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1 - Functions & Derivatives

The document provides an overview of Calculus, specifically focusing on types of functions, including explicit, implicit, inverse, even, odd, periodic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It also outlines rules of differentiation, including the addition, product, and quotient rules, as well as derivatives of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Additionally, it includes homework assignments related to proving certain derivatives.

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4 views13 pages

1 - Functions & Derivatives

The document provides an overview of Calculus, specifically focusing on types of functions, including explicit, implicit, inverse, even, odd, periodic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. It also outlines rules of differentiation, including the addition, product, and quotient rules, as well as derivatives of trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Additionally, it includes homework assignments related to proving certain derivatives.

Uploaded by

eidaziz870
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus - MATH 282

Lecture 1

Definition

Types of Calculus
The main types of Calculus are differential calculus and
integral calculus

Functions
A function is a relation between two or more variables

 function of one variable y = f ( x)

Examples: y = x 2 + 1, y = x + cos x
-
Functions
 Function of two variables z = f ( x, y )

Examples: z = x 2 + y, z = y sin x

 Explicit function y = f ( x)

Example y = x2 + 8x − 3

 Implicit function f ( x, y ) = 0

Example x 2 + x cos xy − y + 2 = 0
Functions
 Inverse function
An inverse function is a function that reverses another function.

If y = f ( x) , then its inverse function is x = g ( y ) or x = f −1 ( y )

Rule: f ( f −1 ( x)) = f −1 ( f ( x)) = x

 Even function f (− x) = f ( x)

Example y = x2 , y = cos x

 Odd function f (− x) = − f ( x)

Example y = x3 , y = sin x
 Periodic function
f ( x + n L) = f ( x)
where n is an integer and L is the period.

 Trigonometric functions
a
sin  =
c
b
cos  =
c
a a / c sin 
tan  = = =
b b / c cos 
 Trigonometric functions
c 1 1
sec  = = =
b b / c cos 
c 1
cosec = =
a sin 

b b / c cos  1
cot  = = = =
a a / c sin  tan 

Rules
 sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 (1)

1 + cot  = cosec  Divide by sin 2 
2 2

 tan 2
 + 1 = sec 2
 Divide by cos 2 
 Exponential functions

f ( x) = a x
f ( x) = e x
ex  0

Rules

e x e y = e x+ y
ex
= e x e− y = e x− y
ey
(e x ) y = e xy
 Logarithmic functions

f ( x) = log x, x  0, b  0 and b  1
b

f ( x) = log e x = ln x, x0
Rules

ln( x y ) = ln( x) + ln( y )


x
ln   = ln( x) − ln( y )
 y
ln( x y ) = y ln( x)
 The natural logarithm ln 𝑥 is the inverse function of the
exponential function 𝑒 𝑥 .

ln e x = x

eln x = x
 Inverse trigonometric functions
The inverse function of sine is y = sin −1 x, the other inverse
trigonometric functions are

cos −1 x, tan −1 x, cosec −1x, sec −1 x and cot −1 x


Rules of differentiation

1- Addition rule
d
 f ( x) + g ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = f ' ( x) + g ' ( x)
d d
dx dx dx

2- Product rule
d
 f ( x) g ( x) = f ' ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ' ( x)
dx

d  f ( x)  f ' ( x) g ( x) − f ( x) g ' ( x)
3- Quotient rule   =
dx  g ( x)  g 2 ( x)
Rules of differentiation
4- Derivatives of trigonometric functions
d d du
sin x = cos x, sin u = u cos u where u =
dx dx dx

d d
cos x = − sin x, cos u = −u sin u
dx dx

d d sin x cos x − ( − sin x)


2 2
1
tan x = = 2
= 2
= sec 2
x
dx dx cos x cos x cos x

d

tan u = u sec u
2
dx
Homework
Prove the following derivatives

d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx

d
cosec x = −cosec x cot x
dx

d
cot x = − cosec 2 x
dx
Rules of differentiation
5- Derivatives of the exponential function
d x d u
e =e , x
e = u  eu
dx dx
6- Derivatives of logarithmic function

d 1 d 1
ln x = , ln u = u 
dx x dx u
Example
Find dy/dx for 2 x2
y = x cos x + e − ln(sin x)

Solution
dy x 2 cos x
= (2 x)(cos x) + x (− sin x) + 2 x e −
2
dx sin x
Rules of differentiation
7- Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
d
sin −1 x
dx
Let y = sin −1 x sin y = x

dy 1
y cos y = 1  y = =
dx cos y

cos y = 1 − x 2
dy d 1
= sin −1 x =
dx dx 1 − x2
x opposite
sin y = x = =
1 hypotenuse

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