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Lecture (6) (Applied Math I)

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14 views43 pages

Lecture (6) (Applied Math I)

Mathematics lectures kind of important

Uploaded by

seifh0307
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Mathematics I

Lecture 6: Differentiation and


Derivatives

Fall 2024 - - Dr. Neama Madany


Lecture contents

● Slope of a curve at a point


● Differentiability of a function at a point
● Differentiation Rules.
● Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
● The chain rule
● Implicit differentiation
● Higher-Order Derivatives
● Parametric Differentiation
Remember: Slope of a curve at a point

● The slope of the secant line PQ to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is:

● The slope of the curve y=𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃(𝑋0, 𝑓(𝑥0)),


equals the slope of its tangent line at this point , is:

● The equation of the tangent line to the curve 𝒚 = 𝑓(𝑥) at


the point 𝑃(𝑋0, 𝑓(𝑥0)) is:

Page - 3
Example: Slope of a curve at a point
Use the definition to find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 then, find the equation of the tangent to the curve
at (i) 𝑥 = 4 (ii) 𝑦 = 1.5

Solution
(i) 𝑥 = 4 → 𝑦 = 𝑓(4) = 4 = 2
𝑓 4+ℎ −𝑓 4 4+ℎ− 4
m = limℎ→0 = limℎ→0
ℎ ℎ
4+ℎ− 4 4+ℎ+ 4 4+ℎ −4
= limℎ→0 ∗ = limℎ→0
ℎ 4+ℎ+ 4 ℎ 4+ℎ+2
ℎ 1 1
= limℎ→0 = limℎ→0 =
ℎ 4+ℎ+2 4+ℎ+2 4
𝑦−2 1 1
The tangent: = ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥+1
𝑥−4 4 4

(ii) 𝑦 = 1.5 → 1.5 = 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 2.25 ( Try to complete)


Page - 4
The Derivative as a function

● Remember

Page - 5
Differentiability of a function at a point
Differentiability of a function at a point

Page - 7
Differentiability of a function at a point

Therefore:

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Differentiability of a function at a point
● Note: A function 𝑓 is not differentiable at a point in the following two cases :
(i) Points of discontinuities

(ii) Special cases of Points of continuities, such as:

Page - 9
Example: Differentiability of a function at a point

Page - 10
Differentiation Rules
Differentiation Rules

● If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions and 𝑐 is a constant, then:


𝒅𝒇
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒄 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙) + 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) ∗ 𝒇′(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒈²(𝒙) ,𝒈 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒅 𝒙
∣𝒙∣ , 𝒙≠𝟎
𝒅𝒙 ∣𝒙∣
Page - 13
Differentiation Rules

Page - 14
Example: Differentiation formulas

Solution

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Example: Differentiation formulas

● Find

Solution

Page - 16
Example
Differentiate a- b-

a- Solution: b- Solution:

Page - 17
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Page - 19
Example: Derivative of the Sine Function
Calculate the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑥) using definition: Remember
Solution:

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Example: Derivative of the Cosine Function
Calculate the derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Solution: Remember

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Example: The derivative of the tangent function

● Calculate the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)=tan(𝑥)


We use the Derivative Quotient Rule to calculate the derivative:
Solution:

Page - 22
Example: Derivatives of secant Function (sec)

Calculate the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) =sec (𝑥)


𝑑 𝑑 1
● 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )

Try to prove :
𝑑
• cot 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥. cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Page - 23
Example: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
● Differentiate

Solution:

Page - 24
Example: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Solution:

Page - 25
The chain rule
The chain rule

Page - 27
The Power Rule Combined with the Chain Rule

● If n is any real number and u = 𝑔(𝑥) is differentiable, then:

Example:

Page - 28
Example

Solution:

Page - 29
Example : Power Rule Combined with the Chain Rule
● Find the derivatives of:
a-
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

b-

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Example: Power Rule Combined with the Chain Rule
● Find y’’ if

Solution:

Page - 31
Example: Power Rule Combined with the Chain Rule

● Find the slope of

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Implicit differentiation
Implicit differentiation
● Some functions are defined implicitly by a relation between 𝑥 and 𝑦.
● For instance, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 or 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6𝑥𝑦.
● It is required to find 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 for these functions.
● Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 in order to
find the derivative of 𝑦.
● Instead, we can use the method of implicit differentiation. This consists of
➢ Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to 𝒙.
➢ Solving the resulting equation for 𝒚′ .

Page - 34
Example : Implicit differentiation

Solution:

Page - 35
Example : Implicit differentiation

● Find y′ if

Solution:

Page - 36
Example : Implicit differentiation
● Find the tangent and the normal at the point )2,4) for
Solution:

Page - 37
Higher-Order Derivatives
Higher-Order Derivatives

● If y = is a differentiable function, then its derivative ƒ′(x) is also a function. If ƒ′ is also


differentiable, then we can differentiate ƒ′ to get a new function of 𝑥 denoted by ƒ″.
It is written in several ways:

Page - 39
Example: Higher-Order Derivatives

Find the first four derivatives of


Solution:

Page - 40
Example: Higher-Order Derivatives

Solution:

Page - 41
Example: Higher-Order Derivatives

Solution:

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Parametric Differentiation

Page - 43
Example: Parametric Differentiation

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