---

----
-- ---
- --- - Personal Computer
-
-----
--_.­- ---
--- Hardware Reference
Library

mM Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter

6361509
ii
Contents

Description .................................... 1
Controller ................................. 5
Mode Set Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
Display Buffer .............................. 5
Character Generator ......................... 5
Timing Generator ........................... 6
Composite Color Generator ................... 6
Alphanumeric Mode ......................... 6
Graphics Modes ............................ 9
Basic Operations ........................... 12
Programming Considerations ..................... 15
Programming the Mode Control and Status Register 15
Programming the 6845 CRT Controller ......... 15
Color-Select Register ....................... 18
Mode-Control Register ...................... 19
Mode-Control Register Summary .............. 20
Status Register ............................ 20
Sequence of Events for Changing Modes ........ 21
Memory Requirements ...................... 22
Specifications ................................. 23
Logic Diagrams ................................ 27

Index ........................................ Index-1

iii
iv
Description

The IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter is designed to attach

to the IBM Color Display, to a variety of television-frequency
monitors, or to home television sets (user-supplied RF modulator
is required for home television sets). The adapter is capable of
operating in black-and-white or color. It provides three video
interfaces: a composite-video port, a direct-drive port, and a
connection interface for driving a user-supplied RF modulator. A
light pen interface is also provided.

The adapter has two basic modes of operation: alphanumeric

(A/N) and all-points-addressable (APA) graphics. Additional
modes are available within the A/N or APA graphics modes. In
the A/N mode, the display can be operated in either a 40-column
by 25-row mode for a low-resolution monitor or home television,
or in an 80-column by 25-row mode for high-resolution monitors. \,
In both modes, characters are defined in an 8-wide by 8-high
character box and are 7-wide by 7-high, double dotted characters
with one descender. Both uppercase and lowercase characters are
supported in all modes.

The character attributes of reverse video, blinking, and

highlighting are available in the black-and-white mode. In the
color mode, 16 foreground and 8 background colors are available
for each character. In addition, blinking on a per-character basis
is available.

The monitor adapter contains 16K bytes of storage. As an

example, a 40-column by 25-row display screen uses 1000 bytes
to store character information and 1000 bytes to store
attribute/color information. This means that up to eight screens
can be stored in the adapter memory. Similarly, in an 80-wide by
25-row mode, four display screens can be stored in the adapter
memory. The entire 16K bytes of storage in the display adapter
are directly accessible by the processor, which allows maximum
program flexibility in managing the screen.

In A/N color modes, it is also possible to select the color of the

screen's border. One of 16 colors can be selected.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 1

In the APA graphics mode, there are two resolutions available: a
medium-resolution color graphics mode (320 PELs by 200 rows)
and a high-resolution black-and-white graphics mode (640 PELs
by 200 rows). In the medium-resolution mode, each picture
element (PEL) may have one of four colors. The background
color (Color 0) may be any of the 16 possible colors. The
remaining three colors come from one of the two ~
program-selectable palettes. One palette contains
green/red/brown; the other contains cyan/magenta/white.

The high-resolution mode is available only in black-and-white

because the entire 16K bytes of storage in the adapter is used to
define the on or off state of the PELs.

The adapter operates in noninterlace mode at either 7 or 14 MHz,

depending on the mode of the operation selected.

In the A/N mode, characters are formed from a ROS character

generator. The character generator contains dot patterns for 256
different characters. The character set contains the following
major groupings of characters.

• 16 special characters for game support

• 15 characters for word-processing editing support

• 96 characters for the standard ASCII graphics set

• 48 characters for foreign-language support

• 48 characters for business block-graphics support (for the

drawing of charts, boxes, and tables using single and double
lines)

• 16 selected Greek characters

• 15 selected scientific-notation characters

The color/graphics monitor function is on a single adapter. The

direct-drive and composite-video ports are right-angle mounted
connectors on the adapter, and extend through the rear panel of

2 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 the system unit. The direct-drive video port is a 9-pin, D-shell,
female connector. The composite-video port is a standard female
phono jack.

The display adapter uses a Motorola 6845 CRT Controller device.

This adapter is highly programmable with respect to raster and
~ character parameters. Therefore, many additional modes are
possible with programming of the adapter.

On the following page is a block diagram of the Color/Graphics

Monitor Adapter.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 3

 P rocessor
"" Display
("")
o
A ddress
. Address
Latch J
,"",

...
Buffer ­ Input
Buffer
~

~ ~~
Process or
Data
..,
0' (16K Bytes)
........
~ ~~ ~

i...
!')
[I}

g:
Processor
Data . 6845 ~
Address
Latch
r-
~,

Data
Latch
•
Data
Latch
~
Output
Latch
~

CRT

s..,=.
Controller
• i .. Graphics
Serializer t--
>
!"....
..,
~
Character ~ R
.. Generator
ROM
r-­ Alpha
Serializer
rL: Color
Encoder
~ G

Palette! ~ B

~ "'" ~
.
~
Overscan
I ..."'" Horizontal
Vertical

...
--"'" Composite
Model . Timing
--"'..."
Color
~
4 Control
Generator Generator
& Control

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter Block Diagram

) ) )
 Controller
The controller is a Motorola 6845 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Controller. It provides the necessary interface to drive the
raster-scan CRT.

Mode Set Register

The mode set register is a general-purpose, programmable, I/O
register. It has I/O ports that may be individually programmed.
Its function in this adapter is to provide mode selection and color
selection in the medium-resolution color-graphics mode.

Display Buffer
The display buffer resides in the processor-address space, starting
at address hex B8000. It provides 16 bytes of dynamic
read/write memory. A dual-ported implementation allows the
processor and the graphics control unit access to this buffer. The
processor and the control unit have equal access to this buffer
during all modes of operation, except in the high-resolution
alphanumeric mode. In this mode, only the processor should have
access to this buffer during the horizontal-retrace intervals.
While the processor may write to the required buffer at any time,
a small amount of display interference will result if this does not
occur during the horizontal-retrace intervals.

Character Generator
A ROS character generator is used with 8K bytes of storage that
cannot be read from or written to under program control. This is
a general-purpose ROS character generator with three character
fonts. Two character fonts are used on the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter: a 7-high by 7-wide double-dot font and a
7-high by 5-wide single-dot font. The font is selected by a
jumper (P3). The single-dot font is selected by inserting the
~ jumper; the double-dot font is selected by removing the jumper.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 5

Timing Generator
This generator produces the timing signals used by the 6845 CRT
Controller and by the dynamic memory. It also solves the
processor/graphic controller contentions for access to the display
buffer.

Composite Color Generator

This generator produces base-band-video color information.

Alphanumeric Mode
Every display character position in the alphanumeric mode is
defined by two bytes in the regen buffer (a part of the monitor
adapter), not the system memory. Both the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter and the Monochrome Display and Printer
Adapter use the following 2-byte character-attribute format.

Display-Character Code Byte A ttribute Byte

7 6 543 2 o 7 6 5 432 o

The following table shows the functions of the attribute byte.

A ttribute Function A ttribute Byte

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
B R G B I R G B
FG Background Foreground

Normal B 0 0 0 I 1 1 1
Reverse Video B 1 1 1 I 0 0 0
Nondisplay (Black) B 0 0 0 I 0 0 0
Nondisplay (White) B 1 1 1 I 1 1 1

I = Highlighted Foreground (Character)

B = Blinking Foreground (Character)

6 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 The definitions of the attribute byte are in the following table.

7 6 543 2 1 0
IBI R G Bill R G BI
Foreground Color

~
~ [
Intensity
I Background Color
i Blinking

In the alphanumeric mode, the display can be operated in either a

low-resolution mode or a high-resolution mode.

The low-resolution alphanumeric mode has the following features:

• Supports home color televisions or low-resolution monitors.

• Displays up to 25 rows of 40 characters each.

• Has a ROS character generator that contains dot patterns for

a maximum of 256 different characters.

• Requires 2,000 bytes of read/write memory (on the adapter).

• Has an 8-high by 8-wide character box.

• Has two jumper-controlled character fonts available: a 7-high

by 5-wide single-dot character font with one descender, and a
7 -high by 7 -wide double-dotted character font with one
descender.

• Has one character attribute for each character.

The high-resolution alphanumeric mode has the following

features:

• Supports the IBM Color Display or other color monitor with

direct-drive capability.

• Supports a black-and-white composite-video monitor.

• Displays up to 25 rows of 80 characters each.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 7

• Has a ROS display generator that contains dot patterns for a
maximum of 256 characters.

• Requires 4,000 bytes of read/write memory (on the adapter).

• Has an 8-high by 8-wide character box.

• Has two jumper-controlled character fonts available: a 7-high

by 5-wide single-dot character font with one descender, and a
7-high by 7-wide double-dot character font with one
descender.

• Has one character attribute for each character.

The Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter will change foreground and

background colors according to the color value selected in the
attribute byte. The following figure shows the color values for
the various red, green, blue, and intensity bit settings.

R G B I Color
0 0 0 0 Black
0 0 1 0 Blue
0 1 0 0 Green
0 1 1 0 Cyan
1 0 0 0 Red
1 0 1 0 Magenta
1 1 0 0 Brown
1 1 1 0 White
0 0 0 1 Gray
0 0 1 1 Light Blue
0 1 0 1 Light Green
0 1 1 1 Light Cyan
1 0 0 1 Light Red
1 0 1 1 Light Magenta
1 1 0 1 Yellow
1 1 1 1 White (High Intensity)

Note: Not all Monitors recognize the intensity (I) bit.

8 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 Graphics Modes
The Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter has three graphics modes:
low-resolution, medium-resolution, and high-resolution color
graphics. However, only medium- and high-resolution graphics
are supported in ROM. The following figure shows these modes.

Mode Horizontal Vertical Number of Colors Available

(PELsl (Rowsl (Includes Background Colorl
Low Resolution 160 100 16 Iinciudes black-and-white)
Medium 320 200 4 Colors Total
Resolution 1 of 16 for Background and
1 of Green, Red, or Brown or
1 of Cyan, Magenta, or White
High Resolution 640 200 Black-and-white only

Low-Resolution Color/Graphics Mode

The low-resolution mode supports home televisions or color
monitors. This mode, not supported in ROM, has the following
features:

• Contains a maximum of 160 PELs by 100 rows, with each

PEL being 2-high by 2-wide.

• Specifies I of 16 colors for each PEL by the I, R, G, and B

bits.

• Requires 16,000 bytes of read/write memory on the adapter.

• Uses memory-mapped graphics,

Medium-Resolution Color/Graphics Mode

The medium-resolution mode supports home televisions or color
....-., monitors. It has the following features:

• Contains a maximum of 320 PELs by 200 rows, with each

PEL being I-high by I-wide.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 9

• Preselects 1 of 4 colors for each PEL.

• Requires 16,000 bytes of read/write memory on the adapter.

• Uses memory-mapped graphics.

• Formats 4 PELs per byte in the following manner:

7 6 5 4 3 2 o
C1 CO C1 CO C1 CO C1 CO
First Second Third Fourth
Display Display Display Display
PEL PEL PEL PEL

• Organizes graphics storage into two banks of 8,000 bytes,

using the following format:

Memory
Address
(in hex) Function
B8000
Even Scans
(0,2,4, ... 198)
8,000 bytes
B9F3F
Not Used
BAOOO
Odd Scans
(1,3,5 ... 199)
8,000 Bytes
BBF3F
Not Used
BBFFF

Address hex B8000 contains the PEL instruction for the

upper-left corner of the display area.

10 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

• Color selection is determined by the following logic:

C1 co Function
0 0 Dot takes on the color of 1 of 16 preselected background colors
0 1 Selects first color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2
1 0 Selects second color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2
1 1 Selects third color of preselected Color Set 1 or Color Set 2

C 1 and CO select 4 of 16 preselected colors. This color

selection (palette) is preloaded in an I/O port.

The two color sets are:

Color Set 1 Color Set 2

Color 1 is Green Color 1 is Cyan
Color 2 is Red Color 2 is Magenta
Color 3 is Brown Color 3 is White

The background colors are the same basic 8 colors defined for
low-resolution graphics, plus 8 alternate intensities defined by
the intensity bit, for a total of 16 colors, including black and
white.

High-Resolution Black-and-White Graphics Mode

The high-resolution mode supports color monitors. This mode
has the following features: " . \,'\'

• Contains a maximum of 640 PELs by 200 rows, with each

PEL being I-high by I-wide.

• Supports black-and-white only.

• Requires 16,000 bytes of read/write memory on the adapter.

• Addressing and mapping procedures are the same as

medium-resolution color/graphics, but the data format is
different. In this mode, each bit in memory is mapped to a
PEL on the screen.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 11

• Formats 8 PELs per byte in the following manner:

I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 121 1 10 1

First Display PEL I

~
Second Display PEL
Third Display PEL I II
Fourth Display PEL
Fifth Display PEL
Sixth Display PEL
Seventh Display PEL
Eighth Display PEL

Basic Operations
In the alphanumeric mode, the adapter fetches character and
attribute information from its display buffer. The starting address
of the display buffer is programmable through the CRT
controller, but it must be an even address. The character codes
and attributes are then displayed according to their relative
positions in the buffer. The following addresses will produce an
"AB" in the upper-left corner of a 40 by 25 screen and an "X" in
the lower-right corner.

Memory
Address
(in hex) Display Buffer
88000
(Even) Character Code A
Starting 88001
Address Attribute A
88002 (Example of a 40 by 25 Screen)
Character Code B
88003 AB
Attribute B

X /"""""'\
887CE ~------------------~
Character Code X Video Screen
Last 887CF
Address Attribute X

12 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

The processor and the display control unit have equal access to
the display buffer during all of the operating modes, except the
high-resolution alphanumeric mode. During this mode, the
processor gains access to the display buffer during the vertical
retrace time. If it does not, the display will be affected with
random patterns as the microprocessor is using the display buffer.
In the alphanumeric mode, the characters are displayed from a
pre-stored ROM character generator that contains the dot
patterns for all of the displayable characters.

In the graphics mode, the displayed dots and colors, up to 16K

bytes, are fetched from the display buffer.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 13

14 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
Programming Considerations

Programming the Mode Control and Status

Register
The following I/O devices are defined on the Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter.

Hex
Address A9 AS A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A 1 AO Function of Register

308 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Mode Control Register (00)

309 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Color Select Register (00)
30A 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Status Register (01 )
30B 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Clear Light Pen Latch
30C 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Preset Light Pen Latch
304 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Z Z 0 6845 Index Register
305 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Z Z 1 6845 Oata Register

Z = don't care condition

Programming the 6845 CRT Controller

The controller has 19 internal accessible registers, which are used
to define and control a raster-scan CRT display. One of these
registers, the index register, is used as a pointer to the the other
18 registers. It is a write-only register, which is loaded from the
processor by executing an 'out' instruction to I/O address hex
3D4. The five least-significant bits of the I/O bus are loaded into
the index register.

In order to load any of the other 18 registers, the index register is

first loaded with the necessary pointer, then the data register is

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 15

loaded with the information to be placed in the selected register.
The data register is loaded from the processor by executing an
'out' instruction to I/O address hex 3D5.

The table on the next page defines the values that must be loaded
into the 6845 CRT Controller registers to control the different
modes of operation supported by the attachment. ~

16 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 40 by 25 BOby 25
Address Register Register Alpha- Alpha- Graphic
Register Number Type Units I/O numeric numeric Modes
0 RO Horizontal Character Write 38 71 38
Total Only
1 R1 Horizontal Character Write 28 50 28
Displayed Only
2 R2 Horizontal Character Write 2D 5A 2D
Sync Position Only
3 R3 Horizontal Character Write OA OA OA
Sync Width Only
4 R4 Vertical Total Character Write 1F 1F 7F
Row Only
5 R5 Vertical Total Scan Write 06 06 06
Adjust Line Only
6 R6 Vertical Character Write 19 19 64
Displayed Row Only
7 R7 Vertical Character Write 1C 1C 70
Sync Position Row Only
8 R8 Interlace Write 02 02 02
Mode Only
9 R9 Maximum Scan Write 07 07 01
Scan Line Line Only
Address
A R10 Cursor Start Scan Write 06 06 06
Line Only
B R11 Cursor End Scan Write 07 07 07
Line Only
C R12 Start Write 00 00 00
Address (Hl Only
D R13 Start Write 00 00 00
Address (Ll Only
E R14 Cursor - Read/ XX XX XX
Address (Hl Write
F R15 Cursor Read/ XX XX XX
Address (Ll Write
10 R16 Light Pen (Hl Read XX XX XX
Only
11 R17 Light Pen (Ll Read XX XX XX
Only

Note: All register values are given in hexadecimal

6845 Register Description

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 17

Color-Select Register
The color-select register is a 6-bit output-only register. Its I/O
address is hex 3D9, and it can be written to using a processor
'out' command. The following are the bit definitions for this
register.

Bit 0 Selects blue border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric

mode.
Selects blue background color (CO-C1) in 320 by 200
graphics mode.
Selects blue foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.

Bit 1 Selects green border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric

mode.
Selects green background color (CO-C1) in 320 by 200
graphics mode.
Selects green foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.

Bit 2 Selects red border color in 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.

Selects red background color (CO-C 1) in 320 by 200 r"..
graphics mode.
Selects red foreground color in 640 by 200 graphics
mode.

Bit 3 Selects intensified border color in 40 by 25

alphanumeric mode.
Selects intensified background color (CO-Cl) in 320 by
200 graphics mode.
Selects intensified foreground color in 640 by 200
graphics mode.

Bit 4 Selects alternate, intensified set of colors in the graphics

mode.
Selects background colors in the alphanumeric mode.

Bit 5 Selects active color set in 320 by 200 graphics mode.

18 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 When bit 5 is set to 1, colors are determined as follows:

C1 co Set Selected

0 0 Background (Defined by bits 0-3 of port hex 3D9)

0 1 Cyan
1 0 Magenta
1 1 White

When bit 5 is set to 0, colors are determined as follows:

C1 co Set Selected

0 0 Background (Defined by bits 0-3 of port hex 3D9)

0 1 Green
1 0 Red
1 1 Brown

Bit 6 Not used

Bit 7 Not used

Mode-Control Register
The mode-control register is a 6-bit output-only registeL Its I/O
address is hex 3D8, and it can be written to using a processor
'out' command. The following are bit definitions for this registeL

Bit 0 A 1 selects 80 by 25 alphanumeric mode.

A 0 selects 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.

Bit 1 A 1 selects 320 by 200 graphics mode.

A 0 selects alphanumeric mode.

Bit 2 A 1 selects black-and-white mode.

A 0 selects color mode.

r"'\ Bit 3 A 1 enables the video signal. The video signal is

disabled when changing modes.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 19

Bit 4 A 1 selects the high-resolution (640 by 200)
black-and-white graphics mode. One of eight colors can
be selected on direct-drive monitors in this mode by
using register hex 3D9.

Bit 5 A 1 will change the character background intensity to

the blinking attribute function for alphanumeric modes.
When the high-order attribute is not selected, 16
background colors or intensified colors are available.
This bit is set to 1 to allow the blinking function.

Mode-Control Register Summary

Bits
0 1 2 3 4 5 40 x 25 Alphanumeric Black-and-White
0 0 1 1 0 1 40 x 25 Alphanumeric Color
0 0 0 1 0 1 80 x 25 Alphanumeric Black-and-White
1 0 1 1 0 1 80 x 25 Alphanumeric Color
1 0 0 1 0 1 320 x 200 Black-and-White Graphics
0 1 1 1 0 z 320 x 200 Color Graphics
0 1 0 1 0 z 640 x 200 Black-and-White Graphics
0 1 1 1 1 z

Enable Blink Attribute

640 x 200 Black-and-White
Enable Video Signal
Select Black-and-White Mode
Select 320 x 200 Graphics
80 x 25 Alphanumeric Select

z = don't care condition

Note: The low-resolution (160 by 100) mode requires special programming and is
set up as the 40 by 25 alphanumeric mode.

20 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

Status Register
The status register is a 4-bit read-only register. Its I/O address is
hex 3DA, and it can be read using the processor 'in' instruction.
The following are bit definitions for this register.

Bit 0 A 1 indicates that a regen-buffer memory access can be

made without interfering with the display.

Bit 1 A 1 indicates that a positive-going edge from the light

pen has set the light pen's trigger. This trigger is reset
when power is turned on and may also be cleared by a
processor 'out' command to hex address 3DB. No
specific data setting is required; the action is
address-activated.

Bit 2 The light pen switch is reflected in this bit. The switch
is not latched or debounced. A 0 indicates that the
switch is on.

Bit 3 A 1 indicates that the raster is in a vertical retrace mode.

Screen-buffer updating can be performed at this time.

Sequence of Events for Changing Modes

1 Determine the mode of operation.

2 Reset the video-enable bit in the mode-control register.

3 Program the 6845 CRT Controller to select the mode.

4 Program the mode-control and color-select registers

including re-enabling the video.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 21

Memory Requirements
The memory used by this adapter is self-contained. It consists of
16K bytes of memory without parity. This memory is used as
both a display buffer for alphanumeric data and as a bit map for
graphics data. The regen buffer's address starts at hex B8000.

Read/Write Memory
Address Space (in hex)
01000
System
Read/Write
Memory
AOOOO

B8000
128K Reserved
Display Buffer Regen Area
(16K Bytes)
BCOOO

COOOO
r"\

22 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

Specifica tions

The following pages contain card and connector specifications for

the IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 23

' .
 Color Direct
Drive 9-Pin
D-Shell Connector

At Standard TTL Levels

Ground 1
Ground 2
Red 3
IBM Color D isplay Green 4 Color/Gr aphics
or other Dir ect-Drive Blue 5 Direct-D rive
Monitor Adapter
Intensity 6
Reserved 7
Horizontal Drive 8
Vertical Drive 9

Composite Phono Jack

Hookup to Monitor

Composite Video Signal of

Approximately 1.5 Volts
V ideo Color/Graphics
Peak to Peak Amplitude 1
M onitor Composite Jack
Chassis Ground 2

Connector Specifications (Part 1 of 2)

24 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter

 Pl (4-Pin Berg Strip) P2 (6-Pin Berg Strip)
for RF Modulator for Light-Pen
Connector

Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter

+ 12 Volts 1
RF (key) Not Used 2 Color/Graphics
Modulator Monitor
Composite Video Output 3
Adapter
Logic Ground 4

RF Modulator Interface

- Light Pen Input 1

(key) Not Used 2
Light Color/Graphics
Pen - Light Pen Switch 3 Monitor
Chassis Ground 4 Adapter
+ 5 Volts 5
+ 12 Volts 6

light Pen Interface

Connector Specifications (Part 2 of 2)

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 25

26 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
Logic Diagrams

The following pages contain the logic diagrams for the IBM
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter.

Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 27

 co
....
........0
CD
CD
.c
~
...
....C.
CD
ca
"C
«...
....0
'2
0
:IE
II)
CJ
,,-....,
:2
c.
...
ca
. di~n~jl"~
.... 0'" '"

-...
~
"0
0
~ i! u
• -L,.
i. ~~ ~
~~ ~~ ~!!:::n~ n ~~!!§ ?: ~~~~~~~~ ;~~~~?
28 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
 •
:::: ~
CD
'0
N
;
G)
.r;
~
...
!I'll
1:1
c:(
...
....o
'2
o
::E
UI
u
:c
Q.
!!!
-...
e"
o
'0
(,)
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 29
 "
i!!~~~iii! i
. ~ .. ..
•
'~I
55 <> <>
dd H I ~~
oddl: I 5~
. -.afd
<>
-.~ ~21
~
CD
....
..
0
('I)
GI
GI
~
sa
.....
GI
Q.
a:I
"g
<...
..
0
'c
0
:l!:
1/1
U
,,-.....,
:cQ.
L L_ ...a:I
~.~.Ilr- ­...
C!I
0
'0
CJ
30 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
 E - • ~ • ;- ••­
~ ,
~
~~
• ;
,
4~ ~
~~
I "w
...o...
~I'J':." ~ s
.« '2
~ .. o
- :!E
III
(J
A·~~
:cCo
~
e
~r-
-
,--­
.
-­...o
~
"0
~~ (.)
~) ..
I 1111
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 31
 ...
CD
0
...
It)
Q)
Q)
.J:
~
...
...
Q)
C.
ftI
1:1
«
......
0
'2
0
~
III ~
(,)
:c:c.
...
ftI
-...
~
0
"0
(.)
z ~
,,
• ,,, .
1i
•~
•• ••• •• ••
32 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
~~.~~:~::~~~~!~~~!~~~~
+ + + + + + + + + .. + + + + + + + ++
i'f'·"
CD
....0
<0
....
Q)
Q)
&.
~
II"~
"2 ...
....Q.
Q)
III
"C
oCt
...
....0
'2
0
"',..:rll"~"'''~
~
en
u
:2
Q.
...
III
(!)
...
-..
0
"5
u
Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter 33
34 Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter
Index

alphanumeric mode 6

basic operations 12

c
change modes 21
character generator 5
color-select register 18
composite color generator 6
controller 5

description 1
display buffer 5

Index-l
G

graphics modes 9
high-resolution black-and-white 11
low-resolution color 9
medium-resolution color 9

H
high-resolution black-and-white graphics mode 11

logic diagrams 27
low-resolution color/graphics mode 9

medium-resolution color/graphics mode 9

memory requirements 22
mode set register 5
mode types
alphanumeric 6
graphics 9
mode-control register 19
mode-control register summary 20
modes of operation 1

Index-2
p

programming considerations 15
programming the mode control and status register 15
programming the 6845 crt controller 15

registers
color-select 18
mode control and status 15
mode set 5
mode-control 19
status 21

sequence of events for changing modes 21

specifications 23
status register 21

T
timing generator 6

Index-3
Index-4