) 2
ff
(x2 – 1)(x2 + 1)
= ff
(x2 –1)(x2 +1)
= f
x2 + 1

199
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

4x2 + 4x + 1 2x2 + 3x + 1 4x2 + 4x + 1 x+2 2x2 + 7x + 3 6x2 + 5x + 1 x2 – 4

506. b. ff4x2 – 4x � ff2x2 – 2x = ff
4x2 – 4x · 512. d. ff
x2 + 5x + 6 · ff
4x2 + 4x + 1 · ff3x2 + x · xf
2
+ 2x =

2x2 – 2x (2x + 1)2 2x(x – 1) x+2 (2x + 1)(x + 3) (3x + 1)(2x + 1)

ff
2x2 + 3x + 1 = f
4x(x – 1) · ff
(2x + 1)(x + 1) = ff
(x + 2)(x + 3) · ff
(2x + 1)(2x + 1) · ff x(3x + 1) ·

(2x + 1) (x – 2)(x + 2) x–2

ff ff x(x + 2) = fx2
2(x – 1)(x + 1)

x2 – 1 2x + 2 x2 + x – 2 (x – 1)(x + 1)
507. b. f
x2 + x · f
1 – x2 · ffx2 – x = ff x(x + 1) · Set 33 (Page 82)
3

� � =1–(
2(x + 1) (x +2)(x – 1) (x – 1) 2 ff 2
· f41f + 5 1 3 9
4
ff
(1 –x)(1 + x) · ff x(x –1) = f x · f
–(x – 1) · 513. b. 1 – f
9
ff
f
2 – f
4
ff
4 � 16 )
f ·
16

(x + 2) –2(x + 2)
f = f
� � =1–(
x x2 2
1 10 – 1 3 9 1 81
f4f + f
4
ff
4 16 ) · ff
� ff 4 + ff
16 =

� �=
–(x – 3) 2x2 – 3x – 5
508. c. (4x2 – 8x – 5) � fx+1 · ff x–3
1– ( 3
ff
4
16
· ff 1
)81
4 + ff
9 · ff
4
16 = 1 – 1 · ff
1 81
3 · f4f + ff
16 = ( )
� �=
–(x –3) (2x – 5)(x + 1)
(2x + 1)(2x – 5) � fx+1 · ff x–3
1 – ff31 + ff
81
16 =
48 – 16 + 243
ff 48 = 275
f48
(2x + 1)(2x – 5) � [–(2x – 5)] =
2 3 8 9 17
1 ff + ff ff + ff ff
(2x + 1)(2x – 5) · f = –(2x + 1) 514. b.
3 4
=
12 12
= 12 17
= ___ 17
12 · 4 = 3
–(2x – 5) f3 1
f 3 2
f ff
1
4 – ff
ff 2 4 – ff
ff 4 ff
4

� �=
a2 – b2 2a2 – 7ab + 3b2 ab – 3b2
509. a. 2a2 – 3ab + b2 · ff
ff � ff
� ��
a2 +ab a2 + 2ab + b2 3x2 + 6x 2+x 3x – 1
515. b. fx–5 + f
5–x
f
25 – x2 =

� �=
a2 – b2 2a2 – 7ab + 3b2 a2 + 2ab2 + b2
2a2 – 3ab + b2 · ff ·
ff ff
� �·
a2 +ab ab – 3b2 3x(x + 2) x+2 (5 – x)(5 + x)
f x–5 – f
x–5 ff 3x – 1 =
(a – b)(a + b) (2a – b)(a – 3b) (a + b)(a + b)
ff
(2a – b)(a – b) · ff a(a + b) · ff b(a – 3b) =
(a + b)
f
(2a – b) ·
(2a – b)(a – 3b)
ff a(a + b) · (a + b)(a + b)
ff b(a – 3b) = � 3x(x + 2) – (x + 2)
ff x–5 �· –(x – 5)(x + 5)
ff
3x – 1 =

(3x – 1)(x + 2) –(x – 5)(x + 5)

(a + b)2 ff x–5 · ff
3x – 1
f ab
= –(x + 2)(x + 5)
x2 + 3x – 18 x
510. a. (x – 3) � ff x = (x – 3) · ff
x2 + 3x –18 =

(x – 3) · ff
x
(x – 3)(x + 6) = f
x
x+6
516. d. � f
1
(x + h)2 – 1
f
x2 ��h=
� � � x2 (x + h)2
��h=
x2 – x 10xy2 3x2 + 3x x2 – x 10xy2 1 1
511. b. f · f � f = f · f · f
(x + h)2 · f
x2 – f
x2 · f
(x + h)2
4y 2x – 2 15x2y2 4y 2x – 2

15x2y2 x(x – 1) 10xy2 15x2y2

� �
f
3x2 + 3x = f
4y · f
2(x – 1) · f
3x(x + 1) = x2 – (x + h)2 x2 – x2 – 2hx – h2
ff
x2(x + h)2 �h= ff
x2(x +h)2 �h=
4 4 3 3
25x y 25 x y
ff
4xy(x +1) = f
4(x + 1)
–h(2x + h)
ff
x2(x + h)2 · ffh1 = –(2x + h)
ff
x2(x + h)2

a + ff1b ab
b
1
ff + ff
b ab + 1 a a
517. d. f = f = ff ba + 1 = ff
b · ff
b + ff1a ba 1
ff + ff
a a
b

200
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

3 1
ff – ff
4x
�–� 3
ff
x
1
ff
2 4
ff2 – 1
522. a.
x 2 4–x
518. a. f5 1 = f = ff
1 1 =
4x � – �
ffff – ff 5 1 ff + ff
4x 2x ff ff x+2 x–2
4x 2x
4 4 – x2
4 – x2 – ff
ff
=
() () =f
4 – x2
4x 3
ff – 4x 1
ff fff x–2 x+2
(x + 2)( x – 2) + ff
x 2
12 – 2x 2(6 – x) ff
f 5–2 =
ff
3
(x + 2)( x – 2)

( ) – 4x( )
5 1 2
4x ff ff 4–4+x
4x 2x
ff
ff4 – x2 =
x – 2 + x +2
ff
(x + 2)(x – 2)
5 2
ff3 – ff2
(x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1)4 x2 (x + 2)(x – 2)
519. c. ff 2 5 · f
(x – 1)4 = f2 · ff 2x =
(x – 1)3 – ff
ff (x – 1)4 4–x
5 2
ff3 · (x – 1)4 – ff2 ·(x – 1)4
(x – 1) (x – 1)
= x2 x2 – 4 x x2 – 4
ffff2 4 ff 5 4 f
4 – x2 · f = f
–(x2 – 4) · f = – ff2x
(x – 13 )3 · (x – 1) – (x – 1)4 ·(x – 1) 2x 2
ff f

( ) ( )
5(x – 1) – 2(x – 1)2 5x – 5 – 2x2 + 4x – 2 –1 –1
ff = fff = 523. a. (a–1 + b–1)–1= 1 1 b+a ab
2(x – 1) –5 2x – 7 a + ff
ff b = ff
ab = ff
b+a
–2x2 + 9x – 7 –(2x2 –9x + 7) –(2x – 7)(x – 1)
ff 2x – 7 = ff 2x – 7 = ff 2x – 7 = x–1 – y–1
1
x
1
ff – ff
y
y–x
ff
xy y–x xy y–x
524. b. f
x–1 + y–1
= f
1 1 = f
y+x = ff y + x = ff
xy · ff y+x
ff + ff
– (x – 1) x y ff
xy

� �
x x x2 + 4x – 5 2x + 3 2
525. b.
ff ff
= 1 – (ff5x · f ·f 1 –f 2 =
5 5 ff
520. a. 1 – x +f x +f
5
f =1– f
x + 5) =
f 2x2 + x – 3
1 + ff5x 5+x
ff
5

x
1 – ff x+5 x 5
x+5 = x+5 – x+5 = x+5
ff ff ff
� (x + 5)(x – 1)
ff
(2x + 3)(x – 1)
· 2x + 3
f
x+1 �– 2 x+5
x + 2 = ff
ff
2
x + 1 – ff
x+2 =

(x + 5)(x + 2) 2(x + 1)
ff
(x + 1)(x + 2) – ff
(x + 2)(x + 1) =
a–2 a+2
ff – ff
a+2 a–2
521. d. ff
a–2 a+2
ff + ff
= (x + 5)(x + 2) – 2(x + 1) x2 + 7x + 10 – 2x – 2
a+2 a–2 fff (x +1)(x +2) = fff (x + 1)(x + 2) =
(a – 2)(a – 2) (a + 2)(a + 2)
ff – f f
(a + 2)(a – 2)
(a + 2)(a – 2)
ffff
(a – 2)(a – 2) (a + 2)(a + 2) = x2 + 5x + 8
ff
ff + ff (a + 2)(a – 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
(a + 2)(a – 2)

(a – 2)(a – 2) – (a + 2)(a + 2)
fff

� � � ��
(a + 2)(a – 2) x+5 1 x+5 x(x – 3) 1
= 526. c. ff
x–3 – x � ff
x–3 – ff
x–3 – f
x–3
ff
x–3
(a – 2)(a – 2) + (a + 2)(a + 2)
ffff (a + 2)(a – 2) x + 5 – x2 + 3x
= ff x–3 · (x – 3)
a2 – 4a + 4 – (a2 + 4a + 4) 2
fff (a + 2)(a – 2) = – (x – 4x – 5) = –(x – 5)(x + 1)
=
a2 – 4a + 4 + (a2 + 4a + 4)
fff =
� �
(a + 2)(a – 2) 1 x+3 3(x + 3) 1 x+3
527. b. 3 + f
x +f x – 2 = [ff
3 · ff x + 3 + ff
x + 3 ] · ff
x –2 =
2 2 (a + 2)(a – 2)
a – 4a + 4 – (a + 4a + 4)
fff (a + 2)(a – 2) · fff
a2 – 4a + 4 + (a2 + 4a + 4) 3x + 10 x+3 3x + 10
ff
x + 3 · ff
x–2 = fx–2
8a 4a
= –f
2a2 f
+8 = –f
a2 +f4

528. d. 1 – ( –( 2
ff
x
3 1
2x – ff
ff 6x )) =
(
1– – 2
ff
x
3 1
x + ff
f2f 6x )=
2(6) 3(3) 1
6x – ff
1 – (ff 6x + ff
6x ) =

12 – 9 + 1 6x – 4 3x – 2
1–f 6xf = ff 6x = ff3x

201
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 34 (Page 84) 531. c. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
529. a. First, clear the fractions from all terms in the equation by multiplying both sides by
the equation by multiplying both sides by the least common denominator. Then, solve
the least common denominator. Then, solve the resulting equation using factoring
the resulting equation using factoring techniques:
techniques:
3 �
(t – 7)(t – 1) · ff2t
t –7 +ff
1
�
t – 1 = 2 · (t – 7)(t – 1)
x =2+x
ff 2t 1
ff · (t – 7)(t – 1) + ff · (t – 7)(t – 1) =
x · ff3x = x · (2 + x) t–7 (t – 1)

3 = 2x + x2 2(t – 7)(t – 1) = 2t(t – 1) + (t – 7) = 2(t – 7)(t – 1)

x2 + 2x – 3= 0 2t2 – 2t + t – 7 = 2t2 – 16t + 14
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0 –t – 7 = –16t + 14
x + 3 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 15t =21
21 7
x = –3 or x = 1 15 = ff
t = ff 5
Since neither of these values makes any of Since this value does not make any of the
the expressions in the original equation, or expressions in the original equation, or any
any subsequent step of the solution, subsequent step of the solution, undefined,
undefined, we conclude that both are it is indeed a solution of the original
solutions to the original equation. equation.
530. d. First, clear the fractions from all terms in the 532. a. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
equation by multiplying both sides by the the equation by multiplying both sides by
least common denominator. Then, solve the the least common denominator. Then, solve
resulting equation using factoring tech- the resulting equation using factoring
niques: techniques:
x+8 12 2
2 3 1 x(x + 2) · ff
x + 2 + x(x + 2) · x2 + 2x = x(x + 2) · x
f ff
3 – ff x = ff
ff 2
2 3 1 x(x + 8) + 12 = 2(x + 2)
3 · 6x – ff 2 · 6x
x · 6x = ff
ff
4x – 18 = 3x x2 + 8x + 12 = 2x + 4
x = 18 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
This value does not make any of the (x + 4)(x + 2) = 0
expressions in the original equation, or any x = –4 or x = – 2
subsequent step of the solution, undefined, Note that x = –2 makes some of the terms in
so we conclude that it is indeed a solution of the original equation undefined, so it
the original equation. cannot be a solution of the equation. Thus,
we conclude that the only solution of the
equation is x = –4.

202
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

533. c. First, clear the fractions from all terms in 535. b. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
the equation by multiplying both sides by the equation by multiplying both sides by
the least common denominator. Then, solve the least common denominator. Then, solve
the resulting equation using factoring the resulting equation using factoring
techniques: techniques:
x 2 3
x – 3 + ff
x = ff
ff 10 3
x–3 f = 4 + ff
x 2 3 (2x – 1)2 2x – 1
x – 3 · x(x – 3) + ff x · x(x – 3) = ff
x – 3 · x(x – 3)
ff
x2 + 2(x – 3) = 3x 10 3
f2 · (2x – 1)2 = 4 · (2x – 1)2 + f
2x – 1 ·
x2 – x – 6 = 0 (2x – 1)
(2x – 1)2
(x – 3)( x + 2) = 0
10 = 4(2x – 1)2 + 3(2x – 1)
x = 3, –2
10 = 16x2 – 16x + 4 + 6x – 3
Because x = 3 makes some of the terms in
10 = 16x2 – 10x + 1
the original equation undefined, it cannot
16x2 – 10x – 9 = 0
be a solution of the equation. Thus, we
(2x + 1)(8x – 9) = 0
conclude that the only solution of the –1 9
x = ff
2,8
ff
equation is x = –2.
Since neither of these values makes any of
534. a. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
the expressions in the original equation, or
the equation by multiplying both sides by
any subsequent step of the solution,
the least common denominator. Then, solve
undefined, both of them are solutions to the
the resulting equation using factoring
original equation.
techniques:
3 6

� �
ff + 1 = ff 1 1
x+2 (2 – x)(2 + x) 536. b. ff
f = (k – 1) ff
pq + ff1q
3
f
x+2 · (2 – x)(2 + x) + 1 · (2 – x )(2 + x) =
f
1
f(k – 1) = 1
f
pq + ff1q
6
ff
(2 – x)(2 + x) · (2 – x)(2 + x) 1 1 1
2
ff
f(k – 1) · f(k – 1)pq = [ff
pq + q ] · f(k – 1)pq
ff
3(2 – x) + 4 – x = 6
10 – 3x – x2 = 6 pq = f(k – 1) + f(k – 1)p
x2 + 3x – 4 = 0 f(k –1) + f(k – 1)p
q= ff p
(x + 4)(x – 1) = 0
f(k –1)(1 + p)
x = –4, 1 q= ff p
Neither of these values makes any of the
expressions in the original equation, or any
subsequent step of the solution, undefined,
so we conclude that both of them are
solutions to the original equation.

203
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

537. d. First, clear the fractions from all terms in 539. b. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
the equation by multiplying both sides by the equation by multiplying both sides by
the least common denominator. Then, solve the least common denominator. Then, solve
the resulting equation using factoring the resulting equation using factoring
techniques, as follows: techniques:
x–1 4
f
x–5 = ff
x–5 f
x+1
– ff
1
= ff
1
x3 – 9x 2x2+ x – 21 2x2 + 13x + 21
x–1 4
(x – 5) · ff
x – 5 = (x – 5) · ff
x–5 x+1 1 1
ff
x(x – 3)(x + 3) – ff
(2x + 7)(x – 3) = ff
(2x + 7)(x + 3)
x–1=4
x=5 x(x – 3)(x + 3)(2x + 7) ·
Because this value of x makes the expres-
sions in the original equation undefined, we
� ff
x+1
(x – 3)(x + 3) – ff
1
(2x + 7)(x – 3) �=
� �
1
conclude that the equation has no solution. x(x – 3)(x + 3)(2x + 7) · ff
(2x + 7)(x – 3
538. d. First, clear the fractions from all terms in (x + 1)(2x + 7) – x(x + 3) = x(x – 3)
the equation by multiplying both sides by 2x2 + 9x + 7 – x2 – 3x = x2 – 3x
the least common denominator. Then, solve x2 + 6x + 7 = x2 – 3x
the resulting equation using factoring 6x + 7 = –3x
techniques: 9x = –7
22
– ff3 2 x = –ff97
2p + 1 = p – 5
ff ff
2p2 – 9p – 5
Since this value does not make any of the
22 3 2
ff
(2p + 1)(p – 5) – f
2p + 1 = f
p–5 expressions in the original equation, or any
(2p +1)(p – 5) · ff
22
– subsequent step of the solution, undefined,
(2p + 1)(p – 5)
it is indeed a solution of the original
3 2
2p + 1 = (2p + 1)(p – 5) · ff
(2p + 1)(p – 5) · ff p –5 equation.
22 – 3(p – 5) = 2(2p + 1) 540. c. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
22 – 3p + 15 = 4p + 2 the equation by multiplying both sides by
–3p + 37 = 4p + 2 the least common denominator. Then, solve
35 = 7p the resulting equation using factoring
p=5 techniques:
This value of p makes the expressions in the x 3 3
x + 1 – ff
ff x+4 = f f
x2 +5x +4
original equation undefined, so the
x 3 3
equation has no solution. ff
x+1 – ff
x+4 = ff
(x + 1)( x + 4)
x 3
(x + 1)(x + 4) · [ff
x+1 – f
x +f4] =
3
(x + 1)(x + 4) ]
(x + 1)(x + 4) · [ ff

x(x + 4) – 3(x + 1) = 3
x2 + 4x – 3x – 3 = 3
x2 + x – 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 2) = 0
x = –3 or x = 2
Neither of these values makes any of the
expressions in the original equation, or any

204
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

subsequent step of the solution, undefined. 543. c. First, clear the fractions from all terms in
Therefore, we conclude that both are the equation by multiplying both sides by
solutions to the original equation. the least common denominator. Then, solve
541. c. First, clear the fractions from all terms in the resulting equation using factoring
the equation by multiplying both sides by techniques:
the least common denominator. Then, solve t+1 4
t–1 = f
ff
the resulting equation using factoring t2 – 1

techniques: t+1 4
t – 1 = ff
ff (t – 1)(t + 1)
2 4
x – 3 = ff
1 + ff x2 – 4x + 3 t+1
(t – 1)(t + 1) · [ff
t–1] =
2 4
1+ x – 3 = ff
ff
(x – 3)(x – 1) 4
(t – 1)(t + 1) · ff
(t + 1)(t – 1)

� 2
(x – 3)(x – 1) · 1 + ff
x–3 = � (t + 1)(t + 1) = 4
t2 + 2t + 1 = 4
(x – 3)(x – 1) ·
� ff
4
(x – 3)(x – 1)� t2 + 2t – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x – 1) + 2(x – 1) = 4 (t + 3)(t – 1) = 0
x2 – 4x + 3 + 2x – 2 = 4 t = –3 or t = 1
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 Note that t = 1 makes some of the terms in
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 the original equation undefined, so it
x = 3 or x = –1 cannot be a solution of the equation. Thus,
Because x = 3 makes some of the terms in we conclude that the only solution of the
the original equation undefined, it cannot be equation is t = –3.
v1 + v2
a solution of the equation. Thus, we 544. a. v = f v1v2
1 + ff
conclude that the only solution of the c2

vv
equation is x = –1. v[1 + ff
c ] = v1 + v2
1 2
2
542. d. First, clear the fractions from all terms in vv v
the equation by multiplying both sides by v + ffc1f2 = v1 + v2
2
vv1v2
the least common denominator. Then, solve fff –v1 = v2 –v
c2
the resulting equation using factoring vv2
techniques: v1(ff c2 – 1) = v2 – v
3 x–3 v2 – v v2 – v c2
2 = ff v1 = f =f = (v2 –v) · ff
f
x +f x–2 vv2 vv2 – c2 vv – c2
c –1
3 x–3 ff 2 ff 2
(x + 2)(x – 2) · ff
x + 2 = (x + 2)(x – 2) · f
x –f
2
2
c
c2(v2 –v)
= f
3(x – 2) = (x + 2)(x – 3) vv2 – c2
3x – 6 = x2 –x – 6
x2 –4x = 0
x(x – 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
Since neither of these values makes any of
the expressions in the original equation, or
any subsequent step of the solution,
undefined, we conclude that both are
solutions to the original equation.

205
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 35 (Page 86) 547. a. First, make certain that the numerator and
545. b. First, determine the x-values that make the denominator are both completely factored
expression on the left side equal to zero or and that all common factors are canceled, as
undefined. Then, assess the sign of the follows:
expression on the left side on each ff
–x2 – 1
= ff
–(x2 + 1)
= ff
–(x2 + 1)
6x4 – x3 – 2x2 x2(6x2 – x – 2) x2(2x +1)(3x – 2)
subinterval formed using these values.
To this end, observe that these values are Next determine the x-values that make this
x = –3, –2, and 1. Now, form a number line, expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
choose a real number in each of the assess the sign of the expression on the left
subintervals, and record the sign of the side on each subinterval formed using these
expression above each: values. To this end, observe that these values
are x = –f21f, 0, and ff32 . Now, form a number
+ + – + line, choose a real number in each
–3 –2 1 subinterval, and record the sign of the
Since the inequality includes “equals,” we expression above each:
include those values from the number line – + + –
that make the numerator equal to zero. The
2
solution set is [–2, 1]. – 12 0
3
546. c. First, make certain that the numerator and Since the inequality includes “equals,” we
denominator are both completely factored include those values from the number line
and that all common factors are canceled: that make the numerator equal to zero.
x2 + 9 2
x +9
f f
x2 – 2x –3 = ff
(x – 3)(x + 1)
Since none of these values make the
numerator equal to zero, we conclude that
Next, determine the x-values that make this
the solution set is (–ff21 ,0)(0,ff32 ).
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
548. c. First, simplify the complex fraction on the
assess the sign of the expression on the left
left side of the inequality:
side on each subinterval formed using these 1 – 1
__

≥0
x x+1
__________

values. To this end, observe that these values x+2

x+1–x
are x = –1 and 3. Now, form a number line, x(x + 1)
________
x+2 ≥0
choose a real number in each subinterval, ______1______
≥0
x(x + 1)(x + 2)
and record the sign of the expression above
Next, determine the x-values that make this
each:
expression equal to zero or undefined.
+ – +
–1 3

Since the inequality does not include

“equals,” we do not include those values
from the number line that make the
numerator equal to zero. Therefore, the
solution set is (–»,–1)(3,»).

206
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Then, assess the sign of the expression on values. To this end, observe that the only
the left side on each subinterval formed value for which this is true is x = 0. Next,
using these values. Observe that these values form a number line, choose a real number
are –2, –1, and 0. Now, form a number line, in each subinterval, and record the sign of
choose a real number in each subinterval, the expression above each, as follows:
and record the sign of the expression above – +
each.
0
– + – + Since the inequality includes “equals,” we
–2 –1 0 would include those values from the
number line that make the numerator equal
The solution set is (–2,–1)(0,»). to zero. Since none of these values make the
549. b. First, factor the numerator and denomina­ numerator equal to zero, we conclude that
tor completely and cancel any common the solution set is (–», 0).
factors: 551. d. First, make certain that the numerator and
(2z + 3)(z + 1)
____________
<0 denominator are both completely factored
(z – 4)(z + 1)
and that all common terms are canceled:
2z + 3
_____
<0 z3 – 16z 2
z(z – 16)
= ff z(z – 4)(z + 4) z(z + 4)
8(z – 4) = ff =
z–4 ff f
8z – 32 8(z – 4) 8
Next, determine the z-values that make the Next, determine the z-values that make this
original expression equal to zero or expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
undefined. Then, assess the sign of the assess the sign of the expression on the left
expression on the left side on each side on each subinterval formed using these
subinterval formed using these values. values. To this end, observe that these values
3
Observe that these values are – __
2 ,–1 and 4. are z = –4, 0, 4. Now, form a number line,
Now, form a number line, choose a real choose a real number in each of the duly
number in each subinterval, and record the formed subintervals, and record the sign of
sign of the expression above each. the expression above each:
+ – – + + – + +
– 32 –1 4 –4 0 4
Since the inequality does not include
3
The solution set is [– __
2 ,–1)(–1,4). “equals,” we do not include those values
550. d. The first step is to make certain that the from the number line that make the
numerator and denominator are both numerator equal to zero. The solution set is
completely factored and that all common (–4, 0).
factors are canceled:
25(–x)4 25x4
f
x(5x2)
2 = f4
x · 25x
= f1xf
Now, determine the x-values that make this
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
assess the sign of the expression on the left
side on each subinterval formed using these

207
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

– – +
552. b. To begin, make certain that the numerator
and denominator are both completely –8 8

factored and that all common factors are Since the inequality does not include
canceled: “equals,” we do not include those values
y2 – 64 (y – 8)(y + 8) (y – 8)(y + 8) from the number line that make the
ff
8–y = ff (8 – y) = ff
–(y – 8) = –(y + 8)
numerator equal to zero. Therefore, the
Now, determine the y-values that make this solution set is (8,»).
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then, 554. a. To begin, make certain that the numerator
we assess the sign of the expression on the and denominator are both completely
left side on each subinterval formed using factored and that all common factors are
these values. To this end, observe that these canceled:
values are y = –8, 8. Next, form a number 5x2(x – 1) – 3x(x –1) – 2(x – 1)
ffff
10x2
(x – 1) + 9x(x – 1) +2(x – 1)
line, choose a real number in each
(x – 1)(5x2 – 3x – 2) (x – 1)(5x + 2)(x – 1)
subinterval, and record the sign of the = fff
(x – 1)(10x2 + 9x +2) = fff
(x – 1)(5x +2)(2x + 1)
expression above each, as follows: x–1
= f
2x + 1
+ – –
Next determine the x-values that make this
–8 8
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
The inequality includes “equals,” we include assess the sign of the expression on the left
those values from the number line that side on each subinterval formed using these
make the numerator equal to zero. values. To this end, observe that these values
We conclude that the solution set is are x = –ff21 , –ff52 , 1. Now, form a number line,
[–8,8)(8,»). choose a real number in each subinterval,
553. a. First, make certain that the numerator and and record the sign of the expression above
denominator are both completely factored each:
and that all common factors are canceled:
+ – – +
x2 + 8x x(x + 8) x(x + 8) 1
f = ff = ff = f
x3 – 64x x(x2 – 64) x(x + 8)(x– 8) x–8 –1 –2 1
2 5
Next, determine the x-values that make this The inequality includes “equals,” we include
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then, those values from the number line that
assess the sign of the expression on the left make the numerator equal to zero.
side on each subinterval formed using these We conclude that the solution set is
values. To this end, observe that these values (–ff21 ,–ff52 )(–ff52 ,1).
are x = –8, 8. Now, form a number line,
choose a real number in each subinterval,
and record the sign of the expression above
each:

208
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

555. c. First, make certain that the numerator and Since the inequality does not include
denominator are both completely factored “equals,”so we do not include those values
and that all common factors are canceled: from the number line that make the
6x3 – 24x 2
6x(x – 4)
= ff x2 – 4 (x – 2)(x + 2) numerator equal to zero. There are no such
4·6·x·x = =
ff f ff
24x2 4x 4x
values, and furthermore, the expression is
Now, the strategy is to determine the
always positive. Therefore, the solution set is
x-values that make this expression equal to
the empty set.
zero or undefined. Then, assess the sign of
557. c. First, make certain that the numerator and
the expression on the left side on each
denominator are both completely factored
subinterval formed using these values,
and that all common factors are canceled, as
which are x = –2, 0, 2. Now, form a number
follows:
line, choose a real number in each 3 – 2x 2–x 3 – 2x – (2 – x)
subinterval, and record the sign of the
ff
(x + 2)(x – 1) – ff
(x – 1)(x + 2) = ff
(x – 1)(x + 2) =

expression above each: 1–x –(x – 1) 1

ff
(x – 1)(x + 2) = ff
(x – 1)(x + 2) = –ff
x+2
– + – + Next, determine the x-values that make this
–2 0 2 expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
Since the inequality includes “equals,” we assess the sign of the expression on the left
include those values from the number line side on each subinterval formed using these
that make the numerator equal to zero. The values, which are x = –2 and 1. Now, form a
solution set is [–2,0)[2,»). number line, choose a real number in each
556. c. First, make certain that the numerator and subinterval, and record the sign of the
denominator are both completely factored expression above each:
and that all common factors are canceled:
+ – –
(2x – 5)(x + 4) – (2x – 5)(x + 1)
ffff =
9(2x – 5) –2 1
(2x – 5)[(x + 4) – (x + 1)] 3 1 Since the inequality includes “equals,” so we
fff = ff 9 = 3
ff
9(2x – 5)
Now, determine the x-values that make this include those values from the number line
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then, that make the numerator equal to zero. The
assess the sign of the expression on the left solution set is (–»,–2).
side on each subinterval formed using these
values. To this end, observe that the only
value for which this is true is x = ff25 . Next,
form a number line, choose a real number
in each of the duly formed subintervals, and
record the sign of the expression above
each:
+ +
5
2

209
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

558. b. First make certain that the numerator and subinterval formed using these values.
denominator are both completely factored To this end, observe that these values are x =
and that all common factors are canceled: –ff21 , –ff41 , ff21 , and 1. Next, form a number line,
x+5 1 x+5 x(x – 3) 1 choose a real number in each subinterval,
x – 3 – x] � ff
[ff x – 3 = [ff
x – 3 – ff
x – 3 ] � ff
x–3 =
and record the sign of the expression above
x + 5 – x2 + 3x
ff x–3 · (x – 3) = – (x2 – 4x – 5) = each:
–(x –5)(x + 1) + – + – +
Determine the x-values that make this –1 –1 1 1
2 4 2
expression equal to zero or undefined. Then,
Since the inequality includes “equals,” we
assess the sign of the expression on the left
include those values from the number line
side on each subinterval formed using these
that make the numerator equal to zero. The
values. To this end, observe that these values
solution set is (–ff21 ,–ff41 ](ff21 ,1].
are x = –1, 3, 5. Now, form a number line,
560. d. First, make certain that the numerator and
choose a real number in each subinterval,
denominator are both completely factored
and record the sign of the expression above
and that all common factors are canceled, as
each:
follows:
– + + – 3y + 2
– ff 7y – 3 5 3y + 2
(y – 1)(y + 1) + = ·
ff f f2
(y – 1)2 (y + 1) (y – 1)
–1 3 5
y +1 7y – 3 y –1 5 (y –1)2
Since the inequality does not include ff
y+1 – ff y – 1 + ff
(y – 1)(y + 1) · ff y+1 · f
(y – 1)2 =
“equals,” we would not include those values (3y + 2)(y + 1) – (7y –3)(y – 1) + 5(y –1)2
fffff (y – 1)2(y +1) =
from the number line that make the
numerator equal to zero. As such, we 3y2 + 5y + 2 – (7y2 – 10y + 3) + 5(y2 – 2y + 1)
fffff (y – 1)2(y + 1) =
conclude that the solution set is
3y2 + 5y + 2 – 7y2 + 10y – 3 + 5y2 – 10y + 5
(–1,3)(3,5). fffff (y – 1)2(y + 1) =
559. d. First, make certain that the numerator and y2 + 5y + 4 (y +4)(y + 1) y+4
ff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= ff
(y – 1)2(y + 1)
= f2
(y – 1)
denominator are both completely factored
and that all common factors are canceled: Now, the strategy is to determine the y­
x
– ff1 2x2 x 2x – 1 values that make this expression equal to
2x – 1 + = · –
ff f f f
2x + 1 4x2 – 1 2x + 1 2x – 1
2
zero or undefined. Then, assess the sign of
1 2x + 1 2x
f
2x – 1 · f
2x + 1 + f
4x2 – 1 the expression on the left side on each
= x(2x – 1) – 1(2x + 1) + 2x2
fff subinterval formed using these values.
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
To this end, observe that these values are
2x2 – x – 2x – 1 + 2x2 4x2 – 3x – 1
= fff
(2x – 1)(2x + 1) = ff
(2x – 1)(2x + 1) y = –4, –1, and 1. Next, form a number line,
= (4x + 1)(x – 1)
ff choose a real number in each subinterval,
(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
and record the sign of the expression above
Now, the strategy is to determine the each:
x-values that make this expression equal to
zero or undefined. Then, assess the sign of – + + +
the expression on the left side on each –4 –1 1

210
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

The inequality does not include “equals,” so Set 37 (Page 91)

3 3 3 3
we do not include those values from the 577. b. �9� · �–3
� = ��
(9)(–3)� = �–2
�7 =
3
number line that make the numerator equal ��(–3)3 = –3
to zero. The solution set is (–», –4). = ��
f7 = ��
f2 = �(��
x�
) = fxf
��
x5 x5 1 1 2 1
578. b. f x x
f
�x�7

579. a. a3�a�3 = a3�� a2a = a3a�a� = a4�a�

S e ct io n 5— 580. a. Factor �� 4g into two radicals. 4 is a perfect
R a d ica l Ex p re s s io ns square, so factor ��4g into �4� ��g = 2��g.
a n d Q u a d r a t ic E q u a t ions Simplify the fraction by dividing the
numerator by the and denominator. Cancel
Set 36 (Page 90) the ��g terms from the numerator and
4
561. c. –125 since (–5)3 = –125. denominator. That leaves ff2 = 2.
562. c. –7 and 7 are both second roots (square 581. a. The cube root of 27y3 = 3y, since (3y)(3y)(3y)
roots) since (–7)2 = 49 and (7)2 = 49. = 27y3. Factor the denominator into two
563. a. Note that 625 = 54. So, the principal root of radicals: ��27y2 = �� 9y2 · �3�. The square
625 is 5. root of 9y = 3y, since (3y)(3y) = 9y2. The
2
5 3y
564. d. Since(–2)5 = –32, we write �–3 �2 = –2. expression is now equal to f 3y�3�
. Cancel
565. a. Since 43 = 64, b = 64 satisfies the equation. the 3y terms from the numerator and
4 4 1
566. a. �3�12 = �(�
3
33)4 = 3 = 27 denominator, leaving f . Simplify the
5 5 �3�
567. c. �� 515 = ��
3
(53)5 = 5 = 125 fraction by multiplying the numerator and
4
568. b. Since �2�b = 2b, b = 3 satisfies the equation. denominator by : ��3 : ( f
1 �3�
)( f
�3�
)= f .
1 1 �3� �3� 3
569. b. 64f6 = (26)f6 = 2
582. c. Factor each term in the numerator: �� a2b =
570. d. We break up the fractional exponent into
5 �a�2 · ��b = a��b and �� ab2 = �a� ·��b2 =
two separate exponents to obtain 49f2 =
1 b�a�. Next, multiply the two radicals.
(49f2 )5 = 75 = 16,807.
Multiply the coefficients of each radical and
571. a. We break up the fractional exponent into multiply the radicands of each radical:
–3
two separate exponents to obtain 81 f4 = (a��b)(b�a�) = ab�� ab. The expression is
ab��ab
1
(81f4 )–3 = 3–3 = ff
1 1 now f . Cancel the ��ab terms from
33 = 27 .
ff ��ab
572. c. We break up the fractional exponent into the numerator and denominator, leaving ab.
3
two separate exponents to obtain 32f5 = 583. c. First, cube the 4g2 term. Cube the constant 4
3
1
(32f5 )3 = (2)3 = 8. and multiply the exponent of g by 3: (4g2) =
64g6. Next, multiply 64g6 by g4. Add the

� � exponents of the g terms. (64g6)(g4) = 64g10

8 2 2 – f23 2 3 32 9
573. c. (ff –f ff 3
27 ) 3 = ( 3 ) = (ff3 )–2 = (ff2 )2 = f2f2 = f4f.
Finally, taking the square root of 64g10 yields
–1 –1
574. a. (–64) f3 = [(–4)3] f3 = (–4)–1 = ff
1 1 8g5, since (8g5)(8g5) = 64g10.
–4 = – 4
ff

� �
–f
–1 2 2 –1 1 x2
575. c. (4x–4) f2 = (2x–2) = (2x–2) = ff
2x–2 = 2
ff

576. b. 4�� (x72)2= 4x72

x144 = 4��

211
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

584. e. First, find the square root of 9pr. ��9pr = 597. d. First, simplify each radical expression. Then,
�� 9 3· ��pr = 3�pr�. The denominator because the variable/radical parts are alike,
–f
(pr) has a negative exponent, so it can be
2 we can add the coefficients:
rewritten in the numerator with a positive xy�� 8xy2 + 3y2�� 18x3 = xy(2y)�� 2x + 3y2(3x)
exponent. The expression �pr � can be �2�x = 2xy2�2�x + 9xy2�2�x = 11xy2�2�x
1
f
written as (pr) 2 since a value raised to the 598. c. We first simplify each fraction. Then, we
1 find the LCD and add.
exponent ff2 is another way of representing
the square root of the value. The expression
3
��
f + ��
18
25
32 �18
f = f
9
� �
�32
+f=f
3�2�
5
4�2�
+f3
=
f2 1
f2 �
�25 �9�
is now 3(pr) (pr) . To multiply the pr
1 3 4 3�2� 3
__ 4�2� 5
__ 9�2� + 20�2� 29�2�
terms, add the exponents. ff2 + ff2 = f2f = 2, f
5 · 3 + f
3 · 5 = ff
15
= f
15
3 1
f2
so = 3(pr) (pr)f2 = 3(pr)2 = 3p2r2.
��
20 + 5 20 599. a. (5 – �3�)(7 + �3�) = 5(7) + 5(�3�) – 7(�3�)
585. e. Substitute 20 for n: f (ff�5 �) =
��20 2 – �3�2 = 35 + (5 – 7)�3� – 3 = 32 – 2�3�
�25
� 5
f
��
20 (10�5�) = �). Cancel
f (10�5 the 600. b. (4 + �6�)(6 – �15
�) = 24 – 4�15 � + 6�6� –
2�5�
�90� = 24 –4�15� + 6�6� – 3�10 �
�5� terms and multiply the fraction by
–10 + �–2
�5 –10 + ��25 ��
–1 –10 + 5i
5 5(10) 50 601. a. ff = ff = f =
10: �)
f (10�5
2�5�
= ff
2 = 2 = 25
ff 5 5 5
5(–2 + i)
f
5
= –2 + i
586. c. �� = 125
f
9
��
f
125
�9�
=
�5�2�
f
·�
�3�2
5
=
5�5�
f
3 602. c. (4 + 2i)(4 –2i) = 16 – (2i)2 = 16 – 22i2 =
= �f
� 16 – (4)(–1) = 16 + 4= 20
��
4
243 4 243 4 4
587. d. 3 = �81
�= �3�4 = 3
f
�3�
4

603. d. (4 + 2i)2 = 16 +(4)(2i) + (2i)(4) + (2i)2 =

588. d. �� + 4 = ��
x2 + 4x� (x + 2)2� = x + 2
4 4 4 4 4 16 + 16i + 22i2 = 16 +16i –4 = 12 + 16i
589. d. �� 32x8 = �� (x2)4 = �2�4 �2� ��
24 · 2 ·� (x2)4

( + ) = 21( )=
4
��3 ��7 ����
3 3 + �7���7
= 2x2�2� 604. b. �21
� f f ff
4 4 4 4 4 �7� �3� �7��3�
590. b. �� x21 = �(� 5)4 x = ��
x� (x5)4 · �x� = x5 �x�
�( ) = 10
3 3 3
591. b. �� 54x5 = �� x3 · x2 = 3x ��
2 · 33 ·� 2x2 �21 3+7
f
�21
�
592. a. �� x3 + 40�x2 + 400�x = �� x(x2 + �40x + 4�
00) =
�� x(x + 2�0)2 = (x + 20) �x� 605. d. (2 + �3�x)2 = 4 + (2)(�3�x) + (�3�x)(2) +
(�3�x)2 = 4+4�3�x + 3x
Set 38 (Page 93) 606. a. (�3� + �7�)(2�3� – 5�7�) = (�3�)( 2�3�) +
593. b. ��–25 = �� 1) = ��
25 · (–� 52 · i2 = (�7�)(2�3�) – (�3�)(5�7�) – (�7�)(5�7�) =
�5�2 �i�2 = 5i 2(�3�)2 = 2�7� · �3� – 5��3 · 7 – 5(�7�)2 =
594. a. ��–32 = �� (32(–1�) = ��
32 ��–1 = (4�2�)(i) � – 5�21
2 · 3 + 2�21 � – 5 · 7 = 6 – 3�21
�–
= 4i�2� 35 = –29 – 3�2�1
595. a. –�48� + 2�27 � – �75 � = –�� 42 · 3 +
1 1 3 + 5�2� 3 + 5�2�
2�� 32 · 3 –��52 ·3 = –4�3� + 6�3� – 5�3� = 607. d. f = f · f = ff 2
3 – 5�2� 3 – 5�2� 3 + 5�2� 32 – (5�2�)
(–4 + 6 – 5)�3� = –3�3� 3 + 5�2� 3 + 5�2� 3 + 5��2
= ff = f = –f
596. d. 3�3� + 4�5� – 8�3� = (3 – 8)�3� + 4�5� = – 9 – 52(�2�)2 9 – 25(2) 41

5�3� + 4�5�

212
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

�� 2x ��2x 2 + 3��x
608. d. f = f · f 613. d. To eliminate the radical term, raise both
2 – 3�x� 2 – 3�x� 2 + 3�x�
sides to the third power and solve for x:
2(�2�x) + (3�x�)(�2�x) 2��2x + 3x��2 3
= fff
22 – (3�x�)2
= ff
4 – 32(�x�)2
�� 5x – 8 = 3
5x – 8 = 33 = 27
2x + 3x��2
2��
= ff f
4 – 9x 5x = 35
x=7
Set 39 (Page 94) Substituting this value into the original
609. a. Square both sides of the equation and then equation yields the true statement 3 = 3, so
solve for x: it is indeed a solution.
�� 7 + 3x = 4 614. b. To eliminate the radical term, raise both
(�� 7 + 3x)2 = (4)2 sides to the third power and solve for x:
7 + 3x = 16 3
�� 7 � 3x = –2
3x = 9 7 – 3x = (–2)3 = –8
x=3 –3x = –15
Substituting this value into the original x=5
equation yields the true statement 4 = 4, Substituting this value into the original
so we know that it is indeed a solution. equation yields the true statement –2 = –2,
610. a. Square both sides of the equation and then so it is indeed a solution.
solve for x: 615. a. Take the square root of both sides and solve
�� 4x + 33 = 2x – 1 for x:
(�� 4x + 33)2 = (2x – 1)2 (x – 3)2 = –28
4x + 33 = 4x2 – 4x + 1 (x – 3)2 = ±�–2 �8
0 = 4x2 – 8x – 32 x – 3 = ±2i�7�
0 = 4(x2 – 2x – 8) x = 3 ±2i�7�
0 = 4(x – 4)(x + 2) 616. c. Square both sides of the equation and then
x = 4, –2 solve for x:
Substituting x = 4 into the original equation �� 10 – 3x = x – 2
yields the true statement 7 = 7, but (�� 10 – 3x)2 = (x – 2)2
substituting x = –2 into the original 10 – 3x = x2 – 4x + 4
equation results in the false statement 5 = – 0 = x2 – x – 6
5. So, only x = 4 is a solution to the original 0 =(x – 3)( x + 2)
equation. x = 3, –2
4 2
611. e. a f3 = (af3 )2 = 62 = 36. Substituting x = 3 into the original equation
612. d. q–3 = – _12_ yields the true statement 1 = 1, but
substituting x = –2 into the original
(q–3)– f3 = (– _21_ )– f3
1 1
equation results in the false statement
1 3 —
q = (–2) f3 = �–2 4 = –4. Only x = 3 is a solution to the
original equation.

213
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

617. d. Square both sides of the equation and then 623. d. Isolate x2 and then take square root of both
solve for x: sides.
�� 3x + 4 +x = 8 x2 + 1 = 0
�� 3x + 4 = 8 – x x2 = – 1
(�� 3x + 4)2 = (8 – x)2 �x�2 = ±�–�1
3x + 4 = 64 – 16x + x2 x=±i
0 = x2 – 19x + 60 624. b. Isolate x2 and then take square root of both
0 = (x – 4)(x – 15) sides.
x = 4, 15 x2 + 81 = 0
Substituting x = 4 into the original equation x2 = –81
yields the true statement 8 = 8, but �x�2 = ±�–8 �1
substituting x = 15 into the original x = ±9i
equation results in the false statement
22 = 8. Therefore, only x = 4 is a solution to Set 40 (Page 95)
the original equation. 625. d. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 0,
618. b. Isolate the squared expression on one side and c = –7 to obtain:
and then, take the square root of both sides x= –b ± ��
ff
b2 – 4ac�
= –(0) ± ��
fff
(0)2 – �
4(1)(–�
7)
=
2a 2(1)
and solve for x:
(x – 1)2 + 16 = 0 ± ��
2
2�8 2�7�
2
�
f = ± f = ±�7
(x – 1)2 = – 16
626. a. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 2, b = 0,
�� (x – 1)2� = ±��–16
and c = –1 to obtain:
x – 1 = ± 4i
x = 1 ± 4i –b ± ��b2 – 4ac� –(0) ± ��
(0)2 – �
4(2)(–�
1)
x= ff
2a
= fff
2(2)
=
619. b. Take the cube root of both sides.
�8� 2�2� ��2
x3 = – 27 ±f4
= ±f4
= ±f
2
3 3
�x�3 = �� –27
627. a. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 4, b = 3,
3
x = �� (–3)3
and c = 0 to obtain:
x=–3
–b ± ��b2 – 4a�c –(3)±��
(3)2 – �
4(4)(0)�
620. c. Take the square root of both sides. x= ff
2a
= fff
2(4)
x2 = 225 –3 ±��9 –3 ± 3 3
�x�2= ±�� 225 = f
8
= f
8
= 0,–ff4
x = ±15 628. b. Apply the quadratic formula with a = –5,
621. a. Take the cube root of both sides. b = 20, and c = 0 to obtain:
x3 = –125 –b ± ��b2 – 4ac� �
–(20)±�(20)2 –�
4(–5)(�
0)
3
�x�3 = ��
3
–125 x= ff
2a
= fff
2(–5)
=
x = –5 –20 ±��202 –20 ± 20
ff = f = 0,4
622. c. Take the square root of both sides. –10 –10

(x + 4)2 = 81
�� (x + 4)2� = ±�81�
x + 4 = ±9
x = – 4 ±9
x = 5, –13

214
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

629. c. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 1, 635. b. First, put the equation into standard form
b = 4, and c = 4 to obtain: by moving all terms to the left side of the
–b ± ��b2 – 4ac� –(4) ± ��
(4)2 –4�
(1)(4)
equation to obtain the equivalent equation
x= ff = fff
2a 2(1) x2 + 2x = 0. Now, apply the quadratic
–4 ±��0 formula with a = 1, b = 2, and c = 0 to
= f
2
= –2 (repeated solution)
obtain:
630. c. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 1,
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac –(2) ± ��
(2)2 –4�
(1)(0)
b = –5, and c = –6 to obtain: x= ff
2a
= fff
2(1)
=
–b ± ��b2 – 4a�c –(–5) ���
(–5)2 –�
4(1)(–�
6) –2 ±�4� –2 ±2
x= ff = fff
2a 2(1)
= f = f = –2,0
2 2
5 ±�49� 5±7
f = f = –1,6 636. c. First, put the equation into standard form
2 2
by expanding the expression on the left side,
631. b. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 3, b = 5,
and then moving all terms to the left side of
and c = 2 to obtain:
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac –(5) ± ���
(5)2 –4(3)(2)
the equation:
x= ff
2a
= fff
2(3)
= (3x – 8)2 = 45
–5 ±�1� 2
f = f
–5 ± 1
= –1, –ff3 9x2 – 48x + 64 = 45
6 6
9x2 – 48x + 19 = 0
632. a. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 5, Now, apply the quadratic formula with a = 9,
b = 0, and c = –24 to obtain: b = –48, and c = 19 to obtain:
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac –(0) ±��
(0)2 –4�
(5)(–2�
4)
x= ff = fff
2a 2(5)
= x= –b ± ��
b2 –4ac
= –(–48) ± �(–48)
�2� �
–4(9)(19)
=
ff fff
2a 2(9)
��480 �
4�30 2�30�
±f10
= ±f10
= ±f 5
–48 ±�� 1620
= –48 ±18�5�
= –8 ±3�5�
ff ff ff
18 18 3
633. a. First, put the equation into standard form 637. d. We first multiply both sides of the equation
by moving all terms to the left side of the by 100, then divide both sides by 20 in order
equation to obtain the equivalent equation to make the coefficients integers; this will
2x2 +5x + 4 = 0. Now, apply the quadratic help with the simplification process. Doing
formula with a = 2, b = 5, and c = 4 to so yields the equivalent equation x2 – 11x +
obtain: 10 = 0. Now, apply the quadratic formula
–b ± �b�–4ac
2 –(5)±���
(5) –4(2)(4) 2
x = ff 2a
= fff 2(2)
= with a = 1, b = –11, and c = 10 to obtain:
�
–5 ��–7 –5 ±i�7� –b ± �� b2 –4ac –(–11) ± ��� �
(–11)2 – 4(1)(10)
ff = f x= ff = ffff
2a 2(1)
4 4
11 ±�� 81 11 ±9
634. a. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 1, = ff = f = 1, 10
2 2
b = –2�2� , and c = 3 to obtain: 638. d. Apply the quadratic formula with a = 1,
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac
x= ff
2a
= b = –3, and c = –3 to obtain:
–(–2�2�) ± ��(–2�2��
) –4(1)� 2�2� ±��8 –12 –b ± �b�2 –4ac –(–3) ± �(–3)
� �
2 –4(1)(–3)�
ffff
2
(3) = ff = x= ff
2a
= fff
2(1)
=
2(1) 2
2�2� ±�–4
� 2�2� ±2i 3 ± �21
�
ff
2
= ff
2
= �2� ± i f
2

215
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

639. b. The simplification process will be easier if we 643. b. Take the square root of both sides, and solve
first eliminate the fractions by multiplying for x:
1 5
both sides of the equation ff6 x2 – ff3 x + 1 = 0 by (4x + 5)2 = –49
6. Doing so yields the equivalent equation x2 4x + 5 = ±�–4�9 = ±7i
– 10x + 6 = 0. Now, apply the quadratic 4x = –5 ± 7i
formula with a = 1, b = –10, and c = 6 to x= –5 ±7i
f
4
obtain:
644. c. Take the square root of both sides, and solve
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac –(–10) ± ��
(–10)2�
–4(1)(�
6)
x= ff
2a
= fff
2(1)
= for x:
ff
�
10 ±�76
= ff
�
10 ± 2�19
�
= 5 ±�19 (3x – 8)2 = 45
2 2
3x – 8 = ±�45�
640. b. First, put the equation into standard form 3x = 8 ±�45�
by expanding the expression on the left side, �
8 ±�45 8 ±3��5
x= f = f
and then moving all terms to the left side of 3 3

the equation: 645. c. Isolate the squared expression on one side,

(x – 3)(2x + 1) =x(x – 4) take the square root of both sides, and solve
2x2 – 6x +x – 3 =x2 – 4x for x:
x2 –x – 3 = 0 (–2x + 1)2 – 50 = 0
Now, apply the quadratic formula with a = 1, (–2x + 1)2 = 50
b = –1, and c = –3 to obtain: –2x + 1 = ±�50 �
–b ± ��
b2 –4ac –(–1) ± ��
(–1)2 –�
4(1)(–�
3) –2x = –1 ±�50
x= ff
2a
= fff
2(1)
=
–1 ±�50
� 1 ±��50 1 ±5�2�
x= ff = f = f
�
1 ±�13 –2 2 2
f
2
646. b. Isolate the squared expression on one side,
Set 41 (Page 97) take the square root of both sides, and solve
641. a. Isolate the squared expression on one side, for x:
take the square root of both sides, and solve –(1 – 4x)2 –121 = 0
for x, as follows: (1 – 4x)2 = –121
4x2 = 3 1 – 4x = ±�� –121
3 –4x = –1 ±�� –121
x2 = ff4
–1 ±��–121 1 ±��–121 1 ±11i
x= ff = ff = f
x = ±�� =
3 �3� �3� –4 4 4
f
4 ±f
�4�
= ±f
2

642. c. Isolate the squared expression on one side,

take the square root of both sides, and solve
for x:
–3x2 = –9
x2 = 3
x = ±�3�

216
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

647. a. To solve the given equation graphically, let y1 648. d. To solve the equation graphically, let y1 = 2x2,
= 5x2 – 24, y2 = 0. Graph these on the same y2 = –5x – 4. Graph these on the same set of
set of axes and identify the points of axes and identify the points of intersection:
intersection:
y2 y1
y1 10

9 8
6
6
3
y2 4
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–3
2
–6
–9
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–12
–2
–15
–18 –4
–21
–6
–24
–8

The x-coordinates of the points of –10

intersection are the solutions of the original

equation. We conclude that the solutions are
approximately ±2.191.

The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are the solutions of the original equation. Since the
curves do not intersect, the solutions are imaginary.

649. a. To solve the given equation graphically, let y1 = 4x2, y2 = 20x – 24. Graph these on the same set of axes
and identify the points of intersection:

y1 y2 y1 y2
60 60
54 54
48 48
42 42
36 36
30 30
24 24
18 18
12 12
6 6

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5

–6 –6

–12

217
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

The x-coordinates of the points of The x-coordinates of the points of

intersection are the solutions of the original intersection are the solutions of the original
equation. The solutions are x = 2, 3. equation, so the solutions are x = 0,0.8.
650. c. To solve the given equation graphically, let 651. c. To solve the equation graphically, let y1 =
y1 = 12x – 15x2, y2 = 0. Graph these on the (3x – 8)2, y2 = 45. Graph these on the same
same set of axes and identify the points of set of axes and identify the points of
intersection: intersection:
4 y1
60
3
50
2 y2
40
1
30
y2
–2 –1 1 2 20
–1
10
–2

–3 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–10
–4

–5 The x-coordinates of the points of

–6 intersection are the solutions of the original
–7 equation. We conclude that the solutions are
–8
approximately x = 3.875, 4.903.
–9

–10
y1

218
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

652. b. To solve the given equation graphically, let y1 = 0.20x2 – 2.20x + 2, y2 = 0. Graph these on the same set
of axes and identify the points of intersection:

y1
10

y2
–6 –3 3 6 9 12 15 18
–2

–4

–6

The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are the solutions of the original equation. We conclude
that the solutions are x = 1,10.

653. a. To solve the equation graphically, let y1 = x2 – 654. b. To solve the given equation graphically, let y1 =
3x – 3, y2 = 0. Graph these on the same set of x2 and y2 = –2x. Graph these on the same set
axes and identify the points of intersection: of axes and identify the points of intersection:

y1
y1
10
10

8 8

6
6
4
4
2

2
y 2x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8

–2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–4
–2
–6
–4
–8
y2
–10

The x-coordinates of the points of The x-coordinates of the points of

intersection are the solutions of the original intersection are the solutions of the original
equation: approximately x = –0.791, 3.791. equation: x = –2,0.

219
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

1 5
655. b. To solve the equation graphically, let y1 = ff6 x2 – ff3 x + 1, y2 = 0. Graph these on the same set of axes and
identify the points of intersection:

y1
10

y2
–9 –6 –3 3 6 9 12 15 18

–2

–4

The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are the solutions of the original equation. We conclude
that the solutions are approximately x = 0.641, 9.359.

656. c. To solve the equation graphically, let y1 = Set 42 (Page 99)

(2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) – 3, y2 = 0. Graph these 657. b. Observe that b4 – 7b2 + 12 = 0 can be written
on the same set of axes and identify the as (b2)2 – 7(b)2 + 12 = 0. Let u= b2. Then,
points of intersection: rewriting the previous equation yields the
equation u2 – 7u+ 12 = 0, which is
y1
10 quadratic. Factoring the left side results in
the equivalent equation (u– 4)(u– 3) = 0.
8
Solving this equation for u yields the
6 solutions u = 4 or u = 3. In order to solve
the original equation, we must go back
4 to the substitution and write u in terms of
the original variable b:
2
u = 4 is the same as b2 = 4, which gives us
y2 b = ±2
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
u = 3 is the same as b2 = 3, which gives us
–2
b = ±�3�
–4 The solutions of the original equation are
b = ±2, ±�3�.
The x-coordinates of the points of
intersection are the solutions of the original
equation. The solutions are x = –1, 1.

220
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

658. a. Let u = b2. Observe that (3b2 – 1)(1– 2b2) = 0 660. b. Observe that 16b4 – 1 = 0 can be written as
can be written as (3u– 1)(1– 2u) = 0, which 16(b2)2 – 1 = 0. Let u = b2. Rewriting the
is quadratic. Solving this equation for u original equation yields the equation
1 1
yields the solutions u = ff3 or u= ff2 . In order 16u2 – 1 = 0, which is quadratic. Factoring
to solve the original equation, we must go the left side results in the equivalent
back to the substitution and write u in equation (4u– 1)(4u+ 1) = 0. Solving this
1
terms of the original variable b: equation for u yields the solution u= ± ff4 .
1 1
u= ff3 is the same as b2 = ff3 , which gives us In order to solve the original equation, we

b = ±��
1 ��3 1
f = ± f u = ff is the same as must go back to the substitution and write u
3 3 2
in terms of the original variable b:
1 1
u= –ff4 is the same as b2 = –ff4 , which gives us
b2 = ff2 , which gives us b = ±��
1 1 �2�
f = ±f
2 2
���
1 1 1
b = ± – f4 = ±i��
f ±i(ff
4 2)
The solutions of the original equation are 1 1
�2� �3�
u= ff4 is the same as b2 = ff4 , which gives us
1 1
b= ±f f
2 ,± 3 . b = ±�� f = ±ff
4 2

659. d. Note that 4b4 + 20b2 +25 = 0 can be written The solutions of the original equation are
1 1
as 4(b2)2 + 20(b)2 + 25 = 0. Let u= b2. b = ±i(ff2 ), ±f2f.
Rewriting the original equation yields the 1
661. c. Note that, x + 21 = 10x2 or equivalently,
ff

equation, 4u2 + 20u+25 = 0, which is 1

ff
x – 10x2 + 21 = 0 can be written as
quadratic. Factoring the left side results in 1
ff
1
ff
1
ff
(x2)2 – 10(x2) + 21 = 0. Let u=x2.Then,
the equivalent equation (2u + 5)2 = 0.
rewriting the original equation yields the
Solving this equation for u yields the
5 equation u2 – 10u+ 21 = 0, which is
solution u = –ff2 . Solving the original
quadratic. Factoring the left side results in the
equation requires that we go back to the
equivalent equation (u– 3)(u– 7) = 0.
substitution and write u in terms of the
Solving this equation for u yields the
original variable b:
5 5 solution u = 3 or u = 7. In order to solve the
u= –ff2 is the same as b2 = –ff2 , which gives us
original equation, we go back to the
b=± �–��= ±i�� = ±i(
5
f
2
5
f
2
�10
f)
2
�
substitution and write u in terms of the
original variable x:
Therefore, the solutions of the original 1
ff
��10 u = 3 is the same as x2 = 3, which gives
equation are b = ±i( f ).
2 x = 32 = 9
1
ff
u = 7 is the same as x2 = 7, which gives
x = 72 = 49
The solutions of the original equation are
x = 9, 49.

221
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

662. a. Observe that 16 – 56�x� + 49x = 0 can be 664. c. We must first write the equation in the
written as 16 – 56�x�+ 49(�x�)2 = 0. Let u= correct form:
1 1
ff ff
�x�. Rewriting the original equation yields 2x6 –x3 – 1 = 0
1 1
ff ff
the equation 16 – 56u+ 49u2 = 0, which is x3 – 2x6 + 1 = 0
1 1
ff ff
quadratic. Factoring the left side results in (x6)2 – 2(x6) + 1 = 0
1
ff
the equivalent equation (4 – 7u)2 = 0. Next, let u = x6. Then, we must solve the
Solving this equation for u yields the equation u2 – 2u+ 1 = 0. Observe that
4
solution u= ff7 . In order to solve the original factoring this equation yields (u– 1)2 = 0.
equation, we go back to the substitution and Consequently, u = 1. Next, we must go back
write u in terms of the original variable x: to the actual substitution and solve the new
4 4
u = ff7 is the same as �x� = ff7 , which gives us equations obtained by substituting in this
1
4 16 ff
x = (ff7 )2 = ff value of u. Specifically, we must solve x6 = 1.
49
Therefore, solution of the original equation This is easily solved by raising both sides to
16
is x = ff the power 6. The result is that x = 1.
49 .
663. a. Note that x – �x� = 6, or equivalently x – 665. b. We must first rewrite the equation in a nicer
�x� – 6 = 0, can be written as (�x�)2 – (�x�) form. Observe that
–1 –1
– 6 = 0. Let u = �x�. Then, rewriting the ff
3 +x 4 –x 2 = 0
ff

above equation yields the equation u2 – u– 6 –1

ff
–1
ff
–x 2 +x 4 +3 = 0
= 0, which is quadratic. Factoring yields the –1
ff
–1
ff
–(x 4 )2 + (x 4 ) + 3 = 0
equivalent equation (u– 3)(u+ 2) = 0. –1
ff
Solving this equation for u yields the Let u = x 4 . Then, solve the quadratic
solutions u = –2 or u= 3. In order to solve equation –u2 + u+ 3 = 0. Using the
the original equation, we must go back to quadratic formula yields
–1 ± ��
1 – 4(–�
1)(3) –1 ± ��13 1 ± �13
�
the substitution and write u in terms of the u= fff
2(–1)
= ff
–2
= f.
2
original variable x: Now, we must go back to the actual
u = –2 is the same as �x� = –2, which does substitution and solve the following
not have a real solution equations involving the original variable x:
u = 3 is the same as �x� = 3, so that x = 9 –1
ff
x4 = 1 + �13
f
�
x4 =
–1
ff 1 – �13
f
�
2 2
Therefore, the solution of the original
–1 –1
ff 1 + �13
� –4 1 – ��
ff 13 –4
equation is x = 9. (x 4 ) –4 = ( f 2
) (x 4 )–4 = ( f 2
)
2 16
x = (f )4 = ff4
1 + �13
� (1 + �13�)
2 16
x= ( f )4 = ff4
1 – �13
� (1 – �13�)
So, the two solutions to the original
16 16
equation are x = ff4 , ff4 .
(1 + �13�) (1 – �13�)

222
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

666. d. Let u = x3 + 5. Then, the equation (x3 + 5)2 668. b. Let u=x2 +x. Observe that (x2 +x)2 + 12 =
– 5(x3 + 5) + 6 = 0 can be written equiva­ 8(x2 +x)or equivalently (x2 +x)2 – 8(x2 +x)
lently as u2 – 5u+ 6 = 0. This factors as + 12 = 0, can be written as u2 – 8u + 12 = 0,
(u– 3)(u– 2) = 0, so we conclude that u= 3, which is quadratic. Factoring yields the
2. Next, we must solve the following equivalent equation (u – 6)(u – 2) = 0.
equations obtained by going back to the Solving this equation for u yields the
actual substitution: solutions u = 2 or u= 6. To solve the original
x3 + 5 = 3 x3 + 5 = 2 equation, we go back to the substitution and
x3 = –2 x3 = –3 write u in terms of the original variable x.
1 1 1 1
3 ff3 ff ff ff
(x ) = (–2)3 (x3)3 = (–3)3 Doing so yields two more quadratic
3 3
x = �–2 � x = �–3 � equations, this time in x, that must be
So, the two solutions to the original solved: First, u = 2 is the same as x2 +x = 2,
3 3
equation are x = �–2 �, �–3 �. or equivalently x2 +x – 2 = 0. Factoring
667. c. Observe that 4x6 + 1 = 5x3, or equivalently yields the equation (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0, so
2
4x6 – 5x3 + 1 = 0, can be written as 4(x3) – that x = – 2 or 1. Similarly, u = 6 is the same
5(x3) + 1 = 0. Let u = x3. Rewriting the as x2 + x = 6, or equivalently x2 + x – 6 = 0.
original equation yields the equation 4u2 – Factoring yields the equation (x + 3)(x – 2)
5u + 1 = 0, which is quadratic. Factoring = 0, so that x = –3 or 2. Therefore, the
yields the equivalent equation (4u – 1)(u – 1) solutions of the original equation are x = –3,
= 0. Solving this equation for u yields the –2, 1, or 2.
( )
1 2
solutions u = ff4 or u = 1. Solving the original 669. a. Let u = 1 + �� w. Observe that 2 1 + �� w
equation requires that we go back to the
substitution and write u in terms of the (
= 13 1 + �� )
w – 6, or equivalently
original variable x:
( ) – 13(1 + ��w) + 6 = 0, can be
2
2 1 + ��
w
u= ff4 is the same as x3 = ff4 , so that x = ��
1 1 3 1
f
4
u = 1 is the same as x3 = 1, so that x = 1 written as 2u2 – 13u + 6 = 0, which is
The solutions of the original equation are quadratic. Factoring yields the equivalent
x = ��
3 1
f , 1. equation (2u– 1)(u– 6) = 0. Solving this
4
1
equation for u yields the solutions u= ff2 or
u= 6. Solving the original equation requires
that we go back to the substitution and
write u in terms of the original variable w.
Doing so yields two more radical equations,
this time in w, that must be solved. First,
1 1
u= ff2 is the same as 1 + �� w = f2f. Isolating
1
the radical term yields �� w = –ff2 , which has
no real solution. Similarly, u = 6 is the same
as 1 + �� w = 6. Isolating the radical term
yields �� w = 5, so that w = 25. The solution
of the original equation is w = 25.

223
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

3 3 3
670. a. Let u = r– ffr . Observe that (r– ffr )2 – (r– ffr ) – 4
671. b. Observe that 6�x� – 13 �x� + 6 = 0 can be
6 = 0 can be written as u2 – u– 6 = 0, which 4 4
written as 6(�x� )2 – 13(�x� ) + 6 = 0. Let
4
is quadratic. Factoring yields the equivalent u = �x� . Rewriting the original equation
equation (u – 3)(u + 2) = 0. Solving this yields the equation 6u2 – 13u + 6 = 0, which
equation for u yields the solutions u = – 2 or is quadratic. Factoring yields the equivalent
u = 3. In order to solve the original equation (2u – 3)(3u – 2) = 0. Solving this
2
equation, we must go back to the substitu- equation for u yields the solutions u = ff3 or
3
tion and write u in terms of the original u= ff2 . Solving the original equation requires
variable r. Doing so yields two more that we go back to the substitution and
equations involving rational expressions, write u in terms of the original variable x:
this time in r, that must be solved. First, 2 4 2
u= f3f is the same as ��x = ff3 , so that
3
u = –2 is the same as r – ffr = –2. Multiply 2 16
x = (ff3 )4 = ff
81 .
both sides by r and solve for r: 3 4 3
3 u= ff2 is the same as ��x = ff2 , so that
r– ffr = –2 3 81
x = (ff2 )4 = ff
16 .
r2 – 3 = –2r
r2 + 2r– 3 = 0 Therefore, the solutions of the original
16 81
(r + 3)(r– 1) = 0 equation are x = ff
81 , 16 .
ff
1 2 1
r = –3,1 672. c. Let u = af3 . Observe that 2a f3 – 11a f3 + 12 = 0
3
Similarly, u = 3 is the same as r– ffr = 3. 1 1

Multiply both sides by r and solve for r: can be written as 2(a f3 )2 – 11(a f3 ) + 12 = 0.
3
r– ffr = 3 Rewriting the original equation yields the
r2 – 3 = 3r equation 2u2 – 11u + 12 = 0, which is
r2 – 3 r – 3 = 0 quadratic. Factoring yields the equivalent
Using the quadratic formula then yields equation (2u – 3)(u– 4) = 0. Solving this
–(–3) ± ��
(–3)2 –�
4(1)(–�
3) 3 ±�21
� 3
r= fff = f. equation for u yields the solutions u = ff2 or
2(1) 2
The solutions of the original equation are u= 4. In order to solve the original equation,
3 ±��21 we go back to the substitution and write u
r = –3, 1, f 2
.
in terms of the original variable a:
1
3 3 3 27
u = ff2 is the same as a f3 = ff2 , so a = (f2f)3 = ff
8
1
u= 4 is the same as a f3 = 4, so a = (4)3 = 64
The solutions of the original equation are
27
a = 64, ff
8.

224
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

S e ct io n 6— 677. a. The domain of the function is the set of all

Ele me n t a r y F u n ct io ns real numbers, so any real number can be
substituted for x. The range of a function is
Set 43 (Page 102) the set of all possible outputs of the
673. b. Draw a horizontal line across the coordinate function. Since the x term is squared, then
plane where y = 3. This line touches the made negative, the largest value that this
graph of f(x) in exactly one place. Therefore, term can equal is 0 (when x = 0). Every
there is one value for which f(x) = 3. other x value will result in a negative value
674. d. The x-axis is the graph of the line y = 0. for f(x). As such, the range of f(x) is the set
The graph of f(x) touches the x-axis in 5 of all real numbers less than or equal to 0.
places. Therefore, there are 5 values for 678. c. You must identify all possible y-values that
which f(x) = 0. are attained within the graph of f. The graph
675. b. Draw a horizontal line across the coordinate of f is comprised of three distinct compo­
plane where y = 10. The arrowheads on the nents, each of which contributes an interval
ends of the curve imply that the graph of values to the range of f. The set of y-values
extends upward, without bound, as x tends corresponding to the bottommost segment
toward both positive and negative infinity. is (–2,–1]; note that –2 is excluded due to
The line y = 10 touches the graph of f(x) in the open hole at (5,–2) on the graph, and
2 places. Therefore, there are 2 values for there is no other x-value in [–5,5] whose
which f(x) = 10. functional value is –2. Next, the portion of
676. e. The domain of a real-valued function is the range corresponding to the middle
the set of all values that, when substituted segment is [0,2); note that 2 is excluded
for the variable, produce a meaningful from the range for the same reason –2 is
output, while the range of a function is the excluded. Finally, the horizontal segment
set of all possible outputs. All real numbers contributes the singleton {3} to the range;
can be substituted for x in the function even though there is a hole in the graph at
f(x) = x2 – 4, so the domain of the function (0,3), there are infinitely many other
is the set of all real numbers. Since the x x-values in [–5,5] whose functional value
term is squared, the smallest value that this is 3, thereby requiring that it be included
term can equal is 0 (when x = 0). Therefore, in the range. Thus, the range is
the smallest value that f(x) can attain occurs (–2, –1][0,2){3}.
when x = 0. Observe that f(0) = 02 – 4 = –4. 679. c. The graph of g is steadily decreasing from
The range of f(x) is the set of all real left to right, beginning at the point (–5,4)
numbers greater than or equal to –4. and ending at (5,–4), with the only gap
occurring in the form of a hole at (0,1).
Since there is no x-value in [–5,5] whose
functional value is 1, this value must be
excluded from the range. All other values in
the interval [–4,4] do belong to the range.
Thus, the range is [–4,1)(1, 4].

225
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

9f(x) 9[ –(2x – (–1 – x2))] –9(x2 + 2x + 1)

680. d. Using the graphs yields f(0) = 0, f(2) = –1, 686. b. f
g(x) = fff 3(1 + x) = ff 3(x + 1)
and g(5) = –4. Substituting these values into –9(x + 1) 2
= ff
3(x + 1) = –3(x + 1) = –g(x)
the given expression yields
2 · f(0) + [f(2) · g(5)]2 = 2(0) + [(–1)( –4)]2 6(x + 1)
687. d. Since the function 2g(x)h(x) = f
x2 + 1
is a
= 0 + 42 = 16 rational function, its domain is the set of all
681. b. The zeros of a polynomial are precisely its those x-values for which the denominator is
x-intercepts, which are –3,1, and 3. not equal to zero. There is no real number x
682. c. The lowest point on the graph of y = p(x) that satisfies the equation x2 + 1 = 0.
occurs at (2, –1), so the smallest possible y- Therefore, the domain is the set of all real
value attained is –1. Further, every real numbers.
number greater than –1 is also attained at 688. b. 3f(x) – 2xg(x) – f 1
h(x)
some x-value. Hence, the range is [–1,»). 1
683. a. The domain of any polynomial function is = 3[–(2x – (–1 – x2))] – 2x[3(x + 1)] – 1
2
1� + �x
! because any real number can be = –3(x2 + 2x + 1) – 6x(x + 1) – (x2 + 1)
substituted in for x in p(x) and yield = –3x2 – 6x – 3 – 6x2 – 6x – x2– 1
another real number. = –10x2 – 12x – 4
684. d. We must identify the x-values of the portion = – 2(5x2 + 6x + 2)
of the graph of y = p(x) that lies between the
horizontal lines y = –1 and y = 0 (i.e., the Set 44 (Page 105)
x-axis). Once this is done, we exclude the 689. a. The graph of the equation in diagram A is
x-values of the points where the graph of not a function. A function requires that each
y = p(x) intersects the line y = –1 (because unique input yields no more than one
of the strict inequality), and we include output. The graph in diagram A fails the
those x-values of the points where the graph vertical line test for all x-values where
of y = p(x) intersects the line y = 0. This –2 � x � 2. For each of these x-values
yields the set [1, 2)(2, 3]{–3}. (inputs), there are two y-values (outputs).
685. b. The graph of f has a vertical asymptote at 690. d. The range of a function is the set of all
x = 1 and a horizontal asymptote at y = –2. possible outputs of the function. In each
Since the graph follows the vertical of the five equations, the set of possible
asymptote up to positive infinity as x y-values that can be generated for the
approaches x = 1 from the left and down to equation is the range of the equation. We
negative infinity as x approaches x = 1 from must identify the coordinate planes that
the right, and it does not cross the show a graph that extends below the x-axis.
horizontal asymptote, we conclude that the These equations have negative y-values, which
graph attains all y-values except –2. Hence, means that the range contains negative values.
the range is (–»,–2)(–2,»). The graphs of the equations in diagrams A,
B, and D extend below the x-axis. However,
the graph in diagram A is not a function. It
fails the vertical line test for all x-values
where –2 � x � 2. The equations graphed
in diagrams B and D are functions whose
ranges contain negative values.

226
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

691. e. The equation of the graph in diagram B is greater than –3. Therefore, the range of
y = |x| – 3. Any real number can be y = |x| –3 is the set of all real numbers
substituted into this equation. There are no greater than or equal to –3. So, the domain
x-values that will generate an undefined or and range of y = |x| –3 are not the same.
imaginary y-value. The equation of the The equation of the graph in diagram E is
graph in diagram E is y = (x – 3)2 + 1.With y = (x – 3)2 + 1. With this equation as well,
this equation as well, any real number can any real number can be substituted for x—
be substituted for x—there are no x-values there are no x-values that will generate an
that will generate an undefined or undefined or imaginary y-value. However, it
imaginary y-value. The equation of the is impossible to generate a y-value that is
graph in diagram D is y = ff1x . If x = 0, this less than 1. Any x-value will generate a
function will be undefined. Therefore, the y-value that is greater than 1. Therefore, the
domain of this function is all real numbers range of the equation y = (x – 3)2 + 1 is the
excluding 0. Only the functions in diagrams set of all real numbers greater than or equal
B and E have a domain of all real numbers to 1. So, the domain and range of y =
with no exclusions. (x – 3)2 + 1 are not the same.
2
692. b. The equation of the graph in diagram C is 693. a. Substitute the expression – __ x for every
y = �x�. Since the square root of a negative occurrence of x in the definition of the
number is imaginary, the domain of this function f(x), and then simplify:
equation is the set of all real numbers 2
f(– __ 1
____
x ) = – (– )
2 3
—
x
greater than or equal to 0. The square roots
1
of real numbers greater than or equal to 0 = –____
(– ) 8
—
x3

are also real numbers that are greater than x3

= –1 · (– __
8)
or equal to 0. Therefore, the range of y = x3
= __
8
�x� is the set of all real numbers greater
694. a. Substitute the expression 2y – 1 for every
than or equal to 0; the domain and range of
occurrence of x in the definition of the
the equation are the same. The equation of
function f(x), and then simplify:
the graph in diagram D is y = ff1x . If x = 0, this
f(2y – 1) =
function will be undefined. Therefore, the
(2y – 1)2 + 3(2y – 1) – 2 =
domain of this function is all real numbers
4y2 – 4y + 1 + 6y – 3 – 2 =
excluding 0. Dividing 1 by a real number
4y2 + 2y – 4
(excluding 0) will yield real numbers,
695. c. Simplifying f(x + h) requires we substitute
excluding 0. Therefore, the range of y = ff1x is
the expression x + h for every occurrence of
all real numbers excluding 0, and so the
x in the definition of the function f(x), and
domain and range of the equation are the
then simplify:
same. The equation of the graph in diagram
f(x + h) =
B is y = |x| – 3. Any real number can be
–[(x + h) –1]2 + 3 =
substituted into this equation. There are no
–[(x + h)2 – 2(x + h)+ 1] + 3 =
x-values that will generate an undefined or
–[x2 + 2hx + h2 – 2x – 2h + 1] + 3 =
imaginary y-value. However, it is impossible
–x2 – 2hx – h2+ 2x + 2h – 1 + 3 =
to generate a y-value that is less than –3.
–x2 – 2hx – h2+ 2x + 2h + 2
Any x-value will generate a y-value that is

227
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Next, in anticipation of simplifying f(x + h) – Next, substitute that result for x in g(x).
f(x), we expand the expression for f(x) = g(7) = 7 – 2 = 5
–(x – 1)2 + 3 in order to facilitate combining Finally, substitute this result for x in f(x):
like terms: f(5) = 2(5) + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11
f(x) = Thus, f(g(f(3))) = 11.
–(x – 1)2 + 3 = 700. c. Begin with the innermost function. You are
–(x2 – 2x + 1) + 3 = given the value of f(x): f(x) = 6x + 4.
–x2 + 2x – 1 + 3 = Substitute this expression for x in the
–x2 + 2x + 2 equation g(x), and then simplify:
Finally, simplify the original expression g(6x + 4) =
f(x + h) – f(x): (6x + 4)2 – 1 =
f(x + h) – f(x) = 36x2 + 24x + 24x + 16 – 1 =
(–x2 – 2hx – h2 + 2x + 2h + 2) – (–x2 + 2x + 2) = 36x2 + 48x + 15
–x2 – 2hx – h2 + 2x + 2h + 2 + x2 – 2x –2 = Therefore, g(f(x)) = 36x2 + 48x + 15.
–2hx – h2 + 2h = 701. b. Since g(0) = 2 and f(2) = –1, we have
–h(2x + h – 2) (f ˚ g)(0) = f(g(0)) = f(2) = –1.
696. c. By definition, (g ˚ h)(4) = g(h(4)). Observe 702. b. Since f(5) = 0 and f(0) = 0, we work from
that h(4) = 4 – 2�4� = 4 – 2(2) = 0, so the inside outward to obtain
g(h(4)) = g(0) = 2(0)2 – 0 – 1 = –1. Thus, we f(f(f(f(5)))) = f(f(f(0))) = f(f(0)) = f(0) = 0
conclude that (g ˚ h)(4) = –1. 703. c. Replace x by x + 2 in f(x) to obtain:
697. d. By definition, (f ˚ f ˚ f)(2x) = f(f(f(2x))). f(x + 2) =
Working from the inside outward, we first �� (x + 2)2�– 4(x� + 2) =
note that f(2x) = –(2x)2 = –4x2. Then, �� x2 + 4x� +4–� 4x – 8 =
f(f(2x)) = f(–4x2) = – (–4x2)2 = –16x4. �� 2
x –4
Finally, f(f(f(2x))) = f(–16x4) = – (–16x4)2 =
–256x8. Thus, we conclude that (f ˚ f ˚ f)(2x)
= –256x8.
698. b. Begin with the innermost function: find f(–
2) by substituting –2 for x in the function
f(x):
f(–2) = 3(–2) + 2 = –6 + 2 = –4
Then, substitute the result for x in g(x).
g(–4) = 2(–4) – 3 = –8 – 3 = –11
Thus, g(f(–2)) = –11
699. e. Begin with the innermost function: Find
f(3) by substituting 3 for x in the function
f(x):
f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7

228
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

704. b. The domain of g ˚ f consists of only those 707. b. The graph of the equation y = 2 is a
values of x for which the quantity f(x) is horizontal line that crosses the y-axis at
defined (that is, x belongs to the domain of (0,2). Horizontal lines have a slope of 0.
f) and for which f(x) belongs to the domain This line is a function, since it passes the
of g. For the present scenario, the domain of vertical line test: A vertical line can be
f consists of only those x-values for which – drawn through the graph of y = 2 at any
3x � 0, which is equivalent to x � 0. Since point and will cross the graphed function in
the domain of g(x) = �� 2x2 + 18� is the set of only one place. The domain of the function
all real numbers, it follows that all x-values is the set of all real numbers, but all x-values
in the interval (–»,0] are permissible inputs yield the same y-value: 2. Therefore, the
in the composition function (g ˚ f)(x), and range of y = 2 is {2}.
that, in fact, these are the only permissible 708. b. The graph of f(x) = |x| has its lowest point at
inputs. Therefore, the domain of g ˚ f is the origin, which is both an x-intercept and
(–»,0]. a y-intercept. Since f(x) � 0 for any nonzero
real number x, it cannot have another
Set 45 (Page 107) x-intercept. Moreover, a function can have
705. a. The radicand of an even-indexed radical only one y-intercept, since if it had more
term (e.g., a square root) must be nonnega­ than one, it would not pass the vertical line
tive if it occurs in the numerator of a test.
fraction and strictly positive if it is in the 709. b. The intersection of the graph of f(x) = x3
denominator of a fraction. For the present and the graph of the horizontal line y = a
function, this restriction takes the form of can be found by solving the equation x3 = a.
the inequality –x � 0, which upon Taking the cube root of both sides yields a
3
multiplication on both sides by –1, is single solution of x = �a�, which is
equivalent to x � 0. Hence, the domain of meaningful for any real number a.
the function f(x) = �–�x is (–»,0].
706. d. There is no restriction on the radicand of an
odd-indexed radical term (e.g., a cube root)
if it is in the numerator of a fraction,
whereas the radicand of such a radical term
must be nonzero if it occurs in the
denominator of a fraction. For the present
function, this restriction takes the form of
the statement –1 – x ≠ 0, which is equivalent
to x ≠ –1. Hence, the domain of the
1
function g(x) = f 3 is (–»,–1)(–1,»).
��
–1 – x

229
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

710. c. The graph of f(x) = ff1x , in fact, decreasing on 713. c. The radicand of an odd-indexed radical
its entire domain, not just (0,»). Its graph is term (e.g., a fifth root) must be nonzero if it
given here: occurs in the denominator of a fraction,
y which is presently the case. As such, the
10

8
restriction takes the form of the statement
2 – x ≠ 0, which is equivalent to x ≠ 2. Thus,
6
the domain is (–»,2)!(2,»).
4
714. c. The x-intercepts of f are those values of x
2
satisfying the equation 1 – |2x – 1| = 0,
x which is equivalent to |2x – 1| = 1. Using the
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2 fact that |a| = b if and only if a = ±b, we

–4 solve the two equations 2x – 1 = ±1
–6 separately:
–8
2x – 1 = – 1 2x – 1 = 1
2x = 0 2x = 2
–10
x =0 x=1
711. c. The square root of a negative value is
Thus, there are precisely two x-intercepts of
imaginary, so the value of 4x – 1 must be
the given function.
greater than or equal to 0. Symbolically, we
715. d. The x-values of the points of intersection of
have:
the graphs of f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x4 must
4x – 1 � 0
satisfy the equation x4 = x2. This equation is
4x � 1
solved as follows:
x � ff41
x4 = x2
Hence, the domain of f(x) is the set of all
x4 – x2 = 0
real numbers greater than or equal to ff41 .
x2(x2 – 1) = 0
The smallest value of f(x) occurs at x = ff41 ,
x2(x – 1)(x + 1) = 0
and its value is ÷4(��� 1
) – 1 = �0� = 0.
f
4 x = –1, 0, 1
So, the range of the function is the set of all The points of intersection are (–1,1), (0,0),
real numbers greater than or equal to 0. and (1,1). So, there are more than two
712. c. The minimum value for each of these points of intersection.
functions occurs at its vertex, which is at
(0,0). Also, for any positive real number a,
the graphs of both f and g intersect the
horizontal line y = a (twice). Therefore, the
range of both functions is [0,»).

230
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

716. d. The x-values of the points of intersection of Set 46 (Page 109)

the graphs of f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 4x3 must 721. c. The domain of a rational function is the set
satisfy the equation 4x3 = 2x. This equation of all real numbers that do not make the
is solved as follows: denominator equal to zero. For this
4x3 = 2x function, the values of x that must be
4x3 – 2x = 0 excluded from the domain are the solutions
4x(x2 – ff21 ) = 0 of the equation x3 – 4x = 0. Factoring the left
4x(x – ÷�
2 )(x + ÷�
1
f
1
2) = 0
f side yields the equivalent equation
x3 – 4x = x(x2 – 4) = x(x – 2)(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, ±÷�
1
f
2 The solutions of this equation are
So, the points of intersection are (0,0), x = –2,0, and 2. Hence, the domain is
(÷�
2 , 2÷�
1
f 2 ), and (–÷�
1
f 2 , –2÷�
1
f
1
2 ).
f (–»,–2)(–2,0)(0,2)(2,»).
722. d. First, simplify the expression for f(x) as
So, there are more than two points of
follows:
intersection.
(x – 3)(x2 – 16) (x – 3)(x – 4)(x + 4)
717. b. The x-values of the points of intersection of ff
(x2 + 9)(x – 4)
= fff
(x2 + 9)(x – 4)
=
the graphs of f(x) = ff43 x2 and g(x) = ff
5 2
16 x (x – 3)(x + 4) x2 + x – 12
3 2
must satisfy the equation ff4 x = ff 5 2 ff = ff
16 x . This (x2 + 9) x2 + 9
equation is solved as follows: While there is a hole in the graph of f at
3
ffx2 = ff x2
5 x = 4, there is no x-value that makes the
4 16
3 2 5 denominator of the simplified expression
ff 2
4 x – 16 x = 0
ff
equal to zero. Hence, there is no vertical
(ff43 – f16
5 2
f)x = 0 asymptote. But, since the degrees of the
x2 = 0 numerator and denominator are equal,
x=0 there is a horizontal asymptote given by
Hence, there is only one point of intersec­ y = 1 (since the quotient of the coefficients
tion, namely (0,0). of the terms of highest degree in the
718. b. The y-intercept for a function y = f(x) is the numerator and denominator is 1 � 1 = 1).
point (0,f(0)). Observe that f(0) 723. a. We must identify the intervals in the domain
–2 –|2 – 3(0)| –2 – 2 –4 of p(x) on which the graph of y = p(x) rises
= ff
4 – 2(0)2|–0|
= f = ff
4 = –1.
4–0 from left to right. This happens on the
So, the y-intercept is (0, –1). intervals (–3,0)(2,»).
719. a. If there is no x-value that satisfies the 724. a. The graph of f passes the horizontal line test
equation f(x) = 0 then the graph of y = f(x) on this interval, so, it has an inverse.
does not cross the horizontal line y = 0, 725. c. Determining the inverse function for f
which is the x-axis. So, there are no requires that we solve for x in the expression
x-intercepts. y= x–1
f:
5x + 2
720. b. If there is no x-value that satisfies the x–1
y= ff
5x + 2
equation f(x) = 3, then there is no point on
y(5x + 2) = x – 1
the graph of y = f(x) when y = 3. Therefore,
5xy + 2y = x – 1
3 is not in the range of f.
5xy – x = –2y – 1

231
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

x(5y – 1) = –2y – 1 Since the solutions are imaginary, we

x= –2y – 1
ff conclude that there are no x-intercepts.
5y – 1
Now, we conclude that the function f –1(y) = Hence, III is not a characteristic of the
–2y –1 1 graph of f.
5y – 1 , y ≠ ff
5 is the inverse function of f.
ff
726. d. Remember that the domain of f is equal to 729. b. The expression for f can be simplified as
the range of f –1. As such, since 0 does not follows:
belong to the range of f –1, it does not belong (2 – x)2(x + 3) (–(x – 2))2(x + 3)
ff = ff
x(x – 2)2
=
to the domain of f, so f(0) is undefined.
(x – 2)2(x + 3) x+3
Also, the fact that (1,4) is on the graph of ff
x(x – 2)2
= ff
x
y = f(x) means that f(1) = 4; this is
Since x = 2 makes both the numerator and
equivalent to saying that (4,1) is on the
denominator of the unsimplified expression
graph of f –1, or that f –1(4) = 1. So, all three
equal to zero, there is a hole in the graph of f
statements are true.
at this value. So, statement I holds.
727. a. Determining the inverse function for f
Next, since the degrees of the numerator and
requires that we solve for x in the expression
denominator are equal, there is a horizontal
y = x3 + 2:
asymptote given by y = 1 (since the quotient
y = x3 + 2
of the coefficients of the terms of highest
y – 2 = x3
3 degree in the numerator and denominator is
x = �� y–2
3 1 � 1 = 1). Because x = 0 makes the
Hence, the inverse is f –1(y) = �� y – 2.
denominator equal to zero, but does not
728. b. First, note that x2 + 1 does not factor, so x = 1
make the numerator equal to zero, it is a
is a vertical asymptote for the graph of f.
vertical asymptote. So, statement II holds.
Since the degree of the numerator of the
Finally, since x = 0 is a vertical asymptote,
fraction is exactly one more than that of the
the graph of f cannot intersect this line, and
denominator, we can conclude that the graph
there is no y-intercept. So, statement III
has no horizontal asymptote, but does have
does not hold.
an oblique asymptote. Hence, II is a
730. c. The y-values of f(x) = fx1f get smaller as x-
characteristic of the graph of f.
values move from left to right on (–»,0).
Next, while there is a y-intercept, (0,3), there
The graph is as follows:
is no x-intercept. To see this, we must
consider the equation f(x) = 0 which is 10
y
x2 + 1 2(x – 1) – (x2 + 1)
equivalent to 2 – ff x – 1 = fff x–1 8
–(x2 – 2x + 3)
= ff x–1 = 0. 6

The x-values that satisfy this equation are 4

those that make the numerator equal to zero,
2
but do not make the denominator equal to
x
zero. Since the numerator does not factor, we –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2
know that (x – 1) is not a factor of it, so we
need only solve the equation. x2 – 2x + 3 = 0. –4

Using the quadratic formula yields –6

–(–2) ± �� 4(1)(3)�
(–2)2 –� �
2±�–8
x = fff 2(1) =f 2 = –8

–10
1 ± i�2�
232
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

731. d. The y-values on all three graphs increase as y

10
the x-values move from left to right in the
8
interval (0,»). Their graphs are as follows:
6

f(x) = x3
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10
y
10

x x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) = 2x + 5
–2

–4

–6

–8

–10
y
10

x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2
f(x) = |x|
–4

–6

–8

–10

233
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

2
x +1
732. c. The function f(x) = ffx2 + 3 has no vertical asymptote since no value of x makes the denominator equal to
zero, and has the horizontal asymptote y = 1.
733. d. The function f(x) = x3 is an example that illustrates the truth of statements a and b. And the function
g(x) = –1 – x2 illustrates the truth of statement c. Their graphs are as follows:

y
10

f(x) = x3 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10
y
10

g(x) = –1 – x2 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

234
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

734. d. Statement a is true because, by definition, a 736. a. The x-values of the points of intersection of
positive slope of m means that the graph of the graphs of f(x) = �x� and g(x) = 3�x�
the line rises vertically m units for every must satisfy the equation �x� = 3�x�, which
positive unit increase in x. Next, the graph is solved as follows:
1
of the function f(x) = ffx2 intersects both �x� = 3�x�
Quadrants I and II, illustrating the truth of �x� – 3�x� = 0
statement b. (See the following graph.) –2�x� = 0
Statement c is true because the vertex is the x=0
point at which the maximum or minimum
value of a quadratic function occurs. These Set 47 (Page 112)
graphs resemble the letter U or an upside 737. d. We apply the general principle that the graph
down U, so that the graph is indeed of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by shifting the
decreasing on one side of the vertex and graph of y = g(x) right (resp. left) h units if
increasing on the other side of the vertex. h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up (resp.) down k
y
10 units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Here, observe
that f(x) = (x + 2)3 – 3 = g(x + 2) – 3, so the
8
correct choice is d.
6
738. d. In order for the turning point of the parabola
4 to be in Quadrant II, its x-coordinate must
2
be negative and its y-coordinate must be
positive. Note that the turning point of
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 y = –(x + 2)2 + 1 is (–2, 1), so that the
–2 correct choice is d.
–4 739. a. The turning point of y = (x – 2)2 – 2 is (2, –2),
while the turning point of y = x2 is (0,0).
–6
Therefore, we would shift the graph of y =
–8
x2 to the right 2 units and down 2 units.
–10 740. c. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by
735. b. The x-values of the points of intersection of shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
the graphs of f(x) = –4x and g(x) = 2�x� left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up
must satisfy the equation–4x = 2�x�, which (resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0).
is solved as follows: Here, observe that f(x) = (x – 4)3 + 1 = g(x
–4x = 2�x� – 4) + 1, so the correct choice is c.
(–4x)2 = (2�x�)2 741. d. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by
16x2 = 4x shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
16x2 – 4x = 0 left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up
4x(4x – 1) = 0 (resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0).
x = 0, ff41 Here, observe that f(x) = (x – 2)2 – 4 = g(x –
2) – 4, so the correct choice is d.

235
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

742. b. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by 748. d. The graph of y = –g(x + h) + k is obtained
shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp. by shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
left) h units if h < 0 (resp. h > 0), and up left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then
(resp. down) k units if k > 0 (resp. k < 0). reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and
Here, observe that f(x) = (x – 2)3– 1 = finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k
g(x – 2) – 1, so the correct choice is b. units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Hence, the
743. d. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by correct choice is d.
shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp. 749. a. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by
left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
(resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up
Here, observe that f(x) = �� x–5–3= (resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0).
g(x – 5) – 3, so the correct choice is d. Hence, the correct choice is a.
744. d. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by 750. c. The graph of y = –g(x + h) + k is obtained
shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp. by shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then
(resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and
Here, observe that f(x) = 2�x� +3= finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k
g(x + 3), so the correct choice is d. units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Hence, the
745. a. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by correct choice is c.
shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp. 751. b. The graph of y = –g(x + h) + k is obtained
left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), and up by shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
(resp. down) k units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then
Here, observe that, f(x) = |x + 6| + 4 = reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and
g(x + 6) + 4, so that the correct choice is a. finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k
746. b. The graph of y = –g(x + h) + k is obtained units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Hence, the
by shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp. correct choice is b.
left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then 752. d. The graph of y = g(x + h) + k is obtained by
reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then
units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Here, observe reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and
that f(x) = –|x – 1| + 5 = –g(x – 1) + 5, so finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k
the correct choice is b. units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Hence, the
747. a. The graph of y = –g(x + h) + k is obtained correct choice is d.
by shifting the graph of y = g(x) right (resp.
left) h units if h � 0 (resp. h � 0), then Set 48 (Page 115)
reflecting the graph over the x-axis, and 753. b. e3x–2y = e3xe–2y = (ex)3(ey)–2 = 233–2 = ff98
finally shifting the graph up (resp. down) k 754. b. 2x · 2x+1 = 2x+x+1 = 22x+1
units if k � 0 (resp. k � 0). Here, observe that 755. c. (4x–1)2·16 = 42(x–1)·16 = 42x–2 · 42 = 42x–2+2
f(x) = –(x + 3)3+ 5 = –g(x + 3) + 5, so the = 42x

( )
1 1 1 1
correct choice is a. 54x f2 f f f
756. c. f
52x – 6
= (54x–(2x– 6)) 2 = (52x+6)2 = 5 2 (2x+6)
= 5x+3

236
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

757. b. (ex + e–x)2 = (ex)2 + 2(ex)(e–x) + (e–x)2 = e2x + 762. d. If 0 � b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very
2 + e–2x = e2x + e–2x + 2 close to the x-axis as the x-values move to
(53x–1)3 · 5x–1 59x–35x–1 510x–4
758. d. ff 52x =f 52x =f52x = 5
8x–4
the right, and the y-values grow very rapidly
= (54)2x–1 = 6252x–1 as the x-values move to the left. A typical
759. b. ex(ex –1) – e–x(ex – 1) = (ex)2 – ex – (e–x)(ex) – graph is as follows:
y
(e–x)(–1) = e2x – ex – 1+ e–x 10

ex(ex – e–x) + e–x(ex + e–x)

760. b. fff e–2x
8

(e )(e ) – (ex)(e–x) + (e–x)(ex) + (e–x)(e–x)

x x 6
= fffff e–2x
2x
e –1+1+e –2x 4
= ff e–2x
2x –2x 2
e +e
=f e–2x
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
= e4x + 1
–2
761. b. If b � 1, the graph of y = bx gets very close
to the x-axis as the x-values move to the left. –4

A typical graph is as follows: –6

y
10 –8

8 –10
763. c. If b � 0, then bx � 0, so the equation bx = 0
6
has no solution.
()
–x
4 764. c. Note that ff21 = 2x. The graph of y = 2x is
2 always above the x-axis, so statement c is
true.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
765. b. Observe that 1 – 3x � 0 is equivalent to
–2
3x � 1. The graph of y = 3x is always
–4 increasing and is equal to 1 when x = 0, so
–6
for all x > 0, 3x � 1. Hence, the solution set is
[0,»).
–8

( ) = ( ) , which is strictly
2x
4 x
766. c. Observe that –ff32 f9f
–10

positive, for any real number x. Therefore,

( )
2x
the solution set for the inequality –ff32 �0
is the empty set.

237
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

()
x
767. c. The graph of f(x) = – f43f is always below Set 49 (Page 116)
the x-axis and increases as x moves from left 769. b. The graph of f(x) = 1 – 2ex is obtained by
to right, as shown by its graph: reflecting the graph of g(x) = ex over the
y
10 x-axis, scaling it by a factor of 2, and then
translating it up one unit. In doing so, the
8
original horizontal asymptote y = 0 for g
6
becomes y = 1, and the graph of f always
4 stays below this asymptote. Hence, the range
2
is (–»,1). See the following graph.
y
4
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x

–2 2

–4
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–6
–2
–8

–10 –4

( )
15 3x –6
768. d. The graph of f(x) = – ff
7 is always below
–8
the x-axis and is decreasing as x moves from
left to right, as shown by its graph: 770. c. Rewrite the expression on the right side of
y
10 the equation as a power of 2, as 43x = (22)3x =
8
26x, and substitute into the original equation
2
to obtain the equivalent equation 27x –1 = 26x.
6
Now, equate the exponents and solve for x:
4 7x2 – 1 = 6x
2 7x2 – 6x – 1 = 0
(7x + 1)(x – 1) = 0
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 The solutions are x = –ff71 and x = 1.
1
–2
771. d. Since ff –2
25 = 5 , the original equation is
–4 equivalent to 5�� x+1
= 5–2. The x-values that
–6
satisfy this equation must satisfy the one
obtained by equating the exponents of the
–8
expressions on both sides of the equation,
–10 which is �� x+1 = –2. But the left side of this
equation is nonnegative for any x-value that
does not make the radicand negative.
Hence, the equation has no solution.

238
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

772. d. The graph of f(x) = –e2–x – 3 can be 775. c. Multiply both sides by the denominator on
obtained by reflecting the graph of g(x) = the right side. Then, observe that 1 can be
ex about the y-axis, then shifting it to the left written as 40.
1
2 units, then reflecting it over the x-axis, and 42x–3 = ff
4x
1
finally shifting it down 3 units. The graph is 42x–3 · 4x = ff
4x · 4
x

as follows: 42x–3+x = 1
y 43x–3 = 40
4
3x – 3 = 0
2 x=1
776. d. The power to which 125 should be raised in
x order to yield 25 is not obvious. However,
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
–2
note that 125 and 25 are both powers of 5.
We use this fact in order to first rewrite the
–4 equation in a more convenient form, and
–6 then solve for x:
125x = 25
–8 (53)x = 52
–10
53x = 52
Equating exponents yields 3x = 2. Thus, we
conclude that the solution is x = ff32 .
–12
777. b. First, simplify the left side. Then, equate the
–14 exponents and solve the resulting equation.
(ex) = e10
x–3

It is evident that all three characteristics ex2–3x = e10

provided in choices, a, b, and c hold from x2 – 3x = 10
this graph. x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
773. d. Since 8 can be expressed as a power of 2, we (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0
can write the following: x = 5, x = –2
2x–5 = 8 778. d. Rewrite the left side of the equation as
2x–5 = 23 a power of 4, then equate the exponents and
Equating exponents yields x – 5 = 3, so x = 8 solve for x:
is the solution. 163x–1 = 42x+3
774. a. First, rewrite 9 as a power of 3. Then, (42)3x–1 = 42x+3
simplify the right side, as follows: 42(3x–1) = 42x+3
32x = 9 · 3x–1 2(3x – 1) = 2x + 3
32x = 32 · 3x–1 6x – 2 = 2x + 3
32x = 32+x–1 4x = 5
32x = 3x+1 x = ff45
Equating exponents yields 2x = x + 1.
Solving this equation yields x = 1.

239
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

779. c. Rewrite both sides of the equation as a 783. c. Factor the left side of the equation, set each
power of 2, then equate the exponents and factor equal to zero, and solve for x:
solve for x: 2x2 · ex – 7x · ex + 6 · ex = 0
4x+1 = (ff21 )2x ex(2x2 – 7x + 6) = 0
(22)x+1 = (2–1)2x ex(2x – 3)(x – 2) = 0
22(x+1) = 2–2x ex = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
2(x + 1) = –2x Since ex = 0 has no solutions, we conclude
2x + 2 = –2x that the solutions are ff23 and 2.
4x = –2 784. b. Factor the left side of the equation, set each
x = –ff21 factor equal to zero, and solve for x:
780. a. Factor the left side of the equation, set each e2x + 5ex – 6 = 0
factor equal to zero, and solve for x, as (ex) 2 + 5(ex) – 6 = 0
follows: (ex + 6)(ex – 1) = 0
x · 3x + 5 · 3x = 0 ex + 6 = 0 or ex – 1 = 0
3x(x+ 5) = 0 ex = – 6 = 0 or ex = 1
3x = 0 or x + 5 = 0 Since ex is always positive, the first equation
Since 3x = 0 has no solutions, we conclude has no solution. However, the second
that the only solution is x = –5. equation is satisfied when x = 0.
781. a. Rewrite both sides of the equation as a
power of 10, then equate the exponents and Set 50 (Page 118)
solve for x using the quadratic formula: 785. d. Finding x such that log327 = x is equivalent
(10x+1)2x = 100 to finding x such that 3x = 27. Since 27 = 33,
102x(x+1) = 102 the solution of this equation is 3.

( ) = x is equivalent
2x(x + 1) = 2 1
786. b. Finding x such that log3 ff
9
2x2 + 2x = 2
2x2 + 2x – 2 = 0 to finding x such that 3x = ff91 . Since ff91 = 3–2,
x2 + x – 1 = 0 we conclude that the solution of this equation
–1 ± �� 1 – 4(1�
)( –1) –1 ± �5� is –2.
x = fff 2(1) =f 2
787. c. Finding x such that logff18 = x is equivalent to
782. c. Rewrite both sides of the equation as a 2

( ) = 8. Since 8 = 2
1 x 3
power of 2, then equate the exponents and finding x such that ff
2
solve for x using the quadratic formula:
2��x · 2 = 8
and ( ) = (2
1 x
ff
2
–1 x
) = 2–x, this equation is
equivalent to 23 = 2–x, the solution of which
2��x +1 = 23
is –3.
�x� + 1 = 3
788. c. Finding x such that log7�7� = x is equivalent
�x� = 2
to finding x such that 7x = �7�. Since �7� =
x=4 1
7f2 , we conclude that the solution of this
equation is ff21 .

240
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

789. a. Finding x such that log51 = x is equivalent 798. a. First, write the expression on the left side as
to finding x such that 5x = 1. We conclude the ln of a single expression.

( ) = ln8
that the solution of this equation is 0. 1
3ln ff
x
790. d. Finding x such that log1664 = x is equivalent
ln( ) = ln8
3
to finding x such that 16x = 64. We rewrite 1
ff
x
the expressions on both sides of the
( ) =8
3
1
equation using the same base of 2. Indeed, ff
x
observe that 16x = (24)x = 24x and 64 = 26.
Hence, the value of x we seek is the solution x–3 = 8
of the equation 4x = 6, which is x = ff46 = ff23 . –1
(x–3) f3 = 8 f3
–1

791. c. The equation log6x = 2 is equivalent to

x = ff21
x = 62 = 36. So, the solution is x = 36. –1 –1 –1
1 ��3
799. b. e f2 ln3 = e ln(3) f2 = 3f2 = f = f
792. b. logax = loga(5�a�) = loga5 + loga(�a�) = �3� 3
1
loga5 + loga(af2 ) = loga5 + ff21 logaa = 800. c. The given expression can be written as one
loga5 + 1
ff involving the terms ln x and ln y:
2
793. b. log3(34 · 93) = log3(34) + log3(93) =
4log3 3 + 3log39 = 4(1) +3(2) = 10
ln ( )=
e2y
f
�x�
ln (e2y) – ln(�x�) =
794. d. The equation 53x–1 = 7 is equivalent to
1
log5 7 = 3x – 1. This equation is solved as ln (e2) + ln y – ln(xf2 ) =
follows:
2ln(e) + ln y – ff21 ln x =
log5 7 = 3x – 1
2 + ln y – ff21 ln x
3x = 1 + log5 7
Substituting ln x = 3 and ln y = 2 into this
x = ff31 (1 + log5 7)
expression yields
795. b. The given expression can be written as one 2
involving the terms logax and logay:
ey
ln ( f
�x�
) = 2 + ln y – ff21 ln x = 2 + 2 – ff21 (3) =

loga
()
x
ff3
y = logax – loga(y3) = logax – 3logay 4 – ff23 = ff25

Substituting logax = 2 and logay = –3 into

Set 51 (Page 119)
this expression yields
801. a. Using the logarithm rules yields
loga ()
x
ff
y3 = loga x – 3loga(y) = 2 – 3(–3) = 3ln(xy2) – 4ln(x2y) + ln(xy) =
3 4
ln(xy2) – ln(x2y) + ln(xy) =
2 + 9 = 11
796. a. The equation 3log32 = x is equivalent to log3x
= log32. So, the solution is x = 2.
ln� � + ln(xy) =
(xy2)3
f
(x2y)4

ln �
797. c. Since f(x) = logax and g(x) = ax are inverses,
it follows by definition that f(g(x)) =
�=
(xy2)3(xy)
ff
(x2y)4

ln �
loga(ax) = x.
�=x3y6xy
f
x8y4

y3
ln f4
x

802. a. log8 2 + log8 4 = log8(2 · 4) = log8 8 = 1

803. c. 4 log9 3 = log9(34) = log9 81 = 2

241
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

3
18x
804. a. ln(18x3) – ln(6x) = ln(ff 2
6x ) = ln(3x ) 813. a. As the x-values decrease toward zero, the
805. b. 2
log7 ff 2 2 2 2 7 y-values on the graph of f(x) = ln x plunge
49 – log7 f7f = log7(ff
49 � ff 7 ) = log7(ff 2)
49 · ff
1 downward very sharply, as can be seen in
= log7 ff7 = –1
the following graph:
806. d. 3 log4 ff32 + log4 27 = log4 (ff32 )3 + log4 27 = y
8 8
27 ) + log4 27 = log4 (ff
log4(ff 27 · 27) = 4
3 3
log4 8 = ff2
2
807. c. log (2x3) = log 2 + log x3 = log 2 + 3 logx
1
8yz4
808. d. log2 (ff 4 2
x2 ) = log2 (8yz ) – log2 (x ) = x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
log2 8 + log2 y + log2 (z ) – log2 (x2) =
4 –1
–2
3 + log2 y + 4log2 z – 2log2 x
–3
809. d. ff23 log2 4 – ff32 log2 8 + log2 2 = –4
3 2
ff log2 (22) – fflog2 (23) + log2 2 = –5
2 3
3 2
ff(2) – ff(3) + 1 =
2 3
814. a. The inputs for logarithmic functions must
3–2+1= be positive. Since the input in this case is –x,
2 then the inequality –x � 0 must be satisfied.
810. d. 3 logb (x + 3)–1 – 2logb x + logb (x + 3)3 = Clearly –x � 0 is equivalent to x < 0. Thus
–3 logb (x + 3) – 2logb x + 3logb (x + 3) = the domain of k is (–»,0).
– 2logb x = 815. d. The inputs of a logarithm must be positive.
logb (x–2) = Since x2 + 1 > 0 for any real number x, it
1
logb ( f ) follows that the domain of 6(x) is the set of
x2
all real numbers.
816. c. The x-intercept is the point of the form
� �
4
811. c. ln (2��
x + 1)(x2 + 3) =
4
(x,0). Since log2 1 = 0, we conclude that the
2
ln (2�� x + 1) + ln(x + 3) = x-intercept is (1,0).
ln (2�� x + 1) + 4ln(x2 + 3) =
ln 2 + ln (��x + 1) + 4ln (x2 + 3) =
1
ln 2 + ln (x + 1)f2 + 4ln (x2 + 3) =
ln 2 + ff21 ln (x + 1) + 4ln (x2 + 3)
x2�� 2x – 1
812. c. log3 ff 3
(2x + 1)ff2
3
2x – 1) – log3 (2x + 1)f2
= log3 (x2��
3
2x – 1) – log3 (2x + 1)f2
= log3 (x2) + log3 (��
1 3
= log3 (x2) + log3 (2x – 1)f2 – log3 (2x + 1)f2
3
= 2log3 (x) + ff21 log3 (2x – 1) – ff2 log3 (2x + 1)

242
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 52 (Page 121) 820. b. The vertical asymptote for f(x) = ln(x + 1)
817. d. The range of the function g(x) = ln x is !. + 1 occurs at those x-values that make the
Since using 2x – 1 as the input for g for all input of the ln portion equal to zero,
x � ff21 covers the same set of inputs as g, the namely x = –1.
range of g is also !. The graph is provided 821. b. Using exponent and logarithm rules yields
1 1
here. f(g(x)) = e2(ln��x) = e2ln x f2 = e2(f2 ) lnx
y
10 = elnx = x, for all x > 0, g(f(x)) = ln��
e2x
= ln�� (ex)2 = ln(ex) = x, for all real
8
numbers x.
6 Hence, we conclude that these choices for f
and g are inverses.
4
822. a. Apply the logarithm properties and then
2 solve for x:
ln(x – 2) –ln(3 – x) = 1
x
–2

–2
2 4 6 ln ( x–2
f
3–x )=1
x–2
ff
3–x =e
–4 x 1
= 2 x – 2 = e(3 – x)
–6 x – 2 = 3e – ex
ex + x = 3e + 2
–8
(e + 1)x = 3e + 2
–10 3e + 2
x= fe+1
818. c. The x-intercepts of the function f(x) = Substituting this value for x in the original
ln (x2 – 4x + 4) are those x-values that equation reveals that it is indeed a solution.
satisfy the equation x2 – 4x + 4 = 1, solved as 823. b. 5 � 4e2–3x + 1 < 9
follows: 4 � 4e2–3x < 8
x2 – 4x + 4 = 1 1 � e2–3x < 2
x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 ln 1 � 2 – 3x � ln 2
(x – 3)(x – 1) = 0 –2 + 0 � –3x � –2 + ln 2
The solutions of this equation are x = 3 and
2 –2 + ln 2
3 � x > ff
ff
x = 1. So, the x-intercepts are (1,0) and –3
(3,0). 2 – ln 2 2
f3f � x � ff 3
819. c. The domain of the function f(x) = ln(x2 – 4x
+ 4) is the set of x-values for which x2 – 4x
So, the solution set is ( ff
�.
2 – ln 2 2
3 , ff
3

+ 4 � 0. This inequality is equivalent to

(x – 2)2 � 0, which is satisfied by all real
numbers x except 2. So, the domain is
(–»,2)(2,»).

243
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

824. c. First, note that the expression ln (1 – x2) is 827. a. We combine the two logarithms, and then
only defined when 1 – x2 � 0, which is convert to an equivalent exponential
equivalent to –1 � x � 1. Since the only equation, which is solved as follows:
values of y for which ln y � 0 are 0 � y � 1, log (x – 2) = 2 + log (x + 3)
we must determine which x-values satisfy log (x + 2) – log (x + 3) = 2
the more restrictive inequality 0 � 1 – x+2
log ( f
x–3 ) = 2
x2 � 1. However, that is true for every x in x+2
f
x–3 = 102
the interval (–1,1). Hence, the solution set of
x + 2 = 100(x – 3)
the inequality ln (1 – x2) � 0 is (–1,1).
x + 2 = 100x – 300
825. d. First, rewrite the left side as a single logarithm.
302 = 99x
Then, convert the resulting equation to an
302
equivalent exponential equation and solve: x= f99
log x + log (x + 3) = 1 828. d. Beause b to a power is equal to one if and
log [x(x + 3)] = 1 only if the power is zero, we must determine
x(x + 3) = 101 the value of x such that 3logb x = 0, or
x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 equivalently logb x = 0. This equation can be
(x + 5)(x – 2) = 0 written in the exponential form x = b0 = 1.
x = –5, 2 Thus, the solution is 1.
However, x = – 5 cannot be a solution since 829. a. y = e–a(b+x)
– 5 is not in the domain of log x. Thus, x = 2 ln y = –a(b+x)
is the only solution. ln y = –ab – ax
826. b. We combine the two logarithms, and then ab + ln y = – ax
convert to an equivalent exponential –ff1a (ab + ln y) = x
equation, which is solved as follows: 830. a. 3 ln 4y + ln A = ln B
log2 (2x) + log2 (x + 1) = 2 3 ln 4y = ln B – ln A
log2 [2x(x + 1)] = 2 ln 4y = ff31 (ln B – ln A)
2x(x + 1) = 22 1
4y = e f3 (ln B – ln A)
2x2 + 2x = 4 1
y = f41fe f3 (ln B – ln A)
2x2 + 2x – 4 = 0
2(x – 1)(x + 2) = 0 831. c. 1 + ln (x · y) = ln z
x = 1, –2 1 + ln x + ln y = ln z
We must exclude x = –2 because it is not in ln x = ln z –ln y – 1
the domain of either logarithm in the x = eln z –ln y – 1
original equation. So, x = 1 is the only 832. a. P = P0e–kt
solution. P
ff = e–kt
P0

( ) = –kt
ln P
ff
P0

– ln( ) = t
1
ff
k
P
ff
P0

244
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

S e ct ion 7—Matrix Algebra

Set 53 (Page 124)

833. b. The matrix [1 2 –1 0] has one row and four columns, so its dimensions are 1 • 4.
⎡ 0 −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 ⎥
834. b. The matrix ⎢ has four rows and two columns, so its dimensions are 4 • 2.
0 −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 ⎥⎦
835. a. A matrix with dimensions 3 • 2 has three rows and two columns. The matrix in choice a is the correct
choice.
⎡ −1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 3 0 ⎤
836. c. −3 ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 9 −3 ⎥⎦
837. d. These matrices cannot be added because they do not have the same dimensions.
⎡ −3 −1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 ⎤ ⎡ −6 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −3 ⎤ ⎡ −12 1 ⎤
838. c. 2 ⎢ ⎥ � − 3� ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥�− �⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −6 −4 ⎥⎦

⎡ 2 2
⎤
⎢ −5 0 5 ⎥
⎡ −1 0 1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
839. c. 5 ⎢ 1 0 1 ⎥ �� = � ⎢ 5 0 5 ⎥
⎢ 0 1 −1 3
�� ⎥� ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0
2
− 52 ⎥ 3
⎢
5
⎥ �� �
⎣ ⎦
840. a. Two matrices are equal if and only if each pair of corresponding entries is the same. Note that
6
⎡ 6 −4 ��⎤ � ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x −2 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −4 ⎤
1
2
⎢ ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎥ . Therefore, the equation ⎢ ⎥ �� = � 12 ⎢ ⎥ is equivalent to
⎢⎣ 0 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 4 ⎥⎦

⎡ x −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = � ⎢ 6 ⎥ , which occurs only when x = 3. 3
⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦ �� � ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦ �� �
841. d. Two matrices are equal if and only if each pair of corresponding entries are the same. Therefore, both
x2 = 4 and 3x = 6 must hold simultaneously. The solutions of the first equation are x = –2 and 2, but
only x = 2 also satisfies
3 the second equation. Thus, we conclude that the only x-value that makes the
�� �
equality true is x = 2.

245
 0
– ANSWERS AND
�� EXPLANATIONS
� –

842. d. Two matrices are equal if and only if each pair of corresponding entries are the same. Observe that
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 6 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −6 ⎤ ⎡ 0 6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ �� = � ⎢ 3 3 ⎥ and −1 ⎢ −3 −3 ⎥ �� = � ⎢ 3 3 ⎥ . The two matrices are equal if and
⎢ 1 x ⎥ ⎢ 3 3x ⎥ ⎢ −3 3x ⎥ ⎢ 3 −6 y ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
only if 3x = – 6y.
This implies that for any given real value of x, if we choose y = –ff21 x, the ordered pair (x,y) makes the
0
equality true. Since there are infinitely many possible values of x, we conclude that infinitely many
�� � this equality true.
ordered pairs make
x the left side of the equation:
843. b. First, simplify
⎡ 3x − 2 0 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 x + 2 −5 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2x 10 6 ⎤
−4 ⎢ ⎥−2⎢ ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 2 y −1 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 − 3 y −1 ⎥ ⎢ 4 y 6 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −12 x + 8 0 8 ⎤ ⎡ 8 x + 4 −10 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 x 10 6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� − �⎢ ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 8 −8 y 4 ⎥ ⎢ 4 8 − 6 y −2 ⎥ ⎢ 4 y 6 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −20 x + 4 10 6 ⎤ ⎡ 2 x 10 6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 −2 y − 8 6 ⎥ ⎢ 4 y 6 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Equating corresponding entries reveals that the following equations must hold simultaneously:
2 8
–20x + 4 = 2x and –2y – 8 = y. Solving these equations, we find that x = __ 11 and y = – 3 . Hence, the
ff
2 __ 8
ordered pair that makes the equality true is ( __
11 ,– 3 ).
⎡ −x − y ⎤ ⎡ 3x 4 y ⎤
844. c. Simplifying the left side of the equation yields the equivalent equation ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥.
⎢⎣ −z 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −2z 0 ⎥⎦
Equating corresponding entries reveals that the following equations must hold simultaneously: –x =
3x, –y = 4y, and –z = –2z. Solving these equations, we find that x = y = z = 0. Hence, the ordered triple
that makes the equality true is (0,0,0).
845. a. The sum of two matrices is defined only when both matrices have the same number of rows and
columns (i.e., the same dimensions); the resulting matrix is one with the same number of rows and
columns. Statement a is true.
846. c. 3 ⎡⎣ −1 0 0 ⎤⎦ � − 2� ⎣⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤⎦ � + � ⎡⎣ 0 0 −1 ⎤⎦

= � ⎡⎣ −3 0 0 ⎤⎦ � + � ⎡⎣ 0 −2 0 ⎤⎦ � + � ⎡⎣ 0 0 −1 ⎤⎦

= � ⎡⎣ −3 −2 −1 ⎦⎤

= � ⎡⎣ 3 2 1 ⎤⎦

246
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

847. d. Statement a is false because you cannot add a real number to a matrix. As for statement b, simplifying
the left side of the equation in choice b yields the equivalent equation.
⎡ −3X −3 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 15 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −3 X −3 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 15 15 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 �= �⎢
0 −3X −3 ⎥ 0 0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−3X ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎣⎢
0 0 0 0 0 0 15 ⎥
⎦ ⎦
While X = –5 makes the corresponding entries along the diagonals of the two matrices the same, the
entries to their immediate right are not equal. There is no X-value that makes these two matrices
equal. And finally, statement c is false since you cannot subtract two matrices that have different
dimensions.
848. a. Equating corresponding entries reveals that the following three equations must hold simultaneously:
x – 2 = – x2, 2�y� = y2, and 4z2 = 8z. First, solve each equation:
x – 2 = –x2 2�y� = y2 4z2 = 8z
x2 + x – 2 = 0 4y = y4 4z2 – 8z = 0
(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 y4 –4y = 0 4z(z – 2) = 0
3
x = –2, 1 y(y – 4) = 0 z = 0, 2
3
y = 0, �4�
We must form all combinations of x, y, and z values to form the ordered triples that make the equality
true. There are eight such ordered pairs:
3 3
(–2, 0, 0), (–2, 0, 2), (–2, �4�, 0), (–2, �4�, 2)
3 3
(1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 2), (1, �4�, 0), (1, �4�, 2)

Set 54 (Page 127)

849. b. ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
CF � = � ⎢ ⎥�⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
850. d. The matrix 2G has dimensions 3 • 4 and the matrix –3E has dimensions 1 • 3. Since the inner
dimensions are not equal in the terms of the product, (2G) · (–3E), the product is not defined.
851. c. ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 12 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 −2 −1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
AB� = � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ � ⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 6 10 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ −4 −3 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
852. c. ⎡ −1 2 ⎤
⎡ 1 −2 −1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 −1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −4 ⎤
4 AB � = �4 ⎢ ⎥ � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ � = �4 ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −3 16 ⎥ ⎢ −12 64 ⎥⎦
−1 −1 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
⎣ ⎦

247
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

853. a. ⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 8 7 7 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
(–2D)(3D) = –6D · D = −6 ⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥ � ⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥ � = � − 6 ⎢ −2 −1 2 ⎥ � �
⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢ −3 −3 −3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

8 ⎡ −48 −42 −42 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
6 � = � ⎢ 12 6 −12 ⎥
⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
854. d. Note that the dimensions of the matrix F are 2 • 1. The product FF is not defined because the inner
dimensions do not match.
855. b. ⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ −8 −4 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤
⎡2⎤ 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ ⎤
IE + D = 2 � ⎣ −4 −2 0 ⎦ � + � ⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥ � = � ⎢ −3 −4 0 ⎥ � + � ⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥ � �
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢ −4 −2 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

3 ⎡ −5 −2 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
� � � = � ⎢ −8 −3 2 ⎥
⎢ −5 −3 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
856. a. 3 ⎡ 3 1 −1 ⎤
⎛ 2 ⎡ −2 −1 0 1 ⎤⎞ ⎢ ⎥
⎜ ⎡ 1 −2 −1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ 1 −2 1 ⎥
(BG)H = ⎜ ⎢ � � ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎢ −1 −2 −1� � 0 ⎥⎟ � ⋅ � ⎢
⎜ ⎢⎣ 3 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 −1 −2 −1 ⎥⎟ ⎢ 0 0 −2 ⎥
⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎦⎠ ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 1 −13 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 4 4 2 ⎤ ⎢ 1 −2 1 ⎥ ⎡ −3 −7 −3 ⎤
= �⎢ ⎥�⋅� � � �= �⎢ ⎥
−11 −13 −5 3 ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
� � �
⎢⎣ 0 0 −2 ⎢ −52 18 8 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ −2 1 0 ⎥⎦

857. c. ⎛⎡ ⎤ ⎞
⎛ 3 1 −1
⎡ −2 −1 0 13 ⎤⎞ ⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎟
⎜ 2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜ ⎢ 1 −2 2 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟
(EG)(HI) = ⎜ ⎣⎡ −4� � −2 0 ⎦⎤ � ⋅ � ⎢ −1 −2 � −�1 0 ⎥⎟ � ⋅ � ⎜ ⎢ � � ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎢ 2 ⎥⎟
⎜ ⎢ 1 −1 −2 −1 ⎥⎟ ⎜ ⎢ 0 0 −2
⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦⎟
⎝ ⎣ ⎦⎠ ⎜ ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥ ⎟⎠
⎝⎣ ⎦
7
⎡7⎤
⎢ −1⎥
= � ⎡⎣ 10 8 2� −4 ⎤⎦ � ⋅ � ⎢ ⎥ � = � 66
� � � �
⎢ −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 ⎦
(Note that a real number is indeed a matrix with dimensions 1 • 1.)

248
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

⎛ ⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤⎞ ⎛ ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎞
⎜ 3 ⎢ 1 ⎥⎟ ⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤⎟
0
858. b. (ED)(AC) = ⎜ ⎡⎣ −4
� � −2 0 ⎦⎤ � ⋅ � ⎢ 0 � � 1 2 ⎥⎟ � ⋅ � ⎜ �⎢ � 0 2 ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎢ 1 −4 ⎥⎟
⎜ ⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥⎟ ⎜ ⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦⎟
⎝ ⎣ ⎦⎠ ⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎠

⎡ 2 −9 ⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥
= � ⎣⎡ −12 −10� −8 ⎤⎦ � ⋅ � ⎢ 2 −8� ⎥� � = � ⎣⎡ −36 164
� � ⎤
⎦
⎢ −1 3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
859. d. The sum G + A is not defined because G and A have different dimensions. So, this entire computation
is not well-defined.
860. d. The product EF is not defined because the inner dimensions of F and E are not the same. Therefore,
this entire computation is not well-defined.
⎛⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎞
861. a. (2C)(2C)(2C)F 0 = 8 ⎜ ⎢ 0 01
08(C · C · C · F) ⎥ �� ⋅ � ⎢ ⎥�⋅� ⎢ ⎥�⋅� ⎢
� � = � � ⎥⎟ �
⎜⎝ ⎢� 1� −4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦⎟⎠
⎣
⎛ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 0 ⎤ � ⎡� 0
0⎤ 0 0 0
⎥�⋅� ⎢ ⎥�⋅� ⎢ � �
= �⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎟ � = � 8 � ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢
� � � � � �
⎥
⎝⎜ ⎢⎣ 1 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦⎟⎠ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦

862. c. First, we insert the actual matrices into the expression:

⎛ ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎞
⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎟ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎞
(EAF)(CF) = ⎜ ⎡⎣ −4 −21 0 ⎦⎤ � ⋅ � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎢ 1 ⎥⎟ � ⎜ ⎢ ⎥�⋅� ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎢ 10 −4 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎠⎟
1 0
� ⎣� −1 −1� ⎦� � ⎣ 0 ⎦ 0
⎝ � � 0 ⎠ � � � 0� � � �
� � � � � � �
Note that both products enclosed by parentheses are well-defined when computed from left to right
since the inner dimensions are the same 1 for each product to be computed. Moreover, the product
enclosed in the first set of parentheses results in 0 number: 0
1 � � � � a real
1 � � 4 12 � � � �0
⎡ ⎤
� � ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ � � ⎡
0 0 0 0
0 ⎤ � �� � 4 12 � �� ⎡ � 0 ⎤ � � �0� 4 12 � � � �0
⎡ −4 −2 0 ⎤ � ⋅ � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ � ⋅ � ⎢ ⎥ = ⎡ − ⎤ ⋅ =
⎣ ⎦ � � ⎣ 4 1 2 ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥
� � � � 0
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦
0
0 � �
0 ⎛ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎞
0 original product
The � � becomes 0 ⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⎥ ⎟ , which is simplified as follows:
0 ⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 −4 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎟⎠
0 � � ⎣ ⎦
0 0 0
� � �0 � � � .
⎛ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤0
0⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ 0 0
⎥⎟ = 0 ⎢ 0 ⎥ = ⎢ � 0� ⎥ � �0 � �
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 −4 ⎥ � � ⎣ 0 ⎦⎟⎠ � �0 ⎣ ⎦� � ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦

249
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

863. b. 3D – 2AB + GH
⎡ 3 1 −1 ⎤
⎡ 3 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 −1 0 1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 −2 −1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 −2 1 ⎥
= �3 ⎢ 0 1 2 ⎥ � − 2 � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥�⋅� ⎢ ⎥ � + � ⎢ −1 −2 −1 0 ⎥�⋅� ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 −2
−1 −2 −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −2 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 12 1 ⎤ ⎡ −9 1 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= � ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ � − 2 � ⎢ 6 10 0 ⎥ � + � ⎢ −5 3 1 ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ ⎢ −4 −3 1 ⎥ ⎢ 4 2 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 9 6 3 ⎤ ⎡ −10 −24 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −9 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −10 −17 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= � ⎢ 0 3 6 ⎥ � + � ⎢ −12 −20 0 ⎥ � + � ⎢ −5 3 1 ⎥ � = � ⎢ −17 −14 7 ⎥
⎢ −3 −3 0 ⎥ ⎢ 8 6 −2 ⎥ ⎢ 4 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 9 5 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

864. d. Note that (2E)(–2F) = –4EF. Since the inner ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤

dimensions of F and E do not match, this 872. a. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(1)(25)� − �(0)(−4)� = �25
0 25 ⎥
product is not defined. As such, the entire ⎣⎢ ⎦
computation is not well-defined. ⎡ 3 −1 ⎤
873. c. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(3)(−2)� − �(1)(−1)� = � − 5
Set 55 (Page 130) ⎢⎣ 1 −2 ⎥⎦

⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤
865. d. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−3)(5)� − �(1)(7)� = � − 22 874. c. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−2)(3)� − �(−12)(0)� = � − 6
⎢⎣ 1 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −12 3 ⎥⎦

⎡ a 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤
866. c. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(a)(b)� − �(0)(0)� = �ab 875. b. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(0)(−1)� − �(−2)(1)� = �2
⎢⎣ 0 b ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 −1 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤
867. a. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(1)(3)� − �(2)(2)� = � − 1 876. b. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−1)(−1)� − �(2)(0)� = �1
2 3 ⎥ 2 −1 ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦
⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 ⎤
868. d. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(2)(1)� − �(1)(3)� = � − 1 877. a. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(3)(2)� − �(3)(2)� = �0
⎢⎣ 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦

⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
869. d. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−1)(−4)� − �(2)(2)� = � 0 878. a. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(3)(−6)� − �(9)(−2)� = �0
⎢⎣ 2 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 9 −6 ⎥⎦

⎡ 6 3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤
870. b. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(6)(1)� − �(2)(3)� = � 0 879. c. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−1)(0)� − �(−1)(−1)� = � −1
⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 ⎥⎦

⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
871. c. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(−3)(2)� − �(4)(4)� = � − 22 880. d. det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(0)(0)� − �(4)(2)� = � − 8
4 2 ⎥ 4 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦
250
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

Set 56 (Page 131) 884. c. Extract the coefficients from the variable
881. d. First, extract the coefficients from the variable terms on the left sides of the equations to
terms on the left sides of the equations to form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. Multiplying
form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. Multiplying this by � � and identifying the right side as a
x
y
this by
� � and identifying the right side as a
x
y 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can rewrite the
� �3
2 • 1 constant matrix, we can rewrite the ⎧2 x� � +�1�3y � = �1
� �7 � +�2 system
� � � x ��+ �2y� = � − 2 as the following
⎨
⎧−3� �7 y � = �2 ⎩
system
� �5 x� � +�8�5y � = �8 as the following
⎨
⎩ matrix equation:
matrix equation: ⎡ 2 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2⎢ ⎥ � = �x⎢ � �⎥ 1
⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ ⎥ � = �x⎢ � ⎥ � 2 ⎢⎣ 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦
⎢⎣ 1 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 8 ⎦ 885. c. First, extract the coefficients from the variable
882. a. Extract the coefficients from the variable terms on the left sides of the equations to
terms on the left sides of the equations to form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. Multiplying
form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. Multiplying this by
� � and identifying the right side as a
x
y
this by
� � and identifying the right side as a
x
y 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can rewrite the
� �2 � +�3� 2 y � = �3
2 • 1 constant matrix, we can rewrite the ⎧− x�
� � ⎧x � = �a system ⎨ � 6
2 � �4� as the following
⎩2 x � − �4 � = � − 6
� � ⎨ y� = �b as the following
system
matrix equation:
⎩
matrix equation: ⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ � �⎥ 3
⎡ 1 0 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ ⎥ � = �x⎢ � ⎥ � ⎣ −6 ⎦
⎢⎣ 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦ 886. d. Extract the coefficients from the variable
883. b. Begin by extracting the coefficients from the terms on the left sides of the equations to
variable terms on the left sides of the form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. Multiplying
equations to form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix. this by � � and identifying the right side as a
x
y
Multiplying this by
� � and identifying the
x
y 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can rewrite the
� �3
right side as a 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can ⎧6 x� � +�8�3y � = �8
� �2 � �4 system
2 � �⎨2� x ��3 as the following
⎧x � + � 2y � = �4 ⎩ + �y � = �3
rewrite the
2 � �3 � �2system ⎨ system as
⎩2 x � + �3y � = �2 matrix equation:
the following matrix equation: ⎡ 6 3 ⎤ 6⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎡ 1 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = �x⎢ � ⎥ � 8
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢1 ⎥ x
� �
4
⎢⎣ 2 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦

251
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

887. c. First, rewrite the system by moving all 889. b. First, rewrite the system by moving all
variable terms to the left sides of the variable terms to the left sides of the
equations and all constant terms to the right equations and all constant terms to the right
sides to obtain the following equivalent sides to obtain the following equivalent
system: system:
⎧−3x � + �4 y � = �1 ⎧−3x � + �y � = �5
⎨ ⎨
⎩4 x � + �2y� = � − 3 ⎩ x � − �2y� = � − 9
Now, extract the coefficients from the Now, extract the coefficients from the
variable terms on the left sides of the variable terms on the left sides of the
3 x 1 3 x 5
equations to form�a 2� • 2 coefficient matrix. equations to form a� 2 •� 2 coefficient matrix.
��
Multiplying this by xy and identifying the
��
Multiplying this by xy and identifying the
right �side�4as� a 2�1• 1 constant matrix, we can right �side� as
� a�52 • 1 constant matrix, we can
4 � �2this� system
rewrite � 3 as the following matrix � �2 this
rewrite � system
� 9 as the following matrix
equation: equation:
⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎣ −9 ⎦
888. a. First, rewrite the system by moving all 890. b. First, rewrite the system by moving all
variable terms to the left sides of the variable terms to the left sides of the
equations and all constant terms to the right equations and all constant terms to the right
sides to obtain the following equivalent sides to obtain the following equivalent
system: system:
⎧ x � − � 4 y� = � − 2 ⎧2 x � = � − 2
⎪ ⎨
⎨ 1 ⎩12 x� − �3y � = �4
⎪⎩5y � = � 5
Now, extract the coefficients from the
Now, extract the coefficients from the variable terms on the left sides of the
variable terms on the left sides of the 2 x 2
2 equations to form a� 2 •
� 2 coefficient matrix.
1
equations to form a 2 • 2 coefficient matrix.
� �4 � this
Multiplying
��
� �
� 2 by xy and identifying the ��
Multiplying this by xy and identifying the
right� side
� as
2 a 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can
right side as a 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can 1 � this
rewrite �3 � system
�4 as the following matrix
5 � �
rewrite this system as the following matrix equation:
equation:
⎡ 2 0 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 12 −3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎣ 4 ⎦
0 5 y ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦

252
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

891. a. First, rewrite the system by moving all 893. d. First, compute the product on the left side
variable terms to the left sides of the to write it as a single matrix, and then
equations and all constant terms to the right equate corresponding entries in the
sides to obtain the following equivalent matrices on the left and right sides of the
system: equation to obtain the desired system:
⎧y� = � − 4 ⎡ 3 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎩−2x � − �y � = �0 3 2 ⎥ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎦
Now, extract the coefficients from the
⎡ 3x � + �2y ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
variable terms on the left sides of the ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢
0 x 4 ⎥
equations to form a� 2 •� 2 coefficient matrix. ⎢⎣ 3x � + �2y ⎦⎥ ⎣ 1 ⎦

� side
��
Multiplying this by xy and identifying the
� 4as a 2 • 1 constant matrix, we can
⎧3x � + �2y� = � − 2
⎨
right ⎩3x � + �2y � = �1
2 � this
rewrite � � system
�0 as the following matrix 894. c. Compute the product on the left side to
equation: write it as a single matrix, and then equate
⎡ 0 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤ corresponding entries in the matrices on the
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ left and right sides of the equation to obtain
⎢⎣ −2 −1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
the desired system:
892. c. Compute the product on the left side to
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
write it as a single matrix, and then equate ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
corresponding entries in the matrices on the ⎢⎣ 9 −6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
left and right sides of the equation to obtain
⎡ 3x � − �2y ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
the desired system: ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 9 x � + �6y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎧3x � − �2y � = �4
2 −1 ⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎨
⎩9 x � + �6y � = �12
⎡ −x ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 x � − �y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎧− x � = � − 2
⎨
⎩2 x � − �y � = �1

253
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

895. b. First, compute the product on the left side Set 57 (Page 135)
to write it as a single matrix, and then � � � �
⎡ a b ⎤
equate corresponding entries in the � known
897. b. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
matrices on the left and right sides of the ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
equation to obtain the desired system: that1 det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � A � � A
⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤ −1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
⎢⎣ −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ A

⎡ − x � − �y ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤ 3 ⎡ −3 7 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
−x 3 ⎢⎣ 1 3 5 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ � � � �
⎧− x � − �y� = � − 1 the following:
⎨ ⎡
⎩−x � = �1 5 7 ⎤
⎡ 5 −7 ⎤ ⎢ − 22 ⎥
896. b. Compute the product on the left side to 1 ⎢ 5 22 ⎥
A−1 � = � −22 ⎢ ⎥
� �� = � � �
1 ⎢
−1
5 −3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 15 3 ⎥
write it as a single matrix, and then equate ⎣
� � � � � � ⎢ 22 22 ⎥ � �
corresponding entries in the matrices on the ⎣ ⎦
left and right sides of the equation to obtain � � � �
⎡ a b ⎤
the desired system: � known
898. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 14 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ that det A = ad – bc  0, then
⎢⎣ 4 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦ � �
⎡ d −b ⎤
� �
−1 1
⎡ 2y ⎤ A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
⎡ 14 ⎤ ⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4x ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦ ⎡ a 0 ⎤
⎧2 y � = �14 � formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
⎨ 0 ⎢⎣ 0 b ⎥⎦
⎩4 x � = � − 20 � �
0
� �
the following: 0
⎡ 1 0 ⎤
⎡ b 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
−1 1
A �= � ab ⎢ ⎥ � =� � ⎢� a 1 ⎥ � �
0 a ⎥
1 ⎣⎢ ⎦ � � ⎢ 0 b0 ⎥
� � � ⎣� ⎦ � � 0
0
0 0 0

254
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

� � � � � �
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤
� known
899. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such � known
902. d. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎦⎥
that det A = ad – bc  0, then that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � � � � �
⎡ d −b ⎤ ⎡ d −b ⎤
−1 1 −1 1
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Note that
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −c a ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 6 3 ⎤
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields the determinant of A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is
1 ⎢⎣ 21 3 ⎥⎦ 6 ⎢⎣ 62 1 ⎥⎦
� � � � � � � �
the following: zero, so the matrix does not have an inverse.
� � � �
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −33 2 ⎤ 3 ⎡ a b ⎤
1
A−1 � = � −1 ⎢ ⎥� � =� � ⎢ ⎥ � � � known
903. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
1 ⎢
−2
3 1 ⎥ ⎢ 23 3 −1 ⎥ 3 ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
� � ⎣ ⎦� �⎣
� �
⎦
� �
� � � � that1 det A = ad – bc  0, then
⎡ a b ⎤ � � A � � A
� known
900. a. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such −1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ A
that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � � � 3 ⎡ −3 4 ⎤
−1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤ � formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying 3 ⎢⎣ 4 3 2 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ � � � �
the following:
2 ⎡ 2 3 ⎤
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
2 ⎢⎣ 12 1 ⎦⎥ ⎡ 2 −4 ⎤ ⎢ − 11 11 ⎥
� � � � 1 ⎢ 2 ⎥� �
A−1 � = � −22 ⎢ ⎥
� �� = �
the following: ⎢ −4
2 −3 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
� � 1 ⎣ ⎦ 2 3
⎡ 1 −3 ⎤ ⎡ −11 3 ⎤ � � � � ⎢ 11 22 ⎥ � �
1 1 ⎣ ⎦
A−1 � = � −1 ⎢ ⎥� � =� � ⎢ ⎥ � � � � � �
1 ⎣⎢ −1 1 2 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 11 1 −2 ⎥⎦ 1 ⎡ a b ⎤
� � � �� � � � known
904. a. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
� � ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
⎡ a b ⎤
� known
901. a. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such that1 det A = ad – bc  0, then
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ � � � �
⎡ d −b ⎤
that det A = ad – bc  0, then −1 1
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
� � ⎢⎣ −c a ⎦⎥
⎡ d −b ⎤
−1 1
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Note that 1 ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ � formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
1 ⎢⎣ 01 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ � � � �
the determinant of A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is the following:
1 ⎢⎣ 21 −4 ⎥⎦
� � � � ⎡ ⎤
4
zero, so the matrix does not have an inverse. ⎡ 25 4 ⎤ ⎢ 1 25 ⎥ 1
2
−1 1
A � = � 25 ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ 1 ⎥ � � 1
⎢ 0
2 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 21 ⎥
� �1⎣ � � � ⎢� 0 25 ⎥ � �
⎣ ⎦

255
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

� � � � � � � �
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤
� known
905. c. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such � known
907. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
that det A = ad – bc  0, then that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � A � � A � � A � �
−1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤ −1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ A
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦
3 ⎡ −3 1 0 ⎡ 0 1 ⎤
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ yields � formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
3 ⎢⎣ 1 3 −2 0 ⎢⎣ −20 −1 ⎥⎦
� � � � � � � �
the following: the following:
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ −5 5 ⎥ ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎢ − 21 − 2 ⎥
⎡ −2 −1 ⎤ 2 −1
A �= ⎢ � 12 ⎥� = � ⎢
A−1 � = � 15 ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥� � ⎥� �
−1 −3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 21 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 1 0 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ 2 � � 1
� � � �⎣ 1
� �1⎣ ⎦� �⎢ −5 −5 ⎥ ⎦ � �
1 3
� � � �
⎣ ⎦ 1 1
� � � � � � � �
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤
� known
906. b. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such � known
908. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
that det A = ad – bc  0, then that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � � � � � � �
−1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤ −1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦
2 ⎡ 2 0 ⎤ 1 ⎡ −1 0 ⎤
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields � formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
2 ⎢⎣ 122 −3 ⎥⎦ 1 ⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 ⎥⎦
� � � � � � � �
the following: the following:
⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 0 ⎤ 1
−1 1
⎡ −3 0 ⎤ ⎢ 2 3 ⎥ A−1 � = � 11 ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ � �
A �=� ⎢ ⎥� � =� � ⎢ ⎥ � � ⎢ −2 −1 ⎥ ⎢ −2 −1
−6
⎢⎣ −12
3 2 ⎦⎥ 1
� �1⎣
1 ⎦� �⎣ 1 1 ⎦⎥ 1
� � 1 ⎢ 2 −3 3 ⎥ 2 � � � �
�� �� ⎣ ⎦ � � � �
2 2 ⎡ a b ⎤
� known
909. d. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� �
⎡ d −b ⎤
−1 1
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Note that
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2 ⎤
the determinant of A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is
3 ⎢⎣ 33 2 ⎥⎦
� � � �
zero, so the matrix does not have an inverse.

256
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

� �
⎡ a b ⎤ Set 58 (Page 138)
� known
910. d. It is � that if A � = � ⎢ ⎥ is such 913. a. The solution to the matrix equation
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
that det A = ad – bc  0, then ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎡ d −b ⎤
� � ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢
f ⎥
⎦
−1 1
A � = � det A ⎢ � �
� ⎥ .�Note that e, and f are real numbers, is given by
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ � � −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢ c d ⎥ f
the determinant of A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
3 ⎢⎣ 39 −6 ⎥⎦ the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists.
� � � �
zero, so the matrix does not have an inverse. From Problem � � 881, the given system can be
� � � � � � 33 2
⎡ a b ⎤ written as the equivalent �� �� 2matrix equation
� known
911. a. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such
⎡ −3 3 7 ⎤⎡ x ⎤
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 2 ⎥ . The solution
⎢⎣ 1 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ � � ⎣ 8 ⎦
1
that det A = ad – bc  0, then
� � �� �� 33 by
−1 1
⎡ d −b ⎤ is therefore �� �� given
A � = � det A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying −1
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ . Using the
y ⎢ 1 5 ⎥ 8
1 3 ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ 2 ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ � �⎥ yields calculation for the inverse from Problem
⎢⎣ −11 0 ⎥⎦
55
1
� � 897 yields 22
� � �� ��the following solution: �� �� �� ��
the following: 55
⎡ 5 7
⎤ 2 ⎡ 46 ⎤ 2
⎡ 0 −1 ⎤ ⎡ 30 0 −1 ⎤ 0 ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎢ − 22 22 ⎥ ⎡ 2 ⎤ � � ⎢ 22 ⎥ � �
⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥�
−1 1
A �=� −1
⎢ � ⎥
� � =
� � � ⎢ ⎥ � � ⎢ �
−1
0 1 ⎥⎦
1 ⎢
−1 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎣ 8 ⎦ ⎢ 26 ⎥
� � ⎣ ⎣⎢ 0 0 ⎦ 0 ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥
� � � � � � ⎢ 22 22 ⎥ ⎢ 22 ⎥
� � ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ a b ⎤
� known
912. b. It is � that if A� = � ⎢ ⎥ is such ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎣ c 5 d ⎥⎦ ⎢
23
⎥
11
2
that det A = ad – bc � 0, �then � � � = �⎢ ⎥
� � � � ⎢ 13 ⎥
⎡ d −b ⎤ ⎢ 11 ⎥
A−1 � = � de1t A ⎢ � ⎥ .�Applying ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ −c a ⎥⎦ 23
11 ,
So, the solution of the system is x = ff
0 ⎡ 0 2 ⎤ 13
y = ff
11 .
� formula
this � with A� = � ⎢ ⎥ yields
914. c. The solution of this system is clearly x = a,
0 ⎢⎣ 40 0 ⎥⎦
� � � � y = b, without needing to go through the
the following:
formal procedure of solving the matrix
⎡ 1 ⎤ equation.
⎡ 0 −2 ⎤ ⎢ 004 ⎥ 0
−1 1
A �=� ⎢ ⎥� � =� � ⎢ � �
−8
⎢⎣ −04 0 ⎥⎦ 01 00 ⎥ 0
� � 1
�� �� ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
⎦ � �

257
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

915. b. The solution to the matrix equation 916. b. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢
f ⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢
f ⎥
⎦
e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by
� � � �
−1 −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
y c d f y c d f
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists. the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists.
From Problem � � 883, the given system can be From Problem � � 884, the given system can be
11 44 matrix equation 22 11 matrix equation
written as the equivalent written as the equivalent
�� �� �� ��
⎡ 1 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 4 ⎥ . The solution ⎢ 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 1 ⎥ . The solution
⎢⎣ 2 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ −2 ⎦
is therefore 11 by 22 by
�� �� given is therefore �� �� given
−1 −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ . Using the ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ . Using the
⎣⎢
y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ ⎢ 2 3 ⎥ 2 ⎣⎢
y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ − 2
⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
calculation for 33the inverse from Problem 88 calculation for 11the inverse from Problem 77
�� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
899 yields the following solution: 900 yields the following solution:
3 8 1 7
⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎡ −3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ � � ⎡ −8 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎡ −1 3 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ � � ⎡ −7 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 6 ⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 ⎦ ⎣ 5 ⎦
So, the solution of the system is x = –8, So, the solution of the system is x = –7,
y = 6. y = 5.

258
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

917. d. The solution to the matrix equation 918. d. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� �⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� �⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ � f �⎥ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ � f �⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦
� �
e, and f are real numbers, is given by � �
e, and f are real numbers, is given by
−1 −1
⎡ x ⎤� � ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤� � ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
y ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f y ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ f
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ � � ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ � � ⎥⎦
the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists. the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists.
From1 Problem 885, the given 3 system can be From 6 Problem 886, the 8given system can be
11 � � 33 66 as the equivalent � � 88 matrix equation
written as1the equivalent matrix equation written
�� �� 3 6 �� �� 8
� � � �
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡ 6 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥. Note that ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥ . Note that
⎢⎣ 2 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ −6 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦
� �0 � �0
⎡ −1 ��2 �0 �0⎤ ⎡ 6 �� 3 �0 �0⎤
since det ⎢ ⎥ � = �0 , it follows that since det ⎢ ⎥ � = � 0 , it follows that
⎢⎣ 2 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥⎦
� �0 � �0
−1 −1
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 6 3 ⎤
⎢ 11 ⎥ does not exist, so we cannot ⎢ 66 ⎥ does not exist, so we cannot
⎢⎣ 2 −41 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 6⎥⎦
apply1 this approach. Rather, we must inspect apply 6 the above approach. Rather, we must
the system to determine whether there is no inspect the system to determine whether
solution (which happens if the two lines are there is no solution (which happens if the
parallel) or if there are infinitely many two lines are parallel) or if there are
solutions (which happens if the two lines infinitely many solutions (which happens if
are identical). The second equation in the the two lines are identical). Multiplying
system is obtained by multiplying both sides both sides of the second equation by 3
of the first equation by –2. So, the two lines yields the equivalent equation 6x + 3y = 9.
are identical, and thus, the system has Subtracting this from the first equation
infinitely many solutions. yields the false statement 0 = –1. From this,
we conclude that the two lines must be
parallel (which can also be checked by
graphing them). Hence, the system has no
solution.

259
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

919. a. The solution to the matrix equation 920. a. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ f ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by
� � −1 � � −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
y c d f y c d f
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣
1
⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 1 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists. the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists.
From � Problem
� 887, the given system can be From Problem � � 888, the given system can be
33 11
written as the equivalent 11
matrix equation written as the equivalent 22
matrix equation
�� �� �� ��
⎡ −3 3 4 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 2 ⎤
⎢3 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢1 ⎥. The solution ⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 2 ⎥ . The solution
⎢⎣ 4 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y� ⎥⎦ � ⎣ −3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 25 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ 1 ⎦
33 by 1 is therefore 11 by 22
is therefore �� �� given � �� 1 �� �� given � ��
−1 � −1 �
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢3 ⎥ � = � ⎢1 ⎥ . Using ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ � = � ⎢ 22 ⎥. Using
y
⎣⎢ � ⎦⎥ � ⎣ ⎢ 4 2 ⎥ −3 ⎣⎢
y ⎥ � � ⎢ 0 25 ⎥ � � ⎣ 1 ⎦
⎦� � ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
the calculation for 11 the inverse from Problem the calculation for
11 44 the inverse from Problem
903 yields the following solution: 11 � � 904 yields �� ��the following solution:
�� �� 11 � � 44
�� ��
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ 1
⎡ 7
⎤ ⎡ 1 4 ⎤ ⎡ 46 ⎤
⎡ ⎤ � ⎢ � − 11 11 ⎥
⎡ ⎤ � ⎢ � − 11 ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎢ 1 25 ⎥ ⎡ −2 ⎤ � � ⎢ − 25 ⎥
x ⎥⎢ 1 ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢⎢ ⎥
y ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ −3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦ 2
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
3 ⎣ ⎦ 5
⎢ − 22 ⎥ ⎢ 0 25 ⎥
1
⎢ 25 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
46
7 So, the solution of the system is x = –ff 25 ,
11 ,
So, the solution of the system is x = –ff 1
5 y = ff 25 .
22 .
y = –ff

260
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

921. b. The solution to the matrix equation 922. c. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢
f ⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by
� � −1 � � −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
y c d f y c d f
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists. the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists.
From Problem � � 889, the given system can be From � Problem
� 890, the given system can be
33 55 22 22
written as the equivalent matrix equation written as the equivalent matrix equation
�� �� �� ��
⎡ −3 3 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤ ⎡ 2 0 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −2 2 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 5 ⎥ . The ⎢2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢2 ⎥ . The
⎢⎣ 1 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ −9 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 12 −3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y� ⎥⎦ � ⎣ 4 ⎦
solution 33
�� is�� therefore given� by� 55 solution 22
�� is�� therefore given� by� 22
−1 � � −1 � �
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −33 1 ⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 3 ⎥ � = � ⎢ 5 ⎥ . Using ⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢2 ⎥ � = � ⎢2 2 ⎥. Using
⎣⎢ � ⎥⎦ � ⎣⎢ 12 −3 ⎥⎦� � ⎣ 4 ⎦
y ⎥ � � ⎢ 1 −2 ⎥ � � ⎣ −9 ⎦ y
⎣⎢ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
the calculation 11for the inverse from Problem the calculation for the inverse from Problem 11
905 yields the following solution: 55 906 yields �� ��the following solution:�� ��
�� �� 11 �� �� 2 1
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ �− 1 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ � −1 ⎤
5 ⎡ x ⎤ � ⎥ ⎡ −2 ⎤ �
⎡ x ⎤� �⎢ − 5 − 5 ⎥⎡ 5 ⎤� �⎢ − 5 ⎥
1
⎢ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ − 16 ⎥
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ 4
⎢ 2 − 3 ⎥⎣ ⎦
1
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 3 ⎥ ⎣ −9 ⎦ ⎢ 22 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
⎢ −5 5 ⎥ ⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ So, the solution of the system is x = –1,
19
So, the solution of the system is x = –ff , 16
y = –ff
22
5 3.
y = ff 5 .

261
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

923. c. The solution to the matrix equation 924. b. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤� � ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢
f ⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦� � ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
e, and f are real numbers, � � is given by � �
� � −1 e, and f are real numbers is given by
−1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ , provided that
y c d f
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
the inverse � � matrix on the right side exists. � � matrix on the right side exists.
the inverse
From Problem � � 891, the given system can be The solution is, therefore, given by
00 44 11 2
written as the equivalent matrix equation −1
�� �� ⎡ x ⎤ �� �� ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ �� �� ⎡ −22 ⎤
⎡ 0 1 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ � = � ⎢ 2 ⎥ . Using
⎢ 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � = � ⎢ 4 ⎥. The ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � �⎢⎣ 2 −1 ⎥⎦ � �⎣ 1 ⎦
⎢⎣ −2 −1 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎣ 0 ⎦ the calculation for the inverse from Problem
solution 00 44 11
�� is�� therefore given� by� 908 yields
�� ��the following solution: 2
�� �� 22
−1 � � 1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤� � ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤� � ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 0 ⎥ � = � ⎢ 44 ⎥. Using ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢
y ⎥ � � ⎢ −2 −1 ⎥ � � ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢
y ⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 −1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦
the calculation for the inverse from Problem So, the solution of the system is x = 2, y = 3.
2
907 yields �� ��the following solution:�� �� 2 925. d. The solution to the matrix
� � equation
⎡ −111 − 1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� � ⎡ e ⎤ � �
⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ −4 ⎤ � � ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ � = � ⎢ −4 ⎥ c d ⎥⎢ y ⎥ f ⎥
⎣⎢
y ⎥
⎦ ⎢ 1 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦
⎣ ⎦ e, and f are real numbers is given by
� � −1
So, the solution of the system is x = 2, ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
y = –4. ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ � ⎥�, provided that
y ⎢ c d ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ f ⎥⎦
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣
the inverse 3 matrix on the right side exists.
� �0
33 ⎡ 3 2 ⎤
Note that since �� �0 det ⎢ ⎥ � = �0 , it follows
�0 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 3 2 ⎤
that ⎢ ⎥ does not exist. Therefore,
33 ⎢⎣ 3 2 ⎥⎦ 3
we cannot apply the approach. Rather, we
must inspect the system to determine whether
there is no solution (which happens if the two
lines are parallel) or if there are infinitely
many solutions (which happens if the two
lines are identical). Subtracting the second
equation from the first equation yields the
false statement 0 = –3. From this, we
conclude that the two lines must be parallel
(which can also be checked by graphing
them). Hence, the system has no solution.
262
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

926. d. The solution to the matrix

� � equation 928. c. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� �⎡ e ⎤ � � ⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� �⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d, ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
� �
e, and f are real numbers is given by e, and f are real numbers is given by
� � −1 −1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ �⎢ � ⎥, provided that ⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥, provided that
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
the inverse matrix on the right side exists. the inverse� � matrix on the right side exists.
d � �0 The solution is therefore given by
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
Note that since det ⎢ ⎥ ,� it follows
�0 00 −1
d
d �� �0�0⎢ 9 −6 ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ �� �� ⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 14 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ . Using the
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
−1
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ 4 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ −20 ⎦
that ⎢ ⎥ does not exist. Rather, we calculation for the inverse from Problem
33 ⎢⎣ 9 −6 ⎥⎦ 3 912 yields the0following solution:
0 55
must inspect the system to determine �� �� 0 �� ��
⎡ ⎤ 5
whether there is no solution (which happens ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎢ 0 14 ⎥ ⎡ 14 ⎤ � � ⎡ −5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ −20 ⎥ � = � ⎢ 7 ⎥
if the two lines are parallel) or if there are ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢ 2 0 ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
infinitely many solutions (which happens if ⎣ ⎦
the two lines are identical). The second So, the solution of the system is x = –5,
equation in the system is obtained by y = 7.
multiplying both sides of the first equation
by 3. Therefore, the two lines are identical,
so the system has infinitely many solutions.
927. c. The solution to the matrix equation
⎡ a b ⎤⎡ x ⎤� �⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥, where a, b, c, d,
c d ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥� � ⎢ f ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎣ ⎦
� �
⎣ ⎦
e, and f are real numbers is given by
−1
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ e ⎤
⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥, provided that
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ c d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦
the inverse� � matrix on the right side exists.
The solution is, therefore, given by
11 −1
⎡ x ⎤ �� �� ⎡ −1 −1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ . Using the
⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ � � ⎢⎣ −1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦
calculation for the inverse from Problem
911 yields 0 11
�� ��the 00following solution:
�� ��
1
⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎡ 0 −1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎤ � � ⎡ −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
So, the solution of the system is x = –1,
y = 2.

263
 –ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS–

4
Set 59 (Page 140) 931. b. First, rewrite the �system � as the following
2 44 as in Problem 915:
929. c. First, rewrite the system � � as the following equivalent matrix� equation
� ��
equivalent matrix equation 2 2 as in Problem 913: ⎡ 1 2 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
� �� � ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ � = �⎢
⎡ −3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ 2⎡ 2 ⎤ 1 ⎥.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ � ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎢⎣ � 2 � 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y � ⎥⎦ � �(1)(3)� �⎣
24 ⎦�(2)(2)� � 1
3 ⎥.
1 5 ⎥ ⎢ y � ⎥ �( 23)(5)� 8 ⎦ �(1)(7)� � 22
⎣⎢ � � ⎦⎣ � ⎦ � ⎣ Next, 11
�� ��identify the
�� following
�(1)(3)� determinants
�(2)(2)� �� 11 to
�(1)(3)� of �(2)(2)�
3 3 the
Next,�identify � �(following determinants
�(1)(7)� � �22to
be used in 1 the application Cramer’s rule:
�be��used in the
�(3)(5)�
� application 3)(5)��(1)(7)�
of Cramer’s
22
rule: � � � �(1)(3)� �(2)(2)� � 1
3 3 14 2
� �� � � ��( �( 3)(5)�3)(5)��(1)(7)�
�(1)(7)�� �22 22 D� = �� � � �= �(1)(3)�
�(4)(3)�− �(2)(2)�
�(2)(2)�= � −1
�8
−3 2 7 24 3
D� =x � � � � = �(−3)(5)� − �(1)(7)� = � −� 22
� �(2)(5)� �(8)(7)� 46 �� �� 4 �� �(4)(3)�
1 25 �(4)(3)� �(2)(2)�
�(2)(2)� �8 �8
2 4 2
� �� � � � �(2)(5)�
�(2)(5)��(8)(7)�
�(8)(7)�� �46 46
Dx � = � � = �(4)(3)� − �(2)(2)� = �8
2 27 142 3
Dx � = �� � � = ��(2)(5)�
�(2)(5)� − �(8)(7)� = � − �46 46
�(8)(7)� � =� � �(1)(2)�
�(4)(3)� �(2)(4)�
�(2)(2)� ��8 6
28 53 11 4
� =�� � � �( 3)(8)�
� �(2)(5)� �(8)(7)��(1)(2)�
� 46� 26
3 D y �� = �� �� = �(1)(2)�
�(1)(2)� − �(2)(4)�
�(2)(4)� = �� − 66
−3 2 12 2
D y � =�� � � =� �(−3)(8)�
�( 3)(8)� �(1)(2)�
− �(1)(2)� = � − �26 26 � = D� � �(1)(2)� �(2)(4)� � 6
13 38 So,
� from 1 � − � �rule,
� �Cramer’s 8 we have:
� = �� D� � ��( �( 3)(8)�
3)(8)��(1)(2)�
�(1)(2)�� �26 26 � � � �(1)(2)� �(2)(4)� � 6
So,� from � − � rule,
� 3�Cramer’s � we have: D 8
x �� == �� DDx �� = �� −1 �� = �� − 88
� � � �( 3)(8)� �(1)(2)� � 26
D
x � =D� x � = � −46 � = � 23
� = � �D � −22 � � 11 D
D
Dy
y�� = �� D �� = �� −−16 �� = ��6 8
� y���= � D
DDy
� ��� = �� −� 26 ��� = �� 13 � �D� � � � 8
D D −22 11 �� = �� the��solution
Thus, �� �� is�6 �6x =1–8, y = 6.
� � � � �2 � 23 13 � �
��= � the
� Thus, � �solution
� � � �� is� x = ff 11 , y = 11 .
ff 932. a. First, rewrite the system as the following
� � � � � �6 1
930. b. First, rewrite the �system � as the following equivalent matrix� equation �� 1 as in Problem 916:
� �� � � �� � � �� � � � � � �� �6
equivalent matrix� equation as in Problem 882: ⎡ 2 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
� � � � � � � �� ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢
⎡ 1 0 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ 2 ⎥.
⎢⎣ �1 � 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ y � ⎥⎦ � �(2)(1)� −12 �(1)(3)�
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥. �⎣ ⎦ � 1
1 y
⎢⎣ �0 � 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ � ⎥⎦ � �(1)(1)� �⎣
b ⎦�(0)(0)� �1 Next, 2
�� ��identify
2 the following�(1)(3)�
�� �(2)(1)�
�(2)(1)�
determinants
�(1)(3)� �� 11 to
Next, 11 be used in the application of Cramer’s rule:
�� ��identify the following�(0)(0)�
�� �(1)(1)�
�(1)(1)�
determinants
�(0)(0)� �1
�1
to 2
be used in the application of Cramer’s rule: � � 2 1 3 � �(2)(1)� �(1)(3)� � 1
1
� � 1 00 � �(1)(1)� �(0)(0)� �1 D� �= � � � =� �(2)(1)�
�(1)(1)�− �(1)(3)� = � − 1�7
�( 2)(3)�
11 1
D� �= � � � �= �(1)(1)�
�( )(1)�− �(0)(0)�
�( )(0)�= �1� �� �� 1 �� �(1)(1)�
0 10 �(1)(1)� �( �( 2)(3)�
2)(3)� �7 �7
�� �� 0 � �( )(1)� �( )(0)� � 1 3
� �( )(1)� �( )(0)� � Dx � = � � = ��(1)(1)�
(1)(1)� − �(−2)(3)�
�( 2)(3)� = �7
a 0 2−2
1 1
Dx � = � = �(a − b = a � =� � �(2)(
�(1)(1)� �( �(1)(1)�
2)� 2)(3)� �7 � 5
1b 10 � �( )(1)� �( )(0)� � 22 1
� =� � �(1)( )� �(0)(
�( )(1)� )� �
�( )(0)�
11 a D y �� = �� �� = �(2)( 2)� − �(1)(1)�
�(2)(−2)� �(1)(1)� = �� − 55
� � �� = �(1)( )� − �(0)( )� = ��b 12 −2
Dy � = � �(1)(b)� �(0)(a)� � = D� � �(2)( 2)� �(1)(1)� � 5
10 b So,
� from 2 � − � �rule,
� �Cramer’s 7 we have:
D � = D� � �(1)( )� �(0)( )� � � � � �(2)( 2)� �(1)(1)� � 5
So,� from 1 � � � rule, we have:
� �Cramer’s D
� � � �(1)( )� �(0)( )� � x �� == �� DDx �� = �� −71 �� = �� − 77
Dx a
xx�� == �� D �� = �� 1 �� = ��a
D
D
D
Dy
y�� = �� D �� = �� −−51 �� = ��5 7
D
D
Dy
� �D� � � � 7
y�� = �� D �� = �� b1 �� = ��b �� = �� the��solution
Thus, �� �� is�5
� �D� � � � �5x = –7, y = 5.
y �� = �� the��solution
Thus, �� �� ��is x = a, y = b.
� � � � � �5
� � � � � � � � � � � �5
264
� � � � � �
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

933. d. First, rewrite the system as the following Since applying Cramer’s rule requires that
equivalent matrix equation 3 as in Problem 917: we divide by D in order to determine x and
� �
⎡ −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ y, we can only conclude that either the
⎡ 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ � ⎥� � = �3⎢ ⎥. system has zero or infinitely many solutions.
⎢⎣ 2 −4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ � ⎥⎦ � ⎣3 −6 ⎦
y
We must consider the equations directly and
Next, identify
1 the following determinants to manipulate them to determine which is the
�be �used in the application
� �( 1)( 4)� �(2)(2)� rule:
of Cramer’s �0
1 1 case. To this end, as in Problem 918, note
� � � � �(� 1)( 4)� 4)�
�( 1)( �(2)(2)� �0 �0
�(2)(2)� that multiplying both sides of the second
−1 2
D� = � � = �(−1)(−4)� − �(2)(2)� = � 0 equation by 3 yields the equivalent equation
2 −4
3 6x + 3y = 9. Subtracting this from the first
x� � � �(3)( 4)� �( 6)(2)� � 24
3 32 equation yields the false statement 0 = –1.
Dx � = �� � � = �(3)(−4)�
� �(3)( −4)�
�(−6)(2)� = � − 24� 24
�( 6)(2)�
x −36 −4 From this, we conclude that the two lines
x� = � � �(3)( 4)� �( 6)(2)� � 24
must be parallel (which can also be checked
−1 3 by graphing them). Hence, the system has
Dy � = � 1 � = �(−1)(−6)� − �(2)(3)� = �0
�=� 2 1−6 � �( 1)( 6)� �(2)(3)� �0 no solution.
� �1 � �( 1)( 6)� �(2)(3)� �0 1
Since applying Cramer’s rule requires that 935. a. First, rewrite the system � � as the following
� � � �( 1)( 6)� �(2)(3)� �0 1as in Problem 919:
we divide by D in order to determine x and equivalent matrix equation � �
y, we can conclude only that the system 1
⎡ −3 4 ⎤ ⎡ x� ⎤� ⎡1 1 ⎤
either has zero or infinitely many solutions. ⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ � ⎥ �� = � ⎢ ⎥.
We must consider the equations directly and
y
⎢⎣ � 4 � 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ �� ⎥⎦ ��( 3)(2)� ⎣1 −3 ⎦ �(4)(4)� � 22
Next, 3 the following determinants to
manipulate them to determine which is the � �identify
3 � �( 3)(2)� �(4)(4)� � 22
case. To this end, as in Problem 917, we note �be �used3 in the� application of Cramer’s
�( 3)(2)� �(4)(4)� � 22 rule:
3
� �� � � ��( �( 3)(2)�
3)(2)� �(4)(4)�
�(4)(4)� � �22 22
that the second equation in the system is −3 14
obtained by multiplying both sides of the D� =x �� � � = ��(−3�(1)(2)�
)(2)� − �(4)(4)�
�( 3)(4)�= � − 22
�14
4 12
first equation by –2. Therefore, the two lines � �1 � �(1)(2)� �( 3)(4)� �14
� � � �(1)(2)� �( 3)(4)� �14
are identical, so the system has infinitely 1 14
Dx � = �� � � = ��(1)(2)�
�(1)(2)�− �(−3�()(4)� = �14�14
3)(4)�
many solutions. −3
1 32
� =�� � � �( 3)(�( 3)�
� �(1)(2)� �(4)(1)�
3)(4)� �14 � 5
934. d. First, rewrite the system as the following 3
−3 1
equivalent matrix equation 8 as in Problem 918: Dy � = �� � � = ��(−3)(−3)�
�( 3)( −3)� �(4)(1)�
�(4)(1)� = � −5 � 5
� � 4 3 −3
⎡ 6 3 ⎤⎡ x ⎤ 3
⎡ 88 ⎤ � = �� D� � ��( �( 3)(3)(3)� 3)��(4)(1)�
�(4)(1)�� �5 5
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ �� = �� ⎢ ⎥. So, � 3�Cramer’s
� from � − � rule, � we have:
⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ � � ⎣ 83 ⎦ � � � �( 3)( 3)� �(4)(1)� � 5
D Dx 14 7
x � =
� = � �D � � � = � �−22 �� = � − 11
Next, identify6 the following determinants to
� � � �(6)(1)� �(2)(3)� �0
� y���= � D
D D
be used in 66 the application of Cramer’s rule: � y ��� = �� �5 ��� = �� − 5
�� �� � �(6)(1)� �(2)(3)� �0 D D −22 22
6 3 � �(6)(1)� �(2)(3)� �0 � � � � �5 � 7 5
D� = � � = �(6)(1)� − �(2)(3)� = � 0 �� = � the
� Thus, � �solution� � �� is� x = –ff 11 , y = –ff 22 .
2 1
8 � �� � � �� � � �� �
x� � � �(8)(1)� �(3)(3)� � 1
88 3 � � � � � �
Dxx �� = �� � = �(8)(1)� − �(3)(3)� = � −1
83 1 � �(8)(1)� �(3)(3)� � 1
x� = � � �(8)(1)� �(3)(3)� � 1
6 8
Dy � = � � = �(6)(3)� − �(2)(8)� = � 2
662 3
�� = �� �� �(6)(3)�
�(6)(3)� �(2)(8)�
�(2)(8)� �2
�2
6
� � � �(6)(3)� �(2)(8)� �2
265
 –ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS–

2 2
936. c. First, rewrite the system � � as the following 938. b. First, rewrite the system � � as the following
equivalent matrix equation 2as in Problem 920: equivalent matrix equation
� � � � as in Problem 922:
2 2
⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x� ⎤� ⎡ −2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 0 ⎤ ⎡ x� ⎤� ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� � = �2⎢ ⎢ ⎥⎢ � = �⎢
2 1 ⎥⎦�(0)( 4)� �25 ⎥
1 �
. 2 ⎥.
y
⎢⎣ �0 � 25 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ � ⎥⎦ �(1)(25)� 12 −3 ⎥ ⎣⎢ �y � �⎥⎦ �(2)( 2 3)�
� ⎣ ⎣⎢ � � ⎦ � � ⎣ 4 ⎦ �(12)(0)� � 6
Next, 1 2
� 1�identify the� following �(1)(25)� determinants
�(0)( 4)� �25 to Next,
� �2 identify the� following�(2)( 3)�determinants
�(12)(0)� �to 6
be
� � used in the application of
� �(1)(25)� �(0)( 4)� �25 Cramer’s rule: �be �used in the� application �(2)( 3)� of Cramer’s� rule:
�(12)(0)� 6
1 1 2 2
�
� � 1 −4 � � �(1)(25)�
2 � �(1)(25)� �(0)( �(0)(
4)� �25 4)� �25 � �� �2 20 � �(2)( � �(2)( 3)� �(12)(0)�
3)� �(12)(0)� � 6 � 6
D� =x � � � � = �(1)(25)� − �(0)(−4)� = �25
� �( 2)(25)� �(1)( 4)� � 46 D� = �� � � = �(2)(−3)�
� �( 2)(− �(12)(0)� = � − 6 �6
3)� �(4)(0)�
0 25 2 12 −3 2
� �2 � �( 2)(25)� �(1)( 4)� � 46 � �2 � �( 2)( 3)� �(4)(0)� �6
� � � �( 2)(25)� �(1)( 4)� � 46 � � � �( 2)( 3)� �(4)(0)� �6
−2 − 24 −2 20
Dx � = �� � � = �(−2)(25)�
� �( 2)(25)� − �(1)(−4)�
�(1)(= � 4)�
− 46 � 46 Dx � = �� � � = �(−2)(−3)�
� �( 2)(− �(4)(0)� = �6
3)� �(4)(0)� �6
1 21 25 4 2 2−3
� =� � � �� �(�(1)(1)�
2)(25)��(0)( �(1)(2)�4)��1 � 46 �=� � � � �(2)(4)�
� �( 2)( 3)� �(4)(0)� �6 �(12)( 2)� �32
1 −2
1 2
2 −2
Dy � = �� 1� � = ��(1)(1)��(1)(1)� �(0)( =2)�
− �(0)(−2)� �1 �1 Dy � = �� 2� � = ��(2)(4)� �(2)(4)� �(12)(=2)�
− �(12)(−2)� �32 �32
�=� 0 1
1 � �(1)(1)� �(0)( 2)� �1 12 4
�=� 2 � �(2)(4)� �(12)( 2)� �32
� D�1 � �(1)(1)� �(0)( 2)� �1 � D�2 � �(2)(4)� �(12)( 2)� �32
So,� from
� �Cramer’s �− rule, we have: So,
� from� �Cramer’s � − � rule, � 1 we have:
� � � �(1)(1)� �(0)( 2)� �1 � � � �(2)(4)� �(12)( 2)� �32
D
x �� =D � �Dx �� = � −25
46 D 6
�= D
x �� =D � �Dx �� = �� −6
�= �� =1� − 1
D
� � �D � � � � � � � 1
1 Dy
y�� =D� D � = � 25
y
y�� =D � D � = � 32 � � 116
−6 = − 3
� � � � 1 46 1 � � � � � � 1
�� = � �the� solution
� Thus, � is x = –ff25 , y = ff25. � �� = � �the� solution
Thus, �� �� is � x = –1, y = –ff 16
3.
� � � � 5 � � � � � � 4
937. c. First, rewrite the system � � as the following 939. a. First, rewrite the system � � as the following
� � � matrix
equivalent � equation 5 � � � matrix � � equation � 4
� � � � � � as in Problem 921: equivalent � � as in Problem 923:
5 � � � � � �
⎡ −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ x� ⎤� ⎡ 5 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ x �⎤ � ⎡ 4−4 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � =5� ⎢ ⎢
⎢⎣ � 1 � −2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ �y � ⎦⎥� �(
⎥. 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥ � =� � ⎢ 4 ⎥.
⎣5 −92)�⎦ �(1)(1)� �5
� 3)( ⎢⎣ � −2� −1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ��⎥⎦ � �(0)( � ⎣ 04 ⎦�( 2)(1)� �2
1)�
Next, 3 the following determinants to
identify 0
� �3 � �( 3)( 2)� �(1)(1)� �5 Next,
� � 0 identify the � �(0)( 1)�determinants
following �( 2)(1)� �2 to
�be �used in the �application �( 3)( 2)�of �(1)(1)�
Cramer’s�5rule: be� used� in the application
� �(0)( 1)�of Cramer’s
�( 2)(1)� rule:
�2
3 3 00
� � �
� � −3 5 1 � �( 3)( 2)� �(1)(1)� �5 �( 3)( 2)� �(1)(1)� �5 �� �� 0 4 1 � � �(0)( �(0)(1)�1)��( �( 2)(1)��2 �2
2)(1)�
D� = �� � � = ��(−3)(−2)�
�(5)( 2)�− �(1)(1)� = �5 � 1
�( 9)(1)� D� �= � � � �= �(0)(−1)�
�( 4)( 1)� − �(−2)(1)�
�(0)(1)�= �2�4
1 5 −2 −24 −1
� �5 � �(5)( 2)� �( 9)(1)� � 1 � � 4 � �( 4)( 1)� �(0)(1)� �4
� � � �(5)( 2)� �( 9)(1)� � 1 � � � �( 4)( 1)� �(0)(1)� �4
5 51 −44 1
Dx � = �� � � = �(5)(−2)�
� �(5)(− �(−9)(1)� = � −1 � 1
2)� �( 9)(1)� Dx �� = �� � = �(−4)(−1)� − �(0)(1)� = � 4
−95 3−2 024 −1 � �( 4)( 1)� �(0)(1)� �4
�=� � � � �( 3)( 9)�
� �(5)( 2)� �( 9)(1)� � 1 �(1)(5)� �22 � =� � �(0)(0)�
�( 4)( 1)��( �(0)(1)�
2)( 4)� �4 � 8
−3 5
3 2
2 −4 � �(0)(0)� �( 2)( 4)� � 8
Dy � = �� � 3 � = ��(−3)(−9)�
�( 3)( −9)� �(1)(5)�
�(1)(5)� = � 22 �22 D y �� = �� � = �(0)(0)� − �(−2)(−4)� = � − 8
�=� 1 −9
3 � �( 3)( 9)� �(1)(5)� �22
2
−2 0
�=� 2 � �(0)(0)� �( 2)( 4)� � 8
� D� 3 � �( 3)( 9)� �(1)(5)� �22 � D� 2 � �(0)(0)� �( 2)( 4)� � 8
So, � from� �Cramer’s
� rule, we have: So,
� from
� �Cramer’s � � �2rule, we have:
� � � �( 3)( 9)� �(1)(5)� �22 � � � �(0)(0)� �( 2)( 4)� � 8
D 1 Dx
�= x �� =D � �Dx �� = � 25 x � = �
D
D �� = � � 4
� � = �2� 2
D D2
� � �D � � � � � � �2
D
y�� =D� D � = � 22 y�� = � DD � = � −28� � =�2� − 4
y y
5
� � � � � � � � � �� ��2 4
�� = � �the� solution
� Thus, � is x = –ff51 , y = ff
2 22
5. �� = �� the�� solution
Thus, � � is � x4= 2, y = –4.
� � � � � � � � � � 4
� � � � � � � � � � 4
� � � � � � � � � � 4
266
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –
2
� �
940. b. Identify the following determinants to be first equation yields the false statement
� �
used in the application 2 0 = –3. From this, we conclude that the two
� � of Cramer’s rule for
the matrix1 equation lines must be parallel (which can also be
� � 21)� �(2)(0)� �1
⎡ � −1� 0 ⎤ ⎡ x � ⎤ � �( � 1)(
⎡ −2 ⎤
checked by graphing them). Hence, the
⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥: system has no solution.
⎢⎣ � 2 � −11 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y � ⎥⎦ �( 1)(
⎣ 11)�⎦ �(2)(0)� �1
� � � �( 1)( 1)� �(2)(0)� �1 942. d. Identify the following determinants to be
1
used in the application 4
� � −12 0 � �( 1)( 1)� �(2)(0)� �1 � � of Cramer’s rule for
D� �= � � � �= �(−1)(
�( 2)(−1)�
1)�− �(2)(0)�
�(1)(0)�= �1�2 the matrix equation 4
� � 212 −1 � �( 1)( 1)� �(2)(0)� �1 � � 4
� � 2 � �( 2)( 1)� �(1)(0)� �2 ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎡ 4 ⎤
� �
−2 0
� �( 2)( 1)� �(1)(0)� �2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥:
Dx � = � � = �(−2)(−1)� − �(1)(0)� = �2 ⎢⎣ 9 −63 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎦⎥ ⎣ 12 ⎦
1 12 −1 � � � �(3)( 6)� �(9)( 2)� �0
� =� � �( 1)(1)�
2)( 1)� �(2)( 2)� �3
�(1)(0)� �2 3
2 � � 3 −2 � �(3)( 6)� �(9)( 2)� �0
1
� � −1 −2 � �( 2)( 1)� �(1)(0)� �2 D� = � 3 � = �(3)(−6)� − �(9)(−2)� = �0
Dy �� = �� 1 � �= �(−1)(1)�
�( 1)(1)�− �(2)(−2)�
�(2)( 2)�
= �3 �3 9 −6
2 1 � � � �(3)( 6)� �(9)( 2)� �0
�=� � �( 1)(1)� �(2)( 2)� �3 4
D � � � �(4)( 6)� �(12)( 2)� �0
So,
� from 1 � � �2rule, we have:
� �Cramer’s x
4 −2
� � 1 � �( 1)(1)� �(2)( 2)� �3 Dx � = � � = �(4)(−6)� − �(12)(−2)� = � 0
Dx 124 −6
x �� = � �� = �� 12�� =�2� 2� �( 1)(1)� �(2)( 2)� �3
�= �� DD �=� 4 � �(4)( 6)� �(12)( 2)� �0
D x
� � � � � �2 � � � �(4)( 6)� �(12)( 2)� �0
Dy x 3 4
y� = � DD � = � 13 � = �3 Dy � = � 3 � = �(3)(12)� − �(9)(4)� = �0
� � � � � �2 � = � 9 12 � �(3)(12)� �(9)(4)� �0
�� = �� the
Thus, D �� solution
�� �� �3�3is x = 2, y = 3.
� � � � � � � � �3�2 � � 3
3
Since applying Cramer’s rule requires that
� �(3)(12)� �(9)(4)� �0
941. d. Identify the following determinants to be we divide by D in order to determine x and
used in the application 2 Cramer’s rule for
of � � � �(3)(12)� �(9)(4)� �0
� � � � � � �3� y, we can conclude only that the system has
the matrix equation 2 either zero or infinitely many solutions. We
� � � � � � �3 � 2
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ � � ⎡ −2 ⎤ must consider the equations directly and
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥:
⎢⎣ 3 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ manipulate them to determine which is the
� � � �(3)(2)� �(2)(3)� �0 case. To this end, as in Problem 926, the
3
� �3 2 � �(3)(2)� �(2)(3)� �0 second equation in the system is obtained
D� = � 3 � = �(3)(2)� − �(2)(3)� = �0
3 2 by multiplying both sides of the first
� � � �(3)(2)� �(2)(3)� �0
2 equation by 3. The two lines are identical, so
x� � � �( 2)(2)� �(1)(2)� � 6
−2 2 the system has infinitely many solutions.
Dx � = � � = �(−2)(2)� − �(1)(2)� = � − 6
12 2
x�=� 2 � �( 2)(2)� �(1)(2)� � 6
x� � 3 −2 � �( 2)(2)� �(1)(2)� � 6
Dy � = � 3 � = �(3)(1)� − �(3)(−2)� = � 9
� = � 3 1 � �(3)(1)� �(3)( 2)� �9
3
Since applying Cramer’s rule requires that
� � 3 � �(3)(1)� �(3)( 2)� �9
we divide by D in order to determine x and
� � � �(3)(1)� �(3)( 2)� �9
y, we can only conclude that the system has
either zero or infinitely many solutions. We
must consider the equations directly and
manipulate them to determine which is the
case. To this end, as in Problem 925,
subtracting the second equation from the

267
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –
1
� �
943. b. Identify the following determinants to be
� � Section 8—
used in the application � �
1of Cramer’s rule for Common Algebra Errors
the matrix1 equation
� � 1
⎡ � −1� −1 ⎤ ⎡ x �� ⎤ ��( 1)(0)� ⎡ −1 ⎤
�( 1)( 1)� � 1 Set 61 (Page 144)
⎢ 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥: 945. b. The answer should be ff91 because (–3)–2 =
⎢⎣ � −1� 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y � ⎥⎦ �( 1)(0)� ⎣ 1 ⎦ �( 1)( 1)� � 1 1 1
� � � �( 1)(0)� �( 1)( 1)� � 1 (–3) · (–3) = 9 .
ff ff
1
� � −1 1 −1 � �( 1)(0)� �( 1)( 1)� � 1 946. c. There is no error. Any nonzero quantity
D� = �� � 1 � = �(−1 � �()(0)� − �(−1�(1)(
1)(0)� )(−1)�1)�= � −1
�1
raised to the zero power is 1.
� −1 � 10 � �( 1)(0)� �( 1)( 1)� � 1
� � 1 � �( 1)(0)� �(1)( 1)� �1 947. a. The statement should be 0.00013 = 1.3 �
� � � �( 1)(0)� �(1)( 1)� �1
−1 −1 10–4 because the decimal point must move
Dx � = � � = �(−1)(0)� − �(1)(−1)� = �1
1 1 10 to the left four places in order to yield
� =�� � 1 � ��( �(1)(0)� 1)(1)��(1)(
�( 1)(
1)� 1)�
�1 � 2
0.00013.
� −1 � 1−1 � �( 1)(0)� �(1)( 1)� �1
Dy � = � 1 � � � �( 1)(1)� �(
� = �(−1)(1)� − �(−1)(−1)� = � − 2 1)( 1)� � 2 948. c. There is no error. The power doesn’t apply
� = � −1 1 � �( 1)(1)� �( 1)( 1)� � 2 to the –1 in front of the 4. In order to square
D
So, � 1�Cramer’s
� from � − � �rule, 1 we have: the entire –4, one must write (–4)2.
� � 1 1 � �( 1)(1)� �( 1)( 1)� � 2 949. a. This is incorrect because you cannot cancel
D Dx
x � =
� = � D � D � �� −1 �� =1� −1�( 1)(1)� �( 1)( 1)� � 2
� � � � =
� � �D � � � 1 terms in a sum; you can cancel only factors
y −2
y� =D � D � = � −1 � = � 2 that are common to the numerator and
� � � � � � 1 1 denominator.
� Thus,�� = � �the
D � solution
�� �2 � � is �2� x = –1, y = 2.
� �� � � �� �� �2� � 1 950. b. You must first get a common denominator
944. b. Identify the following determinants 1 to be
� � before you add two fractions. The correct
used in the application 1 of Cramer’s rule for
� � � � � �2 � � computation is: ff43 + ff2a = ff43 + ff
2a 3 + 2a
4 = ff 4
the matrix equation 1
� � 0� �� � �2 1 951. b. The placement of the quantities is incorrect.
⎡ � 0 � 2 ⎤ ⎡ x� � ⎤ � �(0)(0)� ⎡ 14 ⎤
�(4)(2)� � 8
A correct statement would be “200% of 4 is
⎢ 0⎥⎢ ⎥� = �⎢ ⎥:
� �
⎢ 4 0 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y �
⎦⎥
�(0)(0)� −20 ⎦
�(4)(2)�
⎣ �(4)(2)� � 8 8.”
�⎣ � � �(0)(0)� � 8
0 952. c. There is no error. In order to compute 0.50%
� � 0 21 � �(0)(0)� �(4)(2)� � 8
of 10, you multiply 10 by 0.0050 to get 0.05.
D� = �� � 0 � = �(0)(0)� − �(4)(2)� �(= �20)(2)�
� �(14)(0)� −8 �40
� 4� 01 � �(0)(0)� �(4)(2)� � 8 953. b. The sum �3� + �6� cannot be simplified
� 1� � �(14)(0)� �( 20)(2)� �40 further because the radicands are different.
� � � �(14)(0)� �( 20)(2)� �40
14 2
Dx � = � � = �(14)(0)� − �(−20)(2)� = � 40 954. b. The first equality is incorrect; the radicals
−201 0 0 cannot be combined because their indices
� = �� � 1 � ��(14)(0)� �(0)( 20)� �(4)(14)��40� 56
�( 20)(2)�
� 0� 014 � �(14)(0)� �( 20)(2)� �40 are different.
Dy � = � 0 � � � �(0)( 20)�
� = �(0)(−20)� − �(4)(14)� = � − 56�(4)(14)� � 56955. a. The third equality is incorrect because the
� = � 4 −20 � �(0)( 20)� �(4)(14)� � 56 binomial was not squared correctly. The
D
So, � 0 �Cramer’s
� from � − � rule, � 5 we have: correct denominator should be 22 + 2��3 +
� � 0 � �(0)( 20)� �(4)(14)� � 56
D Dx 40 (�3�)2 = 7 + 2�3�.
� =x �� = � � � � �� = �� −8
D D
�� =5� − 5�(0)( 20)� �(4)(14)� � 56
� � �D � � � 5 956. a. The exponents should be multiplied, not
y� =D � D � = � −56 =
y
−8
� � 7 added, so the correct answer should be x10.
� � � � � � 5 957. c. There is no error.
� Thus, �� = �� �the
D �� solution
� �� � ��7� is � �7x5= – 5, y = 7.
� � � � � �7 958. a. The first equality is wrong because you must
multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of
� � � � � �7 the denominator.
� � � � � �7
268
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

959. b. The correct answer should be x15 973. b. You cannot cancel terms of a sum in the
x12 12 3 12+3
because f
x–3 = x x = x = x15. numerator and denominator. You can cancel
960. a. The correct answer should be e8x because only factors common to both. The complex
(e4x) = e4x·2 = e8x.
2
fraction must first be simplified before any
cancellation can occur. The correct statement
Set 62 (Page 146) is:
961. a. The inequality sign must be switched when 2x–1 – y–1
ff =
2 ff1
x – y
ff
=
2y x
xy – ff
ff
xy =
2y – x
ffxy =
x–1 + 4y–1 f f f
y + 4x
multiplying both sides by a negative real 1 4
x + ff
ff y
y
ff 4x
xy + ff
xy
ff
xy

number. The correct solution set should be 2y – x

f · �
xy = 2y – x
f
�
xy f
y +4x y + 4x
(–»,–4).
962. a. There are two solutions of this equation, 974. b. The first equality is incorrect because the
namely x = –1 and x = 3. natural logarithm of a sum is not the sum of
963. c. There is no error. the natural logarithms. In fact, the
964. b. The value x = –7 cannot be the solution expression on the extreme left side of the
because it makes the terms in the original string of equalities cannot be simplified
equation undefined—you cannot divide by further.
zero. Therefore, this equation has no 975. a. The first equality is incorrect because 2 log5
solution. (5x) = log5(5x)2 = log5(25x2). The other
965. b. While x = 1 satisfies the original equation, equalities are correct as written.
x = –1 cannot because negative inputs into a 976. c. There is no error.
logarithm are not allowed.
966. a. The denominator in the quadratic formula Set 63 (Page 148)
is 2a, which in this case is 2, not 1. The 977. b. The line y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote
complex solutions should be x = �i�5�. for f.
967. b. The signs used to define the binomials on 978. a. The line is vertical, so its slope is undefined.
the right side should be switched. The 979. a. The point is actually in Quadrant II.
correct factorization is (x – 7)(x + 3). 980. b. The domain of f must be restricted to [0, »)
968. a. You must move all terms to one side of the in order for f to have an inverse. In such
inequality, factor (if possible), determine the case, the given function f –1(x) = �x� is
values that make the factored expression indeed its inverse.
equal to zero, and construct a sign chart to 981. c. There is no error.
solve such an inequality. The correct 982. c. There is no error.
solution set should be [–2, 2]. 983. c. There is no error.
969. a. The left side must be expanded by FOILing. 984. a. The coordinates of the point that is known
The correct statement should be (x – y)2 = to lie on the graph of y = f(x) are reversed;
x2 – 2xy + y2. they should be (2,5).
970. b. This equation has no real solutions because 985. c. There is no error.
the output of a square root must be 986. b. –2 is not in the domain of g, so that the
nonnegative. composition is not defined at –2.
971. c. There is no error. 987. a. The point (0,1) is the y-intercept, not the
972. b. The left side is not a difference of squares. It x-intercept, of f.
cannot be factored further.

269
 – ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS –

988. a. The graph of g is actually decreasing as x 995. c. There is no error.

moves from left to right through the 996. a. The two matrices on the left side of the
domain. equality do not have the same dimension,
989. a. The graph of y = f(x + 3) is actually obtained so their sum is undefined.
by shifting the graph of y = f(x) to the left 3 997. b. The inner dimensions of the two matrices
units. on the left side are not the same. Therefore,
990. c. There is no error. they cannot be multiplied.
991. a. You cannot distribute a function across 998. b. The difference is computed in the wrong
parts of a single input. As such, the correct order. The correct statement should be
statement should be f(x – h) = (x – h)4. ⎡ 4 2 ⎤
det ⎢ ⎥ � = �(4)(−1)� − �(2)(1)� = � − 6 .
992. a. The graph of y = 5 passes the vertical line
⎢⎣ 1 −1 ⎥⎦
test, so it represents a function. It is, 999. c. There is no error.
however, not invertible. 1000. a. You cannot add a 2 • 2 matrix and a real
number because their dimensions are
Set 64 (Page 150) different. The sum is not well-defined.
993. a. Since adding the two equations results in 1001. c. There is no error.
the false statement 0 = 8, there can be no
solution of this system.
994. a. Since multiplying the first equation by –2
and then adding the two equations results in
the true statement 0 = 0, there are infinitely
many solutions of this system.

270
 GLOSSARY

absolute value the absolute value of a is the distance between a and 0

addend a quantity that is added to another quantity. In the equation x + 3 = 5, x and 3 are addends
additive inverse the negative of a quantity
algebra the representation of quantities and relationships using symbols
algebraic equation an algebraic expression equal to a number or another algebraic expression, such as x + 4 = –1
algebraic expression one or more terms, at least one of which contains a variable. An algebraic expression may
or may not contain an operation (such as addition or multiplication), but does not contain an equal sign
algebraic inequality an algebraic expression being compared to another algebraic expression, using π , <,
>, ! , or " , such as x + 2 > 8
base a number or variable that is used as a building block within an expression. In the term 3x, x is the base.
In the term 24, 2 is the base
binomial an algebraic expression that contains two terms, such as (2x + 1)
coefficient the numerical multiplier, or factor, of an algebraic term. In the term 3x, 3 is the coefficient
composite number a number that has at least one other positive factor besides itself and 1, such as 4 or 10
constant a term, such as 3, that never changes value
coordinate plane a plane partitioned by an x-axis and a y-axis
cubic equation an equation in which the highest degree is 3. The equation y = x3 + x is cubic
decreasing function a function whose graph falls vertically from left to right

271
 – GLOSSARY –

degree The degree of a variable is its exponent. The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its terms.
The degree of x5 is 5, and the degree of x3 + x2 +9 is 3.
distributive law a term outside a set of parentheses that contains two terms should be multiplied by each
term inside the parentheses: a(b + c) = ab + ac
dividend the number being divided in a division problem (the numerator of a fraction). In the number sen­
tence 6 # 2 = 3, 6 is the dividend
divisor the number by which the dividend is divided in a division problem (the denominator of a fraction).
In the number sentence 6 # 2 = 3, 2 is the divisor
domain the set of all values that can be substituted for x in a function
equation two expressions separated by an equal sign, such as 3 + 6 = 9
exponent a constant or variable that states the number of times a base must be multiplied by itself. In the
term 3x2, 2 is the exponent
factor If two or more whole numbers multiplied together yield a product, those numbers are factors of that
product. Since 2 $ 4 = 8, 2 and 4 are factors of 8.
factoring breaking down a product into its factors
FOIL an acronym that stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last, which are the pairs of terms that must be multiplied
in order to find the terms of the product of two binomials. (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
function an equation that associates a unique y-value to every x-value in its domain
greatest common factor (GCF) the largest expression that can be factored out of every term in an expression
imaginary number a number whose square is less than zero, such as the square root of –9, which can be
written as 3i
increasing function a function whose graph rises vertically from left to right
inequality two expressions that are compared using the symbol %, <, >, ! , or "
integer a whole number, the negative of a whole number, or zero. Examples of integers are 2 and –2
inverse functions Two functions are inverses of each other if and only if each composed with the other yields
the identity function (y = x). The graphs of inverse functions are reflections of each other over the line y = x.
like terms two or more terms that have the same variable bases raised to the same exponents, but may have
different coefficients, such as 3x2 and 10x2 or 7xy and 10xy
linear equation an equation that can contain constants and variables, and the exponents of the variables are 1;
the equation y = 3x + 8 is linear
matrix an array of real numbers composed of m rows and n columns
monomial an expression that consists of products of powers of variables, such as 3x2
ordered pair an x-value and a y-value, in parentheses separated by a comma, such as (4,2)
parallel lines lines that have the same slope. Parallel lines never intersect
percent p% = p/100. The expression 36% is equal to 36 out of 100.
perpendicular lines lines that intersect at right angles; the product of the slopes of two perpendicular lines
is –1

272
 – GLOSSARY –

polynomial an expression that is the sum of one or more terms, such as x2 + 2x + 1, each with whole num­
bered exponents
prime factorization the writing of a number as a product comprised of only prime numbers
prime number a number whose only positive factors are 1 and itself, such as 3 or 7
product the result of multiplication. In the number sentence 2
4 = 8, 8 is the product
proportion an equation that shows two equal ratios, such as &1162& = &34&
quadratic equation an equation in which the highest degree is 2; the equation y = x2 + 1 is a quadratic
equation
radical a root of a quantity
3
radicand the quantity under a radical symbol; in !8", 8 is the radicand
range the set of all y-values that can be generated from x-values in an equation or function
ratio a relationship between two or more quantities, such as 3:2
rational expression the quotient of two polynomials
root a value of x in the domain of a function for which f(x) is 0
slope a measurement of steepness of a line computed as follows: the change in the y-values between two
points on a line divided by the change in the x-values of those points
slope-intercept form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept
system of equations a group of two or more equations for which the common variables in each equation
have the same values
quotient the result of division; in the number sentence 6 # 2 = 3, 3 is the quotient
term a variable, constant, or product of both, with or without an exponent, that is usually separated from an­
other term by addition, subtraction, or an equal sign, such as 2x or 5 in the expression (2x + 5)
trinomial an expression comprised of three terms, such as (6x2 + 11x + 4)
unknown a quantity whose value is not given, usually represented by a letter
unlike terms two or more terms that have different variable bases, or two or more terms with identical vari­
ables raised to different exponents, such as 3x2 and 4x4
variable a symbol, such as x, that represents a number
vertical line test the drawing of a vertical line through the graph of an equation to determine if the equa­
tion is a function; if a vertical line can be drawn anywhere through the graph of an equation such that it
crosses the graph more than once, then the equation is not a function
x-axis the horizontal line on a coordinate plane along which y = 0
x-intercept the x-value of a point where a curve crosses the x-axis
y-axis the vertical line on a coordinate plane along which x = 0
y-intercept the y-value of the point where a curve crosses the y-axis

273