SITY, ZARIA ! AHMADU BELLO UNIVER FACULTY OF ENGINEERI . DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING MEEN 208: Basic Engineering Thermodynamies (Seconel Semester, 2019-2020 Session) Problem 1: The basic barometer can be used to measure the height of a building. If the harometric readings at the top and at the bottom of a building are 675 and 695 mml tay respectively, determine the height of the building, ‘Take the densities of air and mercury 0 be 1.18 kg/m? and 13,600 kg/m’, respectively. Assumptions ‘The variation of air density with altitude is negligible, Properties The density of air is given to be p= 1.18 kg/m’, The density of mercury i 13,600 koh 675 mania Anaiysis Atmospheric pressures at the top and at the bottom of the buslding are Paap = (08h) E= 103.6 eeintyp siavyo.s7s uj S| = poets Tkg-mis { 1000 Nim? | 290.06 kPa Procam (PS yoo = (13,600 ke/m? X9.81 mi =92.72kPa j, 1000 Nim? Talking an air column between the top andl the bottom of the building and writing a force balance per soit base a¢<2, "= obtain Tag! A= Poco Prp (eg = Pootoo Prop InN 1kPa (1.18 kg/m?)Q.81 m/s”, of | tts |-o2-50 06) kPa wm YO. 81 I XT als? A 1000 Nim > It yields As231m which is also the height of the building, "—~problem 2, The piston of a vertical piston-cylinder device containing a gas has a mass of 60 kg and a cross-sectional area of 0.04 m?, as shown in Fig, P2. The local atmospheric pressure is 0.97 bar, and the gravitational acceleration is 9.81 ml/s*. (a) Determine the pressure inside the cylinder. (6) If some heat is transferred to the gas and its volume is doubled, do you expect the pressure inside the cylinder to change? Scanned with CamScanner= 0.97 bar m= Oke As001m igure P2 Analysis: (a) Draw a free body diagram and balance the forces on the piston PA = Parma +W Thus, mg P= mg Patm + A : Tbar = 1171 kPa (b) The pressure inside the container is not expected to change because the pressure is dependent oon Pam m, g, and A and we don’t expect any of them to change due to the heat transferred to the gas. ~~ 3, A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston-cylinder device. The piston has 2 mass of 3.2 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm?, A compressed spring above the piston exerts 4b force of 150 N on the piston, If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder. Scanned with CamScannerProny = 95 KPa mp 3.2 ke Figure P3 1-62 A gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder device is pressurized by a 55 and by the weight of the puton The ‘pressure of the gas is to be determined. by aeming ant : - ats rong he body ng of he piton nd acing te Sena acer yield Pn Pog + Fas Thus, m8 +Fiprag a Pa Pen = ke)9.81 m/s") +150: 35x10 Sm? = 05 BPa)= =187kP2 problem 4, Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pi the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two flui the manometer if the fluid is (a) meroury (p = 13,600 kg/m’) or (b) water (p = 1000 ke/m'). P,=80kPa ee Figure Pa Scanned with CamScannercae en the difference between the fluid levels of the tw: ster, : Propertin The de Pm ™ 1000 Ke Analysis The gape pressure in related to the vericl distance b betwen two fd levels by ‘enw Merwe 18 0 menvore te prewenre Tor a specified renting of poet tm of the manernetet 1 Wy be datermuned fo mercury nee ‘of water ann mercury a piven toe 1nd be py 13.600 hpi? Pane = pech (@) For mercury, Pree “Put soura (re [imo |-vme (13,600 kep/im’? X9 81 m/s?) VPA VEN (8) For water, loon ben Yom vi problem 5A mercury manometer (p = 13,600 ke/m’) is connected to an pressure inside. The difference in the manometer levels is 15 mm, and is 100 kPa. (a) Judging from Fig, P5, determine if the pressure in the duc atmospheric pressure. (b) Determine the absolute pressure in the duct. ~ET Figure PS Scanned with CamScanner1-67 The air pressure in a duct is measured by a mercury manometer. Fora piven mercury-level difference between the two columns, the absolute pressure in the duct is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be p = 13.600 ke/m? analysis (a) The pressure inthe duct is above atmowpherie pressure since the ‘uid column on the duct side is at a lower level (®) The absolute pressure in the duct is determined from P= Pan + PEN = (100 kPa) + (13,600 ke/m? 9.81 mvs? X0.015 of =102 kPa Lkg avs) shown in Fig. Problem 6, The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer shown ere P6 with one of the arms open to the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pres psia, Determine the absolute pressure in the pipt \e. = Figure P6 Scanned with CamScanner-69E The pressure in a nat OE The ural gas pipeline is measured by a double U-nibe oper Thesis est ave pena beens unmet wien fe wren [ Assumptions 1 ALL the liquids are incompressible, 2 The an ot sit cfuim on pres i mpi. 3 The ; essure throughout the natural gas (tclding the tube) is / Spatwcranyaiee Properties We take the density of water to be z sity of water 10 be Pu ™ 62:4 Iv. The specie avy of meray gen be 1.6 its density is pg = 13.6x62.4 = $48.6 Ib Annlysis Starting with the p q 3 the pressure at poist 1 inthe nana ‘38 pipeline, and moving along the tube by adding (a5 we 0 down) of subtracting (as we go up) the pt terms until swe reach the free surfice of oil where the oil tube is ‘exposed to the atmosphere, and seting the result equal (0 Pam gives A= prgchiy ~ Pes thoce = Pam Solving for Pi Bm Pa + Pitg@hite + Pease Subssting, ‘patd pain +(322H/5? (648.6 baw? X12 6) + (62-4 Yom/s?¥27712) =15.1psia Discusion Note tat jemping horizontally fom one tbe to i 2 and realizing that pressure remains the same i te Disc Nem et the saan gray, Alo, t can be shown thatthe 1S-ia Hg 2 cS, ‘path a demaity of 0075 fae Famed to a pressure dlfrenc of 000065 ps. Therefor, its effect onthe Press ifferace berween the 79 pipes is negligible. NJ problem 7. A hydraulic lift isto be used to lif a 2500-kg weight by putting a weight of 25 ke o2 a piston with a diameter of 10 em, Determine the diameter of the piston on which the weight is to be placed. 1-91 A liydcvlic itis used to lita weight, The diameter of the piston on which the weight 0 be placed ito be determined, Weight | ‘Assumptions 1 The cylinders of the lift are vertical. 2 | Fy 2500 kg \ There are no leaks. 3 ‘Atmospheric pressure act on ‘both sides, and thus it can be disregarded. “Analysis Noting that pressure is force per nit area the ‘pressure on the smaller piston is determined from WAL A mls ~osipesialel 1k | 7(0.10m) /4 \1000ks mis} 331.23 Nin? = 31.23KPa rom Pascal's principle, he presute ote renter pistons eqns © that in the smaller piston, Then, the needed diameter is determined from 2 oo key9.Sim/s?)( KN eee Dy /4 1000kg-mvs? * sed by lite effort in hydraulic lift by making use of Pascal's principle. oe ssi 231m? =f ae ST) Discussion Note that large weights can be ras Scanned with CamScannerjpecrrnpe ees vols system shown in Fig. P8, Ifa change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure of aie ry interface in the right column to drop by 5 mm in the brine level in the ns constant, determine the ratio of Ay /Ax 3 = g z E z 3 a = Area. Ay Figure P8 431 The fed leven anda Bad Une mmovace change as aoa ofa pecans opm te appa meas: FOE * (pees precaare ropa rate feel change, Sw arte rho 180 be desrouaes ctovamprionr 1 All the ligasty ae seompresitle, 2 BESET ce Mee pe romat cnea 9 Te Cinanoe of rene te ragged at apace septic Proper The spetiic gaveies wz given w be 13.56 ERiiy mE be Meum We bbe te minders Senay ef wet to be = 10K gh dnalpca Win clear Bom the problem ssseat and fe fare duu he teins presave os mack Seger than the tt Mend when ee ai pease Ops By OT PA. Be Etcence between be trae sad te a2 ace oases be ty the sme sons. soureny wet See alr premace (gone AP aad moving Sag the be by ebding (5 we go Soe) ox Stang Geo me gp upp the pg tens nt) we meh de Beate pe tpouut i), and ering ar seus call 16 Py bee EE presawe change of ue Bees Pat Pale ig Simgs “Anas Ps rer Pant Pate Paging Patthas Fi Scene vectaepnstin papi. + AaBingthy the ad ames de dtu tae snes tanagen rqecneh Sate 22 see deme ar vin ye ren Sa ee ex peescare Hoth of thete are pontve guste’ Nhe volume of mercury wcoamaue, we bane Shag = Aayaes feds eercry and bee axcorace Nose ao that ON? =—700 ks? Pag-Pa a BT 0008 Shag hays Mase She HBady'Ay = nal A) seen, eas Boomers (ayn. O00} byes AYA 0184 Scanned with CamScanner1-81 The fluid levels in « multi-fluid U-tube mano fren enc op ands el chrge eect assed ep Snes Fre Assumptions 1 All the liquids are incompressible, : rt eae Pressure in the brine pipe remains constant. 3 The variation of pressure in the trapped air space is a negligible. Ae Properties The specific gravites are given to be 13.56 a for mercury and 1.1 for brine, We take the standard bate density of water to be p,=1000 kg/m’. Area, A an . Analysis It is clear from the problem stitement and the i figure that the brine pressure is much higher than the air . pressure, and when the sir pressure drops by 0.7 kPa, the pressure difference between the brine and the sir space Mereary inereases also by the ame amount. 80-1356 Starting with the air pressure (point A) and moving along the tube by adding (as we go down) or subtracting (as we go up) the gh terms until we reach the brine pipe (point B), and setting the result equal to Pp before and after the pressure change of ar give Before: Py. + Pu By + Pig Shitg,: — PocSMons = Pa Aer: Pa Pusha + PrgSiga ~Prethea =Pa Subtracting, Py-Peo Migs = a Pea~ Pat Pigg ~PorBlllyy =O > “8 = SO rng ST ferential mercu ine column heights, respectively, due to the drep in where Alig and By, are the changes i the differential merouy and brine column heh ae air pressure. Both ofthese are positive quant since asthe mercury brine interface drops, the Of and ao a sd brine inerease, Noting also thatthe volume of mercury is constant we have Ahnu = sAnesem Pyg— Pg =-0.7 kPa=—700 Nin? =—700 kg/m-s? hy, =0.005 m hing = Shigsgns + Mee — Moe +BncAal A = Mn (1+ An/Ar) Substituting, __ Tod kms? __ 3, $6 0.005(1+ y/Ay)~ (110.005) (1000 kg/m? }(9.81 m/s*) Itgives Aglay = 0.184 /ETARY MATERIAL ied oly 0 echers and etestr fr eu repeation ~—-—-—sSseeeseseseses—s—sh Fear de sewing this Manca, you ae wing without pamison Scanned with CamScannerf; problem 9. The gage pressure ine the die rressure of the air in i ermine the differential height h ofthe ihe ce in Fig, P9 is measured to be 80 kPa. ’ Pas. oil 80 kPa SG=0.72 Mercury SG= 13.6 Figure P9 Assumptions: (1) All the liquids are incompressible. respectively. Properties: The specific gravities of the oil and mercury are given as 0.72 and 13.6, ‘We take the standard density of water to be 1000 kg/m”. Analysis: Starting with the pressure at the surface of the tank, we can write: P + puGhy ~ Pugh — PoThost = Pacm But P= Prauge + Patm Pyauge + Patm + Puli ~ Prag dh — PowgTou = Patm Prauge + PwSttw — PugGh — Poaghou = 0 4 = Lammas * Pugtow ~ Poulan ( Pug Problem 11, The average atmospheric pressure on earth is approximated as a function of altitude by the relation Pam = 101.325 (1 ~ 0.022562)", where Pam is the atmospheric pressure in kPa and 2 is the altitude in km with z = 0 at sea level. Determine the approximate atmospheric pressures at Atlanta (z= 306 m), Denver (@ = 1610 m), Mexico City (2 = 2309 m), and the top of Mount Everest (z = 8848 m). Problem 12. The weight of bodies may change somewhat from one location to another as a result of the variation of the gravitational acceleration g with elevation. Accounting for this variation using the relation g = a ~ bz where a = 9.807 m/s? and b = 3.32 * 10-6 s°, determine the weight of an 80-Kg person. at sea level (z = 0), in Denver (z= 1610 m), and on the top of Mount Everest (z = 8848 m). re in the world is approximated as @ Problem 13, The average temperature of the atmosphe! perature of the function of altitude by the relation T am = 288-15 ~ 6.52 where Tam is the temy Scanned with CamScanneroosper? in K and z is the altitude in km with z a perature of the atmosphere outside an airplane th: = 0 at sea level. Determine the average ial is cruising at an altitude of 12,000 m for each 1000-m rise in problem 14. The boiling temperature of water decreases by about 3% J (c) Re for each 1000- altitude. What is the decrease in the boiling temperature in (a) K, (b) °F mise in altitude? ween Aa | erence bet | Problem 15. A house is losing heat at arate of 1800 kif per °C temperature diferente Mh” the indoor and the outdoor temperatures. Express the rate of heat Joss from this hot (0) °F, and (c) R difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperature Scanned with CamScannerproblem 9. The gage pressure of the air i ey in the tank shown in Fig. P9 is measured to be petermine the differential eighth ofthe mercury column. UG Neale oF soups SG=072~F ~ Mercury sG= 136 Figure P9 Assumptions: (1) All the liquids are incompressible and 13 Properties: The specific gravties of the oil and mercury are given 2S 0.72 We take the standard density of water to be 1000 ke/m'- Analysis: Starting withthe pressure atthe surface ofthe tank, we ca? write: P+ puGliw ~ PugGh — Por Thou But P= Phauge + Patm + Paem + Pugltw ~ PugGh ~ Pougtout =F Poauge Or Preuge + Pw tiv — PrigGh ~ Poudhou = 0 __ Prauge + Pwgltw — Pourd Toit h Pugd Problem 11. The average atmospheric pressure on earth is approximated as a function 01.325 (1 ~ 0.022562)", where Pain and z is the altitude in km with z = 0 at sea level. Det pressures at Atlanta (2 = 306 m), Denver (z = 1610 m), Mexico City Mount Everest (z = 8848 m). = 2309 m), and the top of Scanned with CamScanner1-114 The average res ai 01.325(1 0.02256: al rage atmospheric eis gi aoe , Pressure is given as 2,,, =101.325(1-0,022562)°2% where z is the altitude in kin. 7 atmospheric pressures at various locations are o be determined : Analysis The atmospheri spheric 7 7 relation Dressures at various locations are obtained by substituting the altitude 2 values ia kam into ¢ 5256 0132510022! Atlanta: (= 0.306 km): Pye, = 101.325(1 ~ 0.02256x0.306)' = 97.7 kPa Denver: (= 1.610 kin): Py = 101.325(1 ~ 0.02256%1.610)°% = 83.4 kPa M. City: (= 2.309 kam): Pyin = 101.325(1 + 0. 02256x2.309)°""* = 76.5 kPa MLEW: (= 8.848 lon): Pag = 101.325(1 - 0.02256x8,848)"* = 31.4 kPa to another as @ from one location t ing for this Problem 12. The weight of bodies may change somewhat result of the variation of the gravitational acceleration g with elevation. Accounti variation using the relation g = @ ~ bz where a = 9.807 ‘m/s? and 6 = 3.32 * 10° s™, determine the weight of an 80-kg person at sea level (z = 0), in Denver (¢ = 1610 m), and on the top of Mount Everest (z = 8848 m) 1-89 The gravitational eeceleration changes with altitude. Accounting for his vanieton. the weights of a body at differ Tocations are o be determined. kg man at various locations is obtained by substiuing the alriade Analysis The weight of an 80: 2 (values in my isto he relation = (60kgX9.807 ~3.32%10°% =m?) kgm! (2=0.m): W = 80%(9,807-3. s2x10%«0) = 809.807 = 7844 Sea level: Denver: (2= 1610 m); W = 80x(0.807-3.32810%1610) = 80%9.802 ‘Mt. Ev; (2= 8648 m); W = 80x(0.807-3.32810%8848) = 0x9.778 = 782.2 N erature of the atmosphere in the world is approximated as function of altitude by the relation Tam = 288.15 — 6.5z where Tym is the temperature of the atmosphere in K and z is the altitude in km with z = 0 at sea level. Determine the average temperature of the atmosphere outside an airplane that is cruising at an altitude of 12,000 m. Problem 13. The average temp 18.15 6.52 where is altitude in km. The sphere is expressed 25 Tras 1-95 The average temperature ofthe atmo temperature outside an aizpane eruising at 12,000 m is to be detemuine. iven, the average temperature of the atmosphere Anolysis Using the relation ¢ at an altitude of 12,000 m is determined to be Tra = 288.15 - 6.52 288.15 = 6.5x12 = 210.15 K=- 63°C average” temperature, The actual temperature at different times canbe different, Discussion This is the Scanned with CamScannerproblem 14. The bojji, : : il altitude. What is the fed temperature of water dey creases by about 3°C for each 1000-m ri in mrise in altitudep “Sin the boil “ ening temperature in (a) K, (6) °F, and (c) R for each 1000- 26 (EC 2 c(i) = 3K ys b) 3°¢ (282 5 ) 3° (4) = 5 4op “| ae <3k °) 3c(82 aR T @ = 54k Problem 15. A house i : . A ho i the indoor and one losing heat at a rate of 1800 kJ/h per °C temperature difference between ©) Fan ) Rano temperatures. Express the rate of heat los fom this house per (a) K, ference between the indoor and the outdoor temperature a) 1800 (2) (&) = 1800 (# 5 sn BS) <) 1800 u Pe) aa 7 ‘a (3) (es) ($3) = 1000 (7) Problem 1: How much work, in kJ, can a spring whose spring constant is 3 kN/em prod it has been compressed 3 cm from its unloaded length? 1 KN. Wopring = 5 kG8 — #2) = 05am)? — (Ocm)*) _ Im \/; 1 \_ = 0135 ev om) (SE) (Fae L) = 0.135 ky juce after Problem 2. Determine the torque applied to the shaft of @ car that transmits 225 hp and rotates at arate of 3000 rpm. its diameter changes Problem 3. As a spherical ammonia vapor bubble rises in liquid ammonia, i in Ki, if the surface from 1 om to 3 cm. Calculate the amount of work produced by this bubble, tension of ammonia is 0.02 N/m, Problem 4, Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 mys at a rate of Je ata location 90 m above the lake surface, Determine the total mechanical energy of the 500 m’ river water per unit mass and the power generation potential of the entire river at that location. yer —> 3 mvs _ we Figure P4 Problem 5. A damaged 1200-kg car is being towed by a truck. Neglecting the friction, air drag, and rolling resistance, determine the extra power required (a) for constant velocity on a level road, (6) for constant velocity of 50 km/h on a 30° (fom horizontal) uphill road, and (c) to accelerate on a level road from stop to 90 km/h in 12s. Scanned with CamScanner