EEE343

ELECTROMECHANICAL
DEVICES & MACHINES I

MODULE III
DC MACHINES
 Introduction
▪ DC machines are generators that convert
mechanical energy to DC electric energy
and motors that convert DC electric
energy to mechanical energy.
▪ More like ac machines since they have ac
voltages and currents within them.
▪ DC output is from mechanism that
converts the internal ac voltages to DC
voltages at their terminals.
▪ Illustrated in simple form as:

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 Construction of DC Machines
Three major parts are:
▪ STATOR:
Stationary part of the DC machine whose
function is to provide mechanical support
for the poles and act as a protecting cover
for the whole machine.
Stores the magnetic flux produced by the
field winding around the pole core.

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 Construction of DC Machines
Three major parts are:
▪ ROTOR:
Rotating part of the DC machine also called
the armature.
Usually mounted in bearings housed in the
stator with the purpose of housing the
armature conductor or coils and providing a
low reluctance path for induced flux.
Drum-shaped structure made of laminated
steel to reduce eddy current loss with the
armature windings or conductors placed in
slots punched on the outer periphery of the
drum.
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 Construction of DC Machines
Three major parts are:
▪ COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES:
Used facilitate collection of current from
the armature conductor and convert the AC
emf to DC.
Carbon brushes collects the current from
the commutator segments.
Connection rectifies the AC to DC by
reversing each half circle in such a manner
that the polarity of one brush is always
positive and the other negative.

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Construction of DC Machines

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 Armature windings
• Arrangement of conductors designed to
produce emfs by relative motion in a
heteropolar magnetic field.
• A DC machine like all electrical machines
employs groups of conductor distributed
in shots over the periphery of the types of
the armature.
• Two general types of windings, depending
on how the conductors are terminated on
the commutator are:
a) Lap windings
b) Wave windings
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 Field excitation methods
• Field winding excitation determines 2. Series Field:
performance characteristics of a ➢Winding has a few turns of
machine. thick conductor in series with
1. Shunt Field: the armature.
➢Field is excited in parallel with 3. Compound Field:
armature circuit. ➢Combines the series and
➢Made up of thin conductor’s shunt field excitation results in
spanning hundreds to a compound excitation.
➢Carries small current due to very
high resistance

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 Armature reaction
• Under no-load condition, no current flows • Techniques used to counteract the
in the armature winding and the flux demagnetization effect of armature
produced by the field winding is uniformly reaction includes:
distributed over the pole faces of the 1. The use of compensating
machine. windings placed in slots of the
• When the armature current in the DC pole face. They also carry
machine flows due to a loaded condition, armature currents.
armature winding produces its own mmf 2. The use of interpole windings
(distributed) known as armature reaction. permanently connected in series
• This distorts the resultant mmf in the air with the armature. They produce
gap. flux that opposes the flux due to
• The distortion has a demagnetizing effect the armature mmf and when
on the machine which leads to substantial properly designed, the net flux of
loss in the applied mmf per pole of the the air gap can be brought to
machine. zero.
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Classification of DC Machines

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 EMF equation
• Emf induced in a DC machine is • Emf is expressed as:
𝜑𝜔𝑚 𝑍 𝑃
proportional to the speed ω of the 𝐸𝑎 =
2𝜋 𝐴
machines rotor, total number of armature 𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝜑𝜔𝑚
𝑍𝑃
conductors, total flux available in the field 𝐾𝑎 =
2𝜋𝐴
and the type of winding adopted in the
The conversion from revolution per minutes to radians per second is
armature. If 2𝜋
𝜔𝑚 = 𝑛
60
Z= Total number of armature conductors
Emf equation with speed expressed in terms of revolution per minute
P = Number of poles is given as
𝜑𝑛𝑍 𝑃
𝜑 = Flux/poles 𝐸𝑎 =
60 𝐴
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾 ′ 𝜑𝑛
A = Number of parallel paths in armature Ƶ𝑃
• Where 𝐾 ′ = and n = armature speed in rpm
𝜔𝑚 = Armature angular speed in rad/s 60𝐴

Note: A = P for lap wound generator

A = 2 for wave wound generator

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 DC Generator
They differ in their terminal (voltage-current)
Mechanical Electrical characteristics and by extension the applications to
DC Generator which they are suited.

Separately-excited generator
• Mechanical power source is called the
prime mover.
• Prime movers include steam turbine, a
deisel engine, or even an electric motor.
• Classified according to the method of their
field excitation. These are
i. Separately-excited generator
ii. Series generator
iii. Shunt generator
iv. Compound generator
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 DC Generator
ii. Series generator iii. Shunt generator

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 DC Generator
iv. Compound generator

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 DC Motor
Five major types of DC motors in general
Electrical Mechanical
DC Motor use are:
i. Separately excited DC motor
ii. Shunt DC motor
iii. Permanent-magnet DC motor
• DC motors are DC machines used as iv. Series DC motor
motors.
v. Compound DC motor
• Structurally not different from DC
generator. • DC motors are adjustable speed
• in a DC generator, generated emf is motors.
greater than the terminal voltage while a • Output characteristics is measured in
DC motor has a terminal voltage that is terms of the torque-speed (Te - ωm)
greater than the generated emf. relationship.
• Areas of applications include cars, trucks,
aircraft and power stations.
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 Torque equation
• Let Te be the electromagnetic torque
developed by the armature of a
𝑇𝑒 × 2𝜋𝑛 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎
motor running at n r.p.s.
• From physics, if Te is in N/m, then 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝜑𝑍𝐼𝑎 𝑃
𝑇𝑒 = =
mechanical power development is 𝑤𝑚 2𝜋 𝐴
given by
= 𝐾𝑎 𝜑𝐼𝑎
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑇𝑒 𝜔𝑚 = 𝑇𝑒 × 2𝜋𝑛
• This mechanical power is the result 𝐾𝑎 =
𝑍𝑃
= 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
of converted electrical power in the 2𝜋𝐴
armature given by
𝑃𝑒 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎

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 DC Motor
i. Separately excited Motor ii. Shunt Motor

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 DC Motor
i. Series excited Motor

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 DC Motor
i. Compound excited Motor

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 DC Machine Losses
• The losses that occur in DC machines are:
• Copper losses: This is due to losses that occur in the armature and
field windings of the machine. These losses are given by
Armature loss: 𝑃𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎2𝑅𝑎
Field loss: 𝑃𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓2𝑅𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑉
Where 𝐼𝑎 = Armature Current

𝐼𝑓 = Field Current

𝑅𝑎 = Armature resistance

𝑅𝑓 = Field resistance

• The resistance used in these calculations is usually the winding

resistance at normal operating temperature
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 DC Machine Losses
• Brush contact loss: The brush drop loss is the power lost across the
contact potential at the brushes of the machine. It is given by:
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑎

Where 𝑃𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑎 = Brush drop loss

𝑉𝑏 = Brush-contact voltage drop
𝐼𝑎 =Armature current
• Unless otherwise specified, the brush voltage drop is usually
assumed to be about 2v
• Core loss: This loss consist of hysteresis and eddy current loss
caused by changing flux densities. This loss can be reduced by
constructing the armature with silicon steel lamination shaving
resistivity and low hysteresis loss.
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 DC Machine Losses
• Mechanical losses: This comprises of brush friction, bearing friction,
windage and ventilation system losses, all of which are self-
explanatory.

• Stray losses: These are losses that cannot be placed in one of the
previous categories.
• All such losses are lumped into stray losses for DC machines stray
losses is taken as 1% of output full load.

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 Efficiency of DC generator
• The efficiency of an electrical machine is the ratio of the • If the output current is I, then the output power is VI
output power to the input power.
Hence:
• Efficiency of a DC generator is given by the equation 𝑉𝐼
𝜂=
𝑉𝐼 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑒 (+𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ)+ 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100% • Alternatively
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐼
𝜂=
𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝐼 + 𝑃𝑘 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
𝜂= × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 • Where
• If the total machine loss is given by
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
Where 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑓
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = no-load armature input power (rotational
losses)

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 Efficiency of DC motor
• Just like the generator the efficiency of a DC motor is
given by the equation • For a motor:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100% Input power, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
𝑃𝑖𝑛

• Total loss is given by Output power, 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑘 + 𝑃𝑣
Where = 𝑉𝐼 − 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑘 + 𝑃𝑣
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑓 = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑓 𝑉
• Hence efficiency is given by:
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝑉𝐼 − 𝑃𝑘 − 𝑃𝑐𝑢 − 𝑃𝑣
𝜂= × 100%
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑉𝐼

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Worked example (DC motor)

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Worked example (DC generator)

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