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Introduction To DBMS

The document outlines a course on Database Management, covering topics such as MS Access, SQL, and MySQL, along with a grading scheme and course objectives. It details the structure of the course, including assignments, tests, and the importance of database design. Additionally, it discusses the role of database management systems (DBMS) and the advantages they provide over traditional file systems.

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mwaslam2303
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views31 pages

Introduction To DBMS

The document outlines a course on Database Management, covering topics such as MS Access, SQL, and MySQL, along with a grading scheme and course objectives. It details the structure of the course, including assignments, tests, and the importance of database design. Additionally, it discusses the role of database management systems (DBMS) and the advantages they provide over traditional file systems.

Uploaded by

mwaslam2303
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IN3193

Database
Management

Instructor
Dr. Muhammad Waqar

[email protected]

Contents
01 Basics of MS Access
Creating, Searching and Maintaining Database
Using Tables

02 Reports, Forms, Queries


Creating reports and forms, Multi-table forms,
Queries

03 Structured Query Language


SQL and MS Access, The relational model,
MySQL

04 Joins and Table


Manipulation in MySQL
Joins, Insertion, Updating, Deleting data

1
3

Break up

Week Week Tests Week


1-2 3-6 7-9

Week 4
Creating
Creating, Assignment I
reports and
Searching (15%)
forms, Multi- MySQL
and table forms, Introduction
Maintaining Macros, Week 6 and Basics
Database Pivot tables Mid Term
Using Tables and forms (30%)

Break up

Week Week Week


Tests
10-11 12 13

The MySQL Data Week 10


Assignment Final Exam
relational Manipulation (30%)
model, Joins (15%)

2
Grading Scheme
Test Percentage

Attendance/Class Participation 10%

Assignments (2-3) 30%

Mid Term 30%

Final Exam 30%

Total 100%
Easy to change colors.

Grading
Marks Point Meaning

A (80-100%) 4 EXCELLENT: Outstanding performance


B (70-79%) 3 GOOD: Better than average achievement
C (60-69%) 2 SATISFACTORY: Achievement sufficient to enable
the student to progress in the course
D (50-59%) 1 MARGINAL: Minimum acceptable level of
achievement; Exception: for courses where the
passing grade is a “C”, a grade of “D” represents an
insufficient achievement; must repeat.
F (0-49%) 0 UNSATISFACTORY: Insufficient achievement; must
repeat. Student must consult with Program
Coordinator.

The passing percentage for this course is 60% (Grade C, Point 2)

3
7

Textbooks
1. Microsoft Office Access ™ 2013: Comprehensive
TestsConcepts & Techniques Gary B.
Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman, Philip J. Pratt, Mary Z. Last

2. Murach’s MySQL by Joel Murach.

Google Class Room


• It will be used for sharing all the materials and any announcements
related to this course
• Please see your google class room code written at the bottom and
use it to join google class room.
• Please use your college email address for joining class and also for
any correspondence.

• t

4
Database Systems:
Design, Implementation, and
Management

Database Systems

Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn:


• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of
databases, and why they are valuable assets
for decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file
systems

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10

5
Objectives (cont’d.)

• About flaws in file system data management


• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management
system (DBMS)

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11

Introduction

• Good decisions require good information


derived from raw facts
• Data is managed most efficiently when stored
in a database
• Databases evolved from computer file systems
• Understanding file system characteristics is
important

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12

6
Why Databases?

• Databases solve many of the problems


encountered in data management
– Used in almost all modern settings involving
data management:
• Business
• Research
• Administration
• Important to understand how databases work
and interact with other applications

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13

Data vs. Information

• Data are raw facts


• Information is the result of processing raw data
to reveal meaning
• Information requires context to reveal meaning
• Raw data must be formatted for storage,
processing, and presentation
• Data are the foundation of information, which is
the bedrock of knowledge

14

14

7
Data vs. Information (cont’d.)

• Data: building blocks of information


• Information produced by processing data
• Information used to reveal meaning in data
• Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key
to good decision making
• Good decision making is the key to
organizational survival
• Data management: focuses on proper
generation, storage, and retrieval of data
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15

Introducing the Database

• Database: shared, integrated computer


structure that stores a collection of:
– End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
– Metadata: data about data
• Provides description of data characteristics and
relationships in data
• Complements and expands value of data
• Database management system (DBMS):
collection of programs
– Manages structure and controls access to data
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16

8
Role and Advantages of the DBMS

• DBMS is the intermediary between the user


and the database
– Database structure stored as file collection
– Can only access files through the DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
• DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

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9
Role and Advantages of the DBMS
(cont’d.)
• Advantages of a DBMS:
– Improved data sharing
– Improved data security
– Better data integration
– Minimized data inconsistency
– Improved data access
– Improved decision making
– Increased end-user productivity

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19

Types of Databases
• Databases can be classified according to:
– Number of users
– Database location(s)
– Expected type and extent of use
• Single-user database supports only one user at
a time
– Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC
• Multiuser database supports multiple users at
the same time
– Workgroup and enterprise databases
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20

10
Types of Databases (cont’d.)

• Centralized database: data located at a single


site
• Distributed database: data distributed across
several different sites
• Operational database: supports a company’s
day-to-day operations
– Transactional or production database
• Analytical Databases
• Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical
or strategic decisions 21

21

Types of Databases (cont'd.)

• Unstructured data exist in their original state


• Structured data result from formatting
– Structure applied based on type of processing to
be performed
• Semistructured data have been processed to
some extent
• Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents
data elements in textual format
– XML database supports semistructured XML
data
22

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11
3 Vendor offers single-user/personal DBMS version

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23

Why Database Design Is Important

• Database design focuses on design of


database structure used for end-user data
– Designer must identify database’s expected use
• Well-designed database:
– Facilitates data management
– Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace errors

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12
Evolution of File System Data
Processing
• Reasons for studying file systems:
– Complexity of database design is easier to
understand
– Understanding file system problems helps to
avoid problems with DBMS systems
– Knowledge of file system is useful for converting
file system to database system
• File systems typically composed of collection of
file folders, each tagged and kept in cabinet
– Organized by expected use
25

25

Evolution of File System Data


Processing (cont'd.)
• Contents of each file folder are logically related
• Manual file systems
– Served as a data repository for small data
collections
– Cumbersome for large collections
• Computerized file systems
– Data processing (DP) specialist converted
computer file structure from manual system
• Wrote software that managed the data
• Designed the application programs
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26

13
Evolution of File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)
• Initially, computer file systems resembled
manual systems
• As number of files increased, file systems
evolved
– Each file used its own application program to
store, retrieve, and modify data
– Each file was owned by individual or department
that commissioned its creation

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14
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15
File System Redux: Modern End-User
Productivity Tools
• Ubiquitous use of personal productivity tools
can introduce the same problems as the old file
systems
• Microsoft Excel
– Widely used by business users
– Users have become so adept at working with
spreadsheets, they tend to use them to
complete tasks for which spreadsheets are not
appropriate – database substitute

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31

Problems with File System Data


Processing
• File systems were an improvement over
manual system
– File systems used for more than two decades
– Understanding the shortcomings of file systems
aids in development of modern databases
– Many problems not unique to file systems
• Even simple file system retrieval task required
extensive programming
– Ad hoc queries impossible
– Changing existing structure difficult
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16
Problems with File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)
• Security features difficult to program
– Often omitted in file system environments
• Summary of file system limitations:
– Requires extensive programming
– Cannot perform ad hoc queries
– System administration is complex and difficult
– Difficult to make changes to existing structures
– Security features are likely to be inadequate

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33

Structural and Data Dependence

• Structural dependence: access to a file is


dependent on its own structure
– All file system programs must be modified to
conform to a new file structure
• Structural independence: change file structure
without affecting data access
• Data dependence: data access changes when
data storage characteristics change
• Data independence: data storage
characteristics do not affect data access
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34

17
Structural and Data Dependence
(cont'd.)
• Practical significance of data dependence is
difference between logical and physical format
• Logical data format: how human views the data
• Physical data format: how computer must work
with data
• Each program must contain:
– Lines specifying opening of specific file type
– Record specification
– Field definitions
35

35

Data Redundancy
• File system structure makes it difficult to
combine data from multiple sources
– Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes storage of
same data in different locations
– Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations is unlikely to
be updated consistently
• Data redundancy: same data stored
unnecessarily in different places
36

36

18
Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
• Data inconsistency: different and conflicting
versions of same data occur at different places
• Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in
redundant data are not made correctly
– Update anomalies: An agent has a new phone
number, it must be changed in all records of that
agent
– Insertion anomalies: A new agent would have to be
entered with a dummy customer
– Deletion anomalies: Deleting a customer may delete
the only record of an agent
37

37

Lack of Design and Data-Modeling


Skills
• Most users lack the skill to properly design
databases
– Despite multiple personal productivity tools
being available
• Data-modeling skills
– Vital in the data design process
• Good data modeling facilitates communication
between the designer, user, and the developer

38

38

19
Database Systems

• Database system consists of logically related


data stored in a single logical data repository
– May be physically distributed among multiple
storage facilities
– DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
– Current generation stores data structures,
relationships between structures, and access
paths
• Also defines, stores, and manages all access
paths and components
39

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40

40

20
The Database System Environment

• Database system: defines and regulates the


collection, storage, management, use of data
• Five major parts of a database system:
– Hardware
– Software
– People
– Procedures
– Data

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42

42

21
The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
• Hardware: all the system’s physical devices
• Software: three types of software required
– Operating system software
– DBMS software
– Application programs and utility software

43

43

The Database System Environment


(cont'd.)
• People: all users of the database system
– System and database administrators
– Database designers
– Systems analysts and programmers
– End users
• Procedures: instructions and rules that govern
the design and use of the database system
• Data: the collection of facts stored in the
database
44

44

22
The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
• Database systems are created and managed at
different levels of complexity
• Database solutions must be cost-effective as
well as tactically and strategically effective
• Database technology already in use affects
selection of a database system

45

45

DBMS Functions

• Most functions are transparent to end users


– Can only be achieved through the DBMS
• Data dictionary management
– DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
– DBMS looks up required data component
structures and relationships
– Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
– DBMS provides data abstraction and removes
structural and data dependency
46

46

23
47

47

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Data storage management


– DBMS creates and manages complex structures
required for data storage
– Also stores related data entry forms, screen
definitions, report definitions, etc.
– Performance tuning: activities that make the
database perform more efficiently
– DBMS stores the database in multiple physical
data files

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24
49

49

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Data transformation and presentation


– DBMS transforms data entered to conform to
required data structures
– DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to
conform to user’s logical expectations
• Security management
– DBMS creates a security system that enforces
user security and data privacy
– Security rules determine which users can access
the database, which items can be accessed, etc.
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50

25
DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Multiuser access control


– DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure
concurrent access does not affect integrity
• Backup and recovery management
– DBMS provides backup and data recovery to
ensure data safety and integrity
– Recovery management deals with recovery of
database after a failure
• Critical to preserving database’s integrity

51

51

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Data integrity management


– DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
• Minimizes redundancy
• Maximizes consistency
– Data relationships stored in data dictionary used
to enforce data integrity
– Integrity is especially important in transaction-
oriented database systems

52

52

26
DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Database access languages and application


programming interfaces
– DBMS provides access through a query
language
– Query language is a nonprocedural language
– Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de
facto query language
• Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

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53

DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

• Database communication interfaces


– Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via
multiple different network environments
– Communications accomplished in several ways:
• End users generate answers to queries by filling
in screen forms through Web browser
• DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports
on a Web site
• DBMS connects to third-party systems to
distribute information via e-mail

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27
Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus
• Database system provides a framework in
which strict procedures and standards enforced
– Role of human changes from programming to
managing organization’s resources
• Database system enables more sophisticated
use of the data
• Data structures created within the database
and their relationships determine effectiveness

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55

Managing the Database System:


A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)
• Disadvantages of database systems:
– Increased costs
– Management complexity
– Maintaining currency
– Vendor dependence
– Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

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28
Preparing for Your Database
Professional Career

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Summary

• Data are raw facts


• Information is the result of processing data to
reveal its meaning
• Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the
key to good decision making
• Data are usually stored in a database
• DBMS implements a database and manages its
contents

58

58

29
Summary (cont'd.)

• Metadata is data about data


• Database design defines the database
structure
– Well-designed database facilitates data
management and generates valuable
information
– Poorly designed database leads to bad decision
making and organizational failure
• Databases evolved from manual and
computerized file systems
59

59

Summary (cont'd.)
• In a file system, data stored in independent files
– Each requires its own management program
• Some limitations of file system data
management:
– Requires extensive programming
– System administration is complex and difficult
– Changing existing structures is difficult
– Security features are likely inadequate
– Independent files tend to contain redundant data
• Structural and data dependency problems
60

60

30
Summary (cont'd.)

• Database management systems were


developed to address file system’s inherent
weaknesses
• DBMS present database to end user as single
repository
– Promotes data sharing
– Eliminates islands of information
• DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates
redundancy, and promotes security

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