Heat Transfer Lab

Lab Report # 5
Title: Convective Heat Transfer in Crossflow Heat Exchanger.
Group Details:

Name Registration no:

Qazi Nasrullah 220101071

Jawad Hassan 220101097

Ali Haider 220101087

AERO 21-A

Submitted To: Sir Amber

Safety rules:

➢ Make sure to read all fire alarm and safety signs and follow the instructions in the
event of an accident or emergency

➢ Be aware of the facility's/building's evacuation procedures

➢ Make sure to know where the lab's safety equipment including first aid kit and fire
extinguisher are located and how to properly use them

➢ Know emergency phone numbers for help in case of an emergency

➢ Do not touch electrical equipment during operation with wet hands

➢ Do not touch high temperature equipment during operation as it may cause serious
bums

➢ Do not chew gum, drink, or eat while working in the lab

➢ Never use lab equipment that you are not approved or trained by your supervisor to
operate

➢ Do not wear loose clothing

➢ If an instrument or piece of equipment fails during use, or isn't operating properly,

report the issue to a lab engineer/technician right away. Never try to repair an
equipment problem on your own
 ➢ Report all injuries, accidents, and broken equipment or glass right away, even if the
incident seems small or unimportant

➢ In case of an injury, yell out immediately to get quick help does not leave the
experiments unattended while in progress

➢ Do not crowd around the equipment's & run inside the laboratory

CLOs & PLOs:

Module CLO Teaching Assessment methodology Learning PLOs

no. no. methodology domain to
with target
level

I-II-III - Lecture/theoretical Quizzes/midterm/final - -

demonstration

I-III 1 Practical Lab P-3 PLO-9

performance demonstration/performance

I-III 2 Theoretical Lab reports A-4 PLO-

demonstration 10
regarding lab
reports

I-III 3 Discussion Viva voce A-2 PLO-

10
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to understand how heat flow exchanger affects
heat transfer coefficients in the materials at different Reynold’s number and power. We must
observe the flow at different angles and their effect on heat transfer.

Introduction:
This experiment aims to demonstrate the crossflow heat exchanger. To determine the cross flow
from heat transfer to air from hot plate heater. To find the relationship between air, velocity with
surface temperature and to find the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds number and Nusselt
number.

Reynolds Number:
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that helps predict the flow regime of a fluid
(e.g., air or water) in a system.

Flow regimes:
• Laminar Flow (Re < 2000): Flow is smooth and orderly, dominated by viscous forces.
• Transitional Flow (2000 < Re < 4000): Flow is unstable, transitioning from laminar to
turbulent.
• Turbulent Flow (Re > 4000): Flow is chaotic and dominated by inertial forces.
Nusselt Number (Nu):
The Nusselt number is another dimensionless quantity that indicates the effectiveness of
convective heat transfer compared to conductive heat transfer in a fluid.

Importance of Nusselt Number

• Evaluating Heat Transfer Efficiency: A high Nusselt number indicates a more effective
convective heat transfer, meaning the system is better at transferring heat between the fluid
and the solid boundary. This is key for designing efficient heat exchangers.
• Determining Heat Transfer Coefficient: It allows engineers to estimate the convective
heat transfer coefficient, which is crucial for calculating heat transfer rates in heat
exchangers, pipes, and ducts.
 Mathematical forms:
Reynold number
𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉 ×𝑉
𝑓

➢ Re is the Reynold number

➢ D is the diameter
➢ V is the velocity of heat exchanger
➢ Vf is the kinematic viscosity
Nusselt number

𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ𝑜 ×𝐾
𝑓
➢ D is the diameter
➢ Nu is the Nusselt number
➢ kf is the thermal conductivity of air
➢ ℎ𝑜 is the local heat transfer coefficient

Apparatus:

➢ A heating rod to warm the surface.

➢ Core of the heat exchanger.
➢ Valves to control the flow rate.
➢ Inlets and outlets for both hot and cold fluids.
➢ Control panel to power the heaters in the rod and display relevant information.
➢ Selector switch for operating the data collection system.
➢ Power regulator and indicator for the heater.
➢ Temperature display unit.
➢ Temperature sensors.
➢ Hydraulic bench used to cool the material.
Procedure:

▪ First, the brass specimen was placed into the multi-section bar.
▪ Next, a temperature sensor was positioned within the bar.
▪ The heater was then switched on.
▪ We adjusted the power regulator to control the heating section of the bar.
▪ The control panel displayed temperature and velocity along the bar.
▪ After noting these readings, we increased the power to record a new set
of data.
▪ We observed the system until it reached a stable state.
▪ The inlet and outlet temperatures of both hot and cold fluids were
recorded using temperature sensors.
▪ Flow rates of the hot and cold fluids were measured using flow meters or
a data acquisition system.
▪ For additional flow or temperature settings, the process was repeated for
each set of conditions.
▪ Once readings were recorded, calculations were made for the heat
transfer coefficient, Reynolds number, and Nusselt number from the
observed data.
▪ Finally, a graph was plotted between temperature (lnRe) and distance
(lnNu).
Observations AT P=20W:
Openings Power Air velocity Air temperature Surface
(°𝐶) temperature (°𝐶)
(W) (𝑚 )

𝑃 𝑠

0° 20 1.36 25.24 65.3

45° 20 3.49 25.52 62.7

90° 20 7.29 25.64 58.8

Calculation:

𝐷 = 0.0127 𝑚

𝐿 = 0.072 𝑚

10−5 𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = 1.764 ∗
𝑠2
𝑘𝑓 = 0.028 W/m*c

𝐴=𝜋×𝐷×𝐿

𝐴 = 𝜋 × 0.0127 × 0.072

𝐴 = 2.97267 × 10−4 𝑚2

Now, for 1st observation at power =20W reading:

 𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
2.97267 ∗ 10−4 (65.3 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 1.36 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 979.1383
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 1690.442 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 17.94688

2nd observation at power =20W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 3.49 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 2512.64
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓
 0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 1808.591 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 19.20123

3rd observation at power =20W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 7.29 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 5248.47
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 2020.408 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 21.45002

Observations AT P=40W:
Openings Power Air velocity Air temperature Surface
(°𝐶) temperature (°𝐶)
(W) (𝑚 )

𝑃 𝑠

0° 40 1.36 26.18 80.2

45° 40 3.63 25.74 79.9

90° 40 7.01 25.87 74.4

Calculation:

𝐷 = 0.0127 𝑚

𝐿 = 0.072 𝑚

10−5 𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = 1.764 ∗
𝑠2
𝑘𝑓 = 0.028 W/m*c

𝐴=𝜋×𝐷×𝐿

𝐴 = 𝜋 × 0.0127 × 0.072

𝐴 = 2.97267 × 10−4 𝑚2

1st observation at power =40W reading:

 𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 1.36 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 979.138
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 2459.948 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 26.11648

2nd observation at power =40W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 3.63 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 2613.43
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓
 0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 2473.514 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 26.2605

3rd observation at power =40W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 7.01 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 5046.882
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 2592.662 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 27.52546

Observations at P=60W:
Openings Power Air velocity Air temperature Surface
(°𝐶) temperature (°𝐶)
(W) (𝑚 )

𝑃 𝑠

0° 60 1.28 27.09 88.5

45° 60 3.85 26.28 91.0

90° 60 7.10 26.04 90.4

Calculation:

𝐷 = 0.0127 𝑚

𝐿 = 0.072 𝑚

10−5 𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = 1.764 ∗
𝑠2
𝑘𝑓 = 0.028 W/m*c

𝐴=𝜋×𝐷×𝐿

𝐴 = 𝜋 × 0.0127 × 0.072

𝐴 = 2.97267 × 10−4 𝑚2

1st observation at power =60W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓
 0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 1.28 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 921.541
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 3081.508 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 32.71538

2nd observation at power =60W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)

ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 3.85 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 2771.825
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 3109.996 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 33.01783

3rd observation at power =60W reading:

𝑄
ℎ𝑜 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )

20
ℎ𝑜 =
0.000297 ∗ (62.7 − 25.5)
 ℎ𝑜 = 1690.44
𝑉∗𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑓

0.0127
𝑅𝑒 = 7.10 ∗
0.00001764
𝑅𝑒 = 5111.67
𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = ℎ0 ∗
𝐾𝑓

0.0127
𝑁𝑢 = 3330.672 ∗
0.028
𝑁𝑢 = 35.36068

Power (Watt) ℎ𝑜 Re Nu Ln(Re) Ln(Nu)

20 1690.442 979.1383 17.94688 6.886673 2.887416
20 1808.591 2512.642 19.20123 7.82909 2.954974
20 2020.408 5248.469 21.45002 8.565692 3.065726
40 2459.948 979.1383 26.11648 6.886673 3.262567
40 2473.514 2613.435 26.2605 7.868421 3.268066
40 2592.662 5046.882 27.52546 8.526526 3.315111
60 3081.508 921.542 32.71538 6.826048 3.487845
60 3109.996 2771.825 33.01783 7.927261 3.497048
60 3330.672 5111.678 35.36068 8.539283 3.5656
y = 0.0469x2 - 0.6178x + 4.9199

for y intercept x=0

y-intercept=4.9199

slope:
3.066 − 2.87416
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
8.566 − 6.8866
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0.1142

for observation 2 AT 40w:

Y-intercept:

y = 0.0402x2 - 0.5872x + 5.4011

as x=0

y-intercept=5.4011

slope:
3.315 − 3.263
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
8.527 − 6.887
𝑠𝑙𝑝𝑒 = 0.0317

for observation 3 at P=60 w:

graph:
y = 0.0605x2 - 0.8842x + 6.7047

as x=0

y-intercept=6.7047

slope:
(3.5656 − 3.4878)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
8.539 − 6.826
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 0.0454

Conclusion:
Analysis and Conclusion:

From the experimental data and calculations involved, we can make the following
conclusions.

1. Effect of Air Velocity on Heat Transfer:

The heat transfer coefficient, h, increases with an increase in air velocity, as seen from the
increased Nusselt number (Nu) with increased Reynolds number.
- This trend is consistent with that anticipated for convective heat transfer, in which
increased fluid flow is associated with increased heat transfer.

2. Effects of Power Input on Heat Transfer:

Power input to the heating rod was increased. With greater power input, higher temperature
at the surface and therefore more significant temperature difference between the surface
and air was obtained.

The increased temperature difference results in a greater heat transfer rate as can be seen
in the enhanced Nusselt number value.

3. Heat Transfer Dependency on Angle:

In general, the flow angle has an effect on the heat transfer coefficient and is relatively
greater at greater flow angles like 45° and 90° rather than that of the 0° angle.

This may probably be because greater angles involve greater turbulent activity and mixing
of air which in turn enhances heat transfer.

4. Nusselt Number-Reynolds Number Correlation:

- The plot ln(Nu) v.s. ln(Re) is a straight line indicating power-law correlation of the form:

Nu = C * Re^n

where C and n are constants.

- The exponent n is equal to the slope of the line which in turn is approximately 0.0469,
0.0402, and 0.0605 for the three power levels 20W, 40W, and 60W, respectively.

This means that the mechanism of heat transfer is basically convective, with only relatively
weak dependence on Reynolds number.

Limitations and Further Considerations:

- Experimental setup and the methods of data collection can bring uncertainty and errors.

- The assumption of steady-state conditions may not be strictly accurate at least in the
transient periods.

Further experiments with different flow velocities and power inputs would be beneficial to
gain a more holistic understanding of the heat transfer process.