Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

GURU NANAK INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL CAMPUS

(AUTONOMOUS)
School of Engineering & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LAB

Lab Manual

[Course Code: 22PC0CS12]

For the Academic year 2023-24 II B.Tech. II Semester

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus (Autonomous)

Ibrahimpatnam, R R District – 501 506 (T. S.)

LAB MANUAL FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

Name of the Lab : Data Base Management Systems Lab

Lab Course Code : 22PC0CS12

Year & Semester : II Year II Sem

Branch : CSE

No. of Hours : 2 Practical Hours per Week

No. of Credits : 1.5

Document No. : GNITC/CSE/DBMS LAB/R-22 (Autonomous)

Date of Revision : 22th March 2024

Date of Issue :

Prepared By : Er. Bint ul Huda

Verified by : Dr. M.V Narayana (HOD CSE Special Batch)

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

INDEX

LAB OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................... 4

LAB OUTCOMES ........................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION ABOUT DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LAB ............ 4
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE – SOP ....................................................... 4
WRITING OF THE EXPERIMENT IN THE OBSERVATION BOOK ........................ 5
GUIDE LINES TO STUDENTS IN LAB ...................................................................... 5
STEPS TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS IN THE LAB BY THE STUDENT .............. 6
INSTRUCTIONS TO MAINTAIN THE RECORD ...................................................... 6
AWARDING THE MARKS FOR DAY-TO-DAY EVALUATION ............................. 7
ALLOCATION OF MARKS FOR LAB INTERNAL ................................................... 7
ALLOCATION OF MARKS FOR LAB EXTERNAL .................................................. 7
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS ............................................................................................. 8
EXPERIMENT 1: CONCEPT DESIGN WITH E-R MODEL ...................................... 9
EXPERIMENT 2: ER TO RELATIONAL MODEL .................................................. 13
EXPERIMENT 3: NORMALIZATION ...................................................................... 16
EXPERIMENT 4: PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS ............................................... 20
EXPERIMENT 5: PRACTICING DML COMMANDS .............................................. 22
EXPERIMENT 6: QUERYING ................................................................................... 24
EXPERIMENT 7 : QUERYING (CONTINUED … ) .................................................. 29
EXPERIMENT 8: TRIGGERS ................................................................................... 38
EXPERIMENT -9: PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 43
EXPERIMENT 10: CURSORS ................................................................................... 46
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS ................................................................................. 50

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 Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

LAB OBJECTIVE
 Introduce ER data model, database design and normalization
 Learn SQL basics for data definition and data manipulation

LAB OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of this Lab, students will be able to:

CO1: Design database schema for a given application and apply normalization.
CO2: Acquire skills in using SQL Commands for data Definition and data manipulation.
CO3: Develop solutions for database applications using procedures, cursors and triggers.

Introduction about Data Base Management Systems Lab

 There are 65 systems (Acer) installed in this Lab. Their configurations are as follows:
 Hardware / Software’s installed: Intel® CORE™ i3-3240 [email protected] RAM:4GB / C, C++
Compiler
 Systems are provided for students in the 1:1 ratio.
 Systems are assigned numbers and same system is allotted for students when they do the lab.
 All systems are configured in DUAL BOOT mode i.e., Students can boot from Windows XP or Linux
as per their lab requirement. This is very useful for students because they are familiar with different
Operating Systems so that they can execute their programs in different programming environments.
 Each student has a separate login for database access MySQL client version is installed in all systems.
On the server, account for each student has been created. This is very useful because students can save
their work (scenarios’, PL / SQL programs, data related projects, etc) in their own accounts. Each
student work is safe and secure from other students

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE – SOP

a) Explanation on today’s experiment by the concerned faculty using PPT covering the following aspects:
1) Name of the experiment
2) Aim
3) Software/Hardware requirements
4) Theory related to the aim
5) Commands with suitable Options
6) Creating Database
7) Altering database
8) Writing of DDL and DML commands by the students
9) Querying and executing of the SQL queries
10) Dropping database 120 mins.

b) Writing of Data Base Management Systems Experiments by the students

c) Execution of the Experiments

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Writing of the experiment in the Observation Book

The students will write the today’s experiment in the Observation book as per the following
format:
a) Name of the experiment
b) Aim
c) Software/Hardware required
d) Theory
e) Commands with suitable Options
f) Creating Database
i) Altering database
ii) Querying
iii) Dropping database
g) Results for different Queries
h) Viva-Voce Questions and Answers
i) Errors observed (if any) during compilation/execution
j) Signature of the Faculty

Guide Lines to Students in Lab

Disciplinary to be maintained by the students in the Lab:

 Students are required to carry their lab observation book and record book with completed
experiments while entering the lab
 Students must use the equipment with care
 Students are not allowed to use their cell phones/pen drives/CDs in labs
 Students need to maintain proper dress code along with ID Card
 Students are supposed to occupy the computers allotted to them and are not supposed to talk or
make noise in the lab
 Students, after completion of each experiment they need to be updated in observation notes and
same to be updated in the record
 Lab records need to be submitted after completion of experiment and get it corrected with the
concerned lab faculty
 If a student is absent for any lab, they need to be completed the same experiment in the free time
before attending next lab.

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Steps to perform experiments in the lab by the student

Step1: Students have to write the date, aim, and Software & Hardware requirements for that Experiment
in the observation book.

Step2: Students have to listen and understand the experiment explained by the faculty and note down
the important points in the observation book.

Step3: Students need to write procedure/algorithm in the observation book.

Step4: Analyze and Develop/implement the logic of the program by the student in respect platform

Step5: After approval of logic of the experiment by the faculty then the experiment has to executed on
the system.

Step6: After successful execution the results are to be shown to the faculty and noted the same in the
observation book.

Step7: Students need to attend the Viva-Voce on that experiment and write the same in the observation
book.

Step8: Update the completed experiment in the record and submit to the concerned faculty in-charge.

Instructions to maintain the record

 Before start of the first lab, students have to buy the record and bring the record to the lab.
 Regularly (Weekly) update the record after completion of the experiment and get it corrected with
concerned lab in-charge for continuous evaluation.
 In case the record is lost inform the same day to the faculty in charge and get the new record within 2
days the record has to be submitted and get it corrected by the faculty.
 If record is not submitted in time or record is not written properly, the evaluation marks will be
deducted.

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Awarding the marks for day-to-day evaluation

Total marks for day-to-day evaluation are 10 Marks as per GNITC. The distribution is as follows:

Record 3 Marks

Program Write up 5 Marks

Result and Viva-Voce 2 Marks

Allocation of Marks for Lab Internal

Total marks for lab internal are 40 Marks as per GNITC.
The distribution of 40 Marks is as follows:
Average of day-to-day evaluation marks: 10 Marks
Internal Lab Exam : 10 Marks
Viva-Voce : 10 Marks
Lab Project : 10 Marks.

Allocation of Marks for Lab External

Total marks for lab external are 60 Marks as per GNITC. The distribution of 60 Marks is as follows:

Procedure 20 Marks

Observation / Programs / Calculations 15 Marks

Results & Inference / Output 15 Marks

Viva-Voce 10 Marks

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S. No. Name of the Program

1 Concept design with E-R Model

2 ER To Relational Model

3 Normalization

4 Practicing DDL Commands

5 Practicing DML Commands

6 Querying using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS, NOT EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT

Querying using aggregate functions, Group by, Having and Creation and dropping
7
Views.

8 Triggers (Creation of insert trigger, Delete Trigger, Update trigger)

9 Procedures

Cursors
10

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

A1 Design and implement queries on Tables (Emp, Dept)

A2 Design and implement queries on Library Data base Management

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 Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 1: CONCEPT DESIGN WITH E-R MODEL

AIM: Analyzing a system to implement the concepts of E-R Model through Bus Management System.
CONCEPTS OF ER MODEL:
 Entities and its types
 Cardinalities for each relationship.
 Identify strong entities and weak entities (if any).
 Indicate the type of relationships (total/partial).
 Try to incorporate generalization, aggregation, specialization etc. wherever required.
Note: The student is required to submit a document by drawing the E-R' Diagram to the lab teacher.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE / SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 1GB RAM and 500 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know the concepts of ER MODEL.
PROCEDURE:
After identifying the system, students will
1. Identify the entities
2. Identify the attributes for the taken entities.
3. Establish the relationship between the entities.
4. Identify the cardinalities and types of relationships for the mentioned relationships.
5. Identify the class hierarchy (Generalization/ Specialization) and aggregation if any.
6. Show all the above representations in one diagram to generate an E-R Diagram.
The following are the entities

i. Bus
ii. Reservation
iii. Ticket
iv. Passenger
v. Cancellation

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Bus: (Entity)

Source Destination

Bus No Couch Type

BUS

Reservation: (Entity)

Contact No No. of Seats

Journey date
Bus No.

PNR NO Address

RESERVATION

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Ticket: (Entity)

Dept-Time Sex Sourc

Age e

Journey date Destinatio

n
Bus
Ticket No. No

TICKET

Passenger: (Entity)

Age Sex

Contact No
PNR NO

Ticket No. Name

PASSENGER

Cancellation: (Entity)

Journey Date Seat No.

PNR NO. Contact No.

CANCELLATION 11
Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Concept Design With E-R Model:

RESULT: Student gains the ability to describe the data requirements for a new information system
and implement them through an E-R Model.

VIVA- VOCE
1. Distinguish database with database management system?
2. Define entity and how it is different from an attribute?
3. Explain Participation Constraints?
4. Differentiate generalization and specialization?
5. Describe degree of cardinality?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 2: ER TO RELATIONAL MODEL

AIM: To Convert the concepts of ER model (Graphical Notation) into Relational Model (Table)
database.
Hints:
 Represent attributes as columns in tables or as tables based on the requirement.
 Different types of attributes (Composite, Multi-valued, and Derived) have different way of
representation.
 Represent all the entities (Strong, Weak) in tabular fashion.
 Represent relationships in a tabular fashion. There are different ways of representing,
relationships as tables based on the cardinality.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 1GB RAM and 500 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1

PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the conversion of ER to Relational Model.

Conversion:
Entities and Simple Attributes:

Persons ( personid , name, lastname, email )

Multi-Valued Attributes:

Persons (personid, name, lastname, email ), Phones ( phoneid , personid, phone )

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

1:1 Relationships

Persons( personid , name, lastname, email , wifeid ), Wife ( wifeid , name )

Persons( personid , name, lastname, email ), Wife ( wifeid , name , personid)

1:N Relationships

Persons( personid , name, lastname, email ), House ( houseid , num , address, personid)

N:N Relationships

Persons( personid , name, lastname, email )

Countries ( countryid , name, code) , HasRelat ( hasrelatid , personid , countryid)

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

The relational schema for the ER Diagram is given below as:

Company( CompanyID , name , address )
Staff( StaffID , dob , address , WifeID)
Child( ChildID , name , StaffID )
Wife ( WifeID , name )
Phone(PhoneID , phoneNumber , StaffID)
Task ( TaskID , description)
Work(WorkID , CompanyID , StaffID , since )
Perform(PerformID , StaffID , TaskID)

RESULT: The student gains the knowledge on converting the E-R Model concepts in to a
relational database.

VIVA-VOCE:
1. Show the representation of data in relational model?
2. State the use of CASCADE constraint?
3. Explain Query optimization?
4. Differentiate relation schema from relation?
5. Define view and how it is related to data independence?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 3: NORMALIZATION

AIM: Implementing the normalization techniques up to 3NF to avoid data redundancy in the database
design.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 1GB RAM and 500 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about different types of normal forms.
NORMALIZATION: Database normalization is a technique for designing relational database tables
to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database against certain types
of logical or structural problems, namely data anomalies. A table that is sufficiently normalized is less
vulnerable to problems of anomalies.

Normalization is a process of converting a relation to be standard form by decomposition a

larger relation into smaller efficient relation that depicts a good database design.

1NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 1NF if the attribute values in the relation are atomic. Muti –
valued attributes are not permitted.

2NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 2NF, if every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent
on primary Key.

3NF: A Relation scheme is said to be in 3NF, if it does not have transitivity dependencies. A Relation
is said to be 3NF if every determinant is a key for each & every functional dependency.

Example: Let us consider the following case of a Construction Company

 Building project -- Project number, Name, Employees assigned to the project.
 Employee -- Employee number, Name, Job classification
 The company charges its clients by billing the hours spent on each project. The hourly
billing rate is dependent on the employee’s position.
 Periodically, a report is generated.

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Conversion to First Normal Form:

A relational table must not contain repeating groups.

Conversion of Second Normal Form:

 It is in 1NF and
 It includes no partial dependencies; that is, no attribute is dependent on only a portion of
the primary key
PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME),
EMPLOYEE (EMP_NUM, EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS, CHG_HOUR),
ASSIGN (PROJ_NUM, EMP_NUM, HOURS)

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Conversion of Third Normal Form:

A table is in 3NF if:
 It is in 2NF and
 It contains no transitive dependencies
PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME)
ASSIGN (PROJ_NUM, EMP_NUM, HOURS)
EMPLOYEE (EMP_NUM, EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS)
JOB (JOB_CLASS, CHG_HOUR)

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

RESULT: The Student is able to perform normalization on tables to produce redundant

free database design.

VIVA-VOCE:
1. Define Normalization?
2. Outline Fully Functional dependency?
3. Define partial dependency?
4. Recall join dependency?
5. Define multi valued dependency?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 4: PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS

AIM: To Practice DDL commands by creating a database.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 1GB RAM and 500 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know DDL commands
DDL Commands:
1. Create -It is used to create the database and a table
2. Alter -it is used to alter the table and also a database.
3. Drop -it is used to drop the database instance
4. Truncate-it is used to delete table in a database instance
CREATE

ALTER

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

DROP

TRUNCATE

RESULT: The student is able to work in the MYSQL environment and gains the knowledge
on DDL Commands.

VIVA VOCE:

1. Distinguish SQL from MYSQL?

2. Differentiate between drop and truncate?
3. Abbreviation of SQL?
4. Show the syntax to add a record to table?
5. A. Define Commit
B. Define Schema

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 5: PRACTICING DML COMMANDS

AIM: To perform the Database modifications by using DML Commands

RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 64MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1

PRE-REQUISITES: Students must know DML commands

DML Commands:
1. SELECT – retrieve data from a database
2. INSERT - insert data into a table
3. UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
4. DELETE – deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remains

INSERT

SELECT

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

UPDATE

DELETE

RESULT: The Student gains the knowledge on DML Commands like Insert, Update, Delete
and Select.

VIVA-VOCE:

1. Why do we use SQL Constraints?

2. Differentiate between delete and truncate?
3. State some properties of RDMS?
4. Define SQL delete statement?
5. Define Check Constraint?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 6: QUERYING
AIM: Performing querying using ANY, ALL, IN, Exists, NOT EXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT,
Constraints etc.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 64MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the RDBMS- Basic forms of SQL
OPERATORS:
1.UNION:
UNION is used to combine results of two or more SELECT statements.it eliminates the duplicate
rows from result set.
2.INTERSECT:
Intersect operation is used to combine two select statements, but it only returns the records which are
COMMON from both SELECT statements
3.MINUS/EXCEPT:
The minus operation combines results of two SELECT statements and return only those in the final
result, which belongs to the first set of the result
4.IN:
The in-operator helps to connect inner query to outer query and also allows to test whether a value is
in a given set of elements.
5.NOT-IN:
The not-in operator is used as opposite of IN operator
6.EXISTS:
The exists operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table that meets a certain
criterion. It allows us to test whether a set is non empty or not.
7.NOT EXISTS:
It is used opposite to EXISTS OPERATOR.
8.ANY:
It compares a value to any applicable value in the list As per the condition
9.ALL:
ALL operator is used to select all tuples of SELECT statements.

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

UNION

INTERSECT

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXCEPT

IN-OPERATOR

NOT-IN OPERATOR

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXISTS AND NOT EXISTS

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

ANY

ALL

RESULT: The Student is able execute the Queries by using the above
operators.

VIVA- VOCE

1. Specify the result of String functions?

2. Specify the result of Date functions?
3. Infer the result of conversion function?
4. Define Concatenation?
5. Differentiate between LTRIM and RTRIM?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 7 : QUERYING (CONTINUED … )

AIM: Performing the querying using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, and MAX and MIN),
GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and dropping of Views.

RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 1GB RAM and 500 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1

PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the RDBMS-SQL

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS:
a) AVG: Retrieve average value of a column.
b) SUM: Retrieve the sum of all unique values in a column
c) COUNT: Retrieve the count of a column
d) MAX: Retrieve the maximum value of a column
e) MIN: Retrieve the minimum value of a column
CLAUSES:
a)ORDER BY:
The ORDER BY clause sorts the results of a query in ascending or descending order.
b)GROUP BY:
Sometimes we want to apply aggregate functions to groups of rows
c)HAVING:
HAVING is like a WHERE clause except that it applies to the results of a GROUP BY query.
d)VIEW:
A VIEW is a table whose rows are not explicitly stored in the database but are computed as needed
from ‘view definition’.
A VIEW is a computed table by taking reference from base tables.

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS:

AVG:
mysql> create table Customer
-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

SUM
create table Orders
-> (
-> order_id integer(20),
-> item varchar(30),
-> amount integer(40),
-> cust_id integer(40)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('1','Keyboard','400','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('2','Mouse','300','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('3','Monitor','12000','3');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('4','Keyboard','400','1');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('5','Mousepad','250','2');

Count
mysql> create table Customer
-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');

mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');

MAX
create table Orders
-> (
-> order_id integer(20),
-> item varchar(30),
-> amount integer(40),
-> cust_id integer(40)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('1','Keyboard','400','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('2','Mouse','300','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('3','Monitor','12000','3');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('4','Keyboard','400','1');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('5','Mousepad','250','2');

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MIN
create table Orders
-> (
-> order_id integer(20),
-> item varchar(30),
-> amount integer(40),
-> cust_id integer(40)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('1','Keyboard','400','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('2','Mouse','300','4');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('3','Monitor','12000','3');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('4','Keyboard','400','1');
mysql> INSERT INTO Orders VALUES('5','Mousepad','250','2');

GROUP BY

mysql> create table Customer

-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');

mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');

ORDER BY

mysql> create table Customer

-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');
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HAVING

mysql> create table Customer

-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');

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VIEWS

CREATE VIEW

mysql> create table Customer

-> (
-> cust_id integer(20),
-> fname varchar(30),
-> lname varchar(30),
-> age int(10),
-> country varchar(30)
-> );
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('1','John','Doe','31','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('2','Robinson','Luna','22','USA');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('3','David','Robinson','22','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('4','John','Ronald','25','UK');
mysql> INSERT INTO Customer VALUES('5','Betty','Doe','28','UAE');

A VIEW NAMED us_customers is created from the customers’ table.

Now to select the customers who live in USA run following:

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

UPDATING VIEW

DELETING VIEW

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 8: TRIGGERS

AIM: To Implement the concept of triggers -Insert, Update, Delete

RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 64MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the Relational Database SQL-Triggers.
1. Create a table with the schema Bus(busno, source, destination, capacity)
MySQL>CREATE TABLE BUS(BUSNO VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
SOURCE VARCHAR(10), DESTINATION VARCHAR(10),
CAPACITY INT(2), PRIMARY KEY(BUSNO));
2. Insert values
MySQL>INSERT INTO BUS VALUES('AP123','HYD','CHENNAI','40');

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

3. Create an Audit table for the bus to track the actions on the table using
Triggers concept. ( Schema : Bus_Audit1(ID, Source, Changedon, Action))
CREATE TABLE BUS_AUDIT1(ID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, SOURCE
VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, CHANGEDON DATETIME DEFAULT NULL, ACTION
VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(ID));

4. Creating UPDATE Trigger:

DELIMITER $$
CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_DELETE
BEFORE DELETE ON BUS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO BUS_AUDIT1
SET action='delete',
source=OLD.source,
changedon=NOW();
END$$

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

5. Perform an UPDATE operation on the bus table:

MySQL>UPDATE BUS SET SOURCE='KERALA' WHERE BUSNO='AP123'$$

6. Creating INSERT Trigger:

CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_INSERT

BEFORE INSERT ON BUS

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO BUS_AUDIT1

SET action='Insert',

source=NEW.source,

changedon=NOW();

END$$

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

7. Perform an INSERT operation on bus:

INSERT INTO BUS VALUES('AP789','VIZAG','HYDERABAD',30)$$

8. Create DELETE Trigger:

CREATE TRIGGER BEFORE_BUS_DELETE
BEFORE DELETE ON BUS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
Insert into bus_audit1
SET action='delete’,
source=old.source,
changedon=NOW();
END$$

9. Perform DELETE operation on bus:

DELETE FROM BUS WHERE SOURCE=’HYDERABAD’$$

OUTPUT:
Select * from bus_audit1$$
SNo Source Changedon Action
1 Banglore 2014:03:23 12:51:00 Insert
2 Kerela 2014:03:25:12:56:00 Update
3 Hyderabad 2014:04:26:12:59:02 Delete

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

RESULT: The Student is able to work on Triggers to create an active database.

VIVA- VOCE

1. DefineTRIGGER?
2. List the types of triggers?
3. List the trigger timings?
4. Is it possible to create a trigger on views?
5. Outline row and statement trigger?

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 Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT -9: PROCEDURES

AIM: Creating and Executing Stored procedures.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 64MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the Relational Database SQL-Procedures
PROCEDURE: A stored procedure is a set of Structured Query Language (SQL) statements with
an assigned name, which are stored in a relational database management system as a group, so it
can be reused and shared by multiple programs.
Ex1: Executing a Simple procedure called BUS_PROC1(), When we execute it will
display all the data from “bus” table.
Delimiter $$
CREATE PROCEDURE BUS_PROC1()
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM BUS;
SELECT * FROM BUS_AUDIT1;
DESC BUS;
END$$
OUTPUT:
CALL BUS_PROC1()$$

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 Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Ex2: Executing the procedure to show the declaration of local variables in a stored
procedure.
Local variables are declared within stored procedures and are only valid between Begin and END.
Block where they are declared. Local variables can have any SQL data type.
CREATE PROCEDURE SAMPLE2()
BEGIN
DECLARE X INT(3);
SET X=10;
SELECT X;
END$$

OUTPUT:
CALL SAMPLE2()$$

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 Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Ex3: Executing the Procedure parameter- OUT

The following example shows a simple stored procedure that uses an OUT parameter.
CREATE PROCEDURE SIMPLE_PROC(OUT PARAM INT)
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO PARAM FROM BUS;
END$$
In the body of the procedure, the parameter will get the count value from the table bus. After calling
the procedure the work OUT tells the DBMS that the values goes out from the procedure. Here
param1 is the name of the output parameter and we have passed its value to a session variable
named @a, in the call statement.
OUTPUT:
CALL SIMPLE_PROC(@a)$$
Query ok, 1 row affected (0.22 sec)
 SELECT @a$$

RESULT: The Student is able to work on Stored Procedures .

VIVA VOCE:
1. Define stored procedure?
2. When would you use stored procedure or functions ?
3. State external procedures?
4. Recall input parameter and how it is different from OUT parameter?
5. Show how to use Stored Procedures
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

EXPERIMENT 10: CURSORS

AIM: To declare MySQL cursor in stored procedure to iterate through a result set returned by a
SELECT statement.
RECOMMENDED HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :
 Hardware Requirements: Intel Based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster
processor with at least 64MB RAM and 100 MB free disk space.
 MySQL 5.6.1
PRE-REQUISITES: Student must know about the Relational SQL-Cursors
CURSOR: To handle a result set inside a stored procedure, you use a cursor. A cursor allows you
to iterate a set of rows returned by a query and process each row accordingly.
MySQL cursor is read-only, non-scrollable and asensitive.
 Read-only: you cannot update data in the underlying table through the cursor.
 Non-scrollable: you can only fetch rows in the order determined by the SELECT statement.
You cannot fetch rows in the reversed order. In addition, you cannot skip rows or jump to a
specific row in the result set.
 Asensitive: there are two kinds of cursors: asensitive cursor and insensitive cursor. An
asensitive cursor points to the actual data, whereas an insensitive cursor uses a temporary copy
of the data. An asensitive cursor performs faster than an insensitive cursor because it does not
have to make a temporary copy of data. However, any change that made to the data from other
connections will affect the data that is being used by an asensitive cursor, therefore, it is safer if
you do not update the data that is being used by an asensitive cursor. MySQL cursor is
asensitive.
Working with MySQL cursor:
Step1: Declare a cursor by using the DECLARE statement:

1 DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR SELECT_statement;

The cursor declaration must be after any variable declaration. If you declare a cursor before variables
declaration, MySQL will issue an error. A cursor must always be associated with a SELECT statement.
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Step2: Open the cursor by using the OPEN statement. The OPEN statement initializes the result set
for the cursor; therefore, you must call the OPEN statement before fetching rows from the result set.

1 OPEN cursor_name;

Step:3: FETCH statement to retrieve the next row pointed by the cursor and move the cursor to the
next row in the result set.

1 FETCH cursor_name INTO variables list;

After that, you can check to see if there is any row available before fetching it.Declare a NOT
FOUND handler to handle the situation when the cursor could not find any row.

1 DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET finished = 1;

Step:4: CLOSE statement to deactivate the cursor and release the memory associated with it as
follows:

1 CLOSE cursor_name;

Example: Developing a stored procedure that builds an email list of all employees in
the employees table in the sample database.

DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE build_email_list (INOUT email_list varchar(4000))
BEGIN
DECLARE v_finished INTEGER DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE v_email varchar(100) DEFAULT "";
-- declare cursor for employee email
DEClARE email_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT email FROM employee;
-- declare NOT FOUND handler
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER
FOR NOT FOUND SET v_finished = 1;
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

OPEN email_cursor;
get_email: LOOP
FETCH email_cursor INTO v_email;
IF v_finished = 1 THEN
LEAVE get_email;
END IF;
-- build email list
SET email_list = CONCAT(v_email,";",email_list);
END LOOP get_email;
CLOSE email_cursor;
END$$

You can test the build_email_list stored procedure using the following script:
SET @email_list = ""$$

CALL build_email_list(@email_list)$$

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

SELECT @email_list$$

RESULT: The Student is able to work on Cursors.

VIVA VOCE:
1. Define a cursor?
2. List the types of cursor?
3. State the use of parameterized cursor?
4. State the use of cursor variable?
5. Define normal cursor?

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
1. Design and implement queries on Tables (Emp,Dept)
A) AIM: To create the following relations using appropriate SQL statements:

Create table for various relation

DEPT (DEPTNO: NUMBER(2), DNAME: VARCHAR2(10), LOC: VARCHAR2(8))
EMP(EMPNO:NUMBER(4), ENAME: VARCHAR2(9),JOB:
VARCHAR2(9),MGR:NUMBER(4),
HIREDATE:DATE,SAL:NUMBER(7,2),COMM.:NUMBER(7,2),DEPTNO:NUMBER(2))
SALGRADE (GRADE:NUMBER(1),LOSAL:NUMBER(4),HISAL:NUMBER(4))

 Define a constraint on EMP relation that will ensure that every employee earns
atmost Rs.10000/-
 Define constraint on EMP relation such that deptno will be foreign key to DEPT
relation
 Define dept’s relation so that every department is guaranteed to have some name.

SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER (2) PRIMARY KEY, DNAME VARCHAR2 (10)
NOT NULL, LOC VARCHAR2 (8));

Table created.

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP(EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,ENAME VARCHAR2(9),JOB

VARCHAR2(9),MGR NUMBER(4),HIREDATE DATE,SAL NUMBER(7,2)
CHECK(SAL<=10000),COMM NUMBER(7,2),DEPTNO NUMBER(2) ,FOREIGN KEY(DEPTNO)
REFERENCES DEPT);

Table created

SQL>CREATE TABLE SALGRADE (GRADE NUMBER (1), LOSAL NUMBER (4), HISAL
NUMBER (4));

Table created.
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

To insert the following data into appropriate relations:

MULTI ROW INSERTIONS
1) SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)
VALUES(&DEPTNO,'&DNAME','&LOC');
Enter value for deptno: 10
Enter value for dname: ACCOUNTING
Enter value for loc: NEWYORK
old 1: INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(&DEPTNO,'&DNAME','&LOC')
new 1: INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(10,'ACCOUNTING','NEWYORK')
1 row created.

2) SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO)

VALUES(&EMPNO,’&ENAME’,’&JOB’,&MGR,’&HIREDATE’,&SAL,&COMM,&DEPT
NO);
Enter value for empno: 7499
Enter value for ename: ALLEN
Enter value for job: SALESMAN
Enter value for mgr: 7698
Enter value for hiredate: 20-FEB-81
Enter value for sal: 1600
Enter value for comm: 300
Enter value for deptno: 30
old 1: INSERT INTO
EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO)
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP(7499,’ALLEN’,’SALESMAN’,7698,’20-FEB-81’,1600,300,30)
1 row created.
3) SQL> INSERT INTO SALGRADE (GRADE,LOSAL,HISAL)
VALUES(&GRADE,&LOSAL,&HISAL);
Enter value for grade: 5
Enter value for losal: 3001
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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Enter value for hisal: 9999

old 1: INSERT INTO SALGRADE (GRADE,LOSAL,HISAL)
VALUES(&GRADE,&LOSAL,&HISAL)
new 1: INSERT INTO SALGRADE (GRADE,LOSAL,HISAL) VALUES(5,3001,9999)
1 row created.

SINGLE ROW INSERTIONS

SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT(DEPTNO,DNAME,LOC) VALUES(20,'RESEARCH','DALLAS')
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO)
VALUES(7521,’WARD’,’SALESMAN’,7698,’22-FEB-81’,1250,500,30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SALGRADE (GRADE,LOSAL,HISAL) VALUES(4,2001,3000);
1 row created.

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b) AIM: To Alter the tables using appropriate SQL statements:

1) Alter the size of dname of DEPT table

SQL> ALTER TABLE DEPT MODIFY (DNAME VARCHAR2 (20));

Table altered.
2) Alter the SALGRADE table by adding constraint unique to the field grade

SQL> ALTER TABLE SALGRADE ADD CONSTRAINT CONS_GRADE UNIQUE (GRADE);

Table altered.
3) Alter the SALGRADE table by dropping constraint unique to the field grade

SQL> ALTER TABLE SALGRADE DROP CONSTRAINT CONS_GRADE;

Table altered.

c)AIM: Dropping the tables using appropriate SQL statements

1) Drop the EMP table

SQL> DROP TABLE EMP;

Table dropped.

2) Drop the DEPT table

SQL> DROP TABLE DEPT;

Table dropped.

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Working of Different Functions on Relation(single line and group functions).

 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
 STRING FUNCTIONS
 NUMBER FUNCTIONS
 DATE FUNCTIONS
 CONVERSION FUNCTIONS

a)AIM: Queries using aggregate functions(COUNT,SUM,AVG,MIN,MAX) GROUP

BY,HAVING .

1) Find the number of rows in the EMP table.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMP;

COUNT(*)
----------
14

2) List the numbers of jobs.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(JOB)) AS TOTALJOBS FROM EMP;

TOTALJOBS
----------
5

3) Find total salary of the EMP table

SQL> SELECT SUM(SAL) AS TOTALSALARY FROM EMP;

TOTALSALARY
-----------
29025

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4) List maximum sal, minimum sal, average sal of EMP table

SQL> SELECT MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),AVG(SAL) FROM EMP;

MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) AVG(SAL)
---------- ---------- ----------------------
5000 800 2073.21429

5) List the numbers of people and average salary in deptno 30.

SQL> select count(*),avg(sal) from emp where deptno=30;

COUNT(*) AVG(SAL)
-------------- -------------
6 1666.66667
6) List maximum sal and minimum sal in the designations SALESMAN and
CLERK.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*),MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),AVG(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE JOB

IN('SALESMAN','CLERK');
COUNT(*) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) AVG(SAL)
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------------
8 1600 800 1218.75

7 ) Calculate total salary bill for each department.

SQL>SELECT DEPTNO,SUM(SAL) AS TOTALSAL FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO;

DEPTNO TOTALSAL
------------------- ----------
10 8750
20 10875
30 9400

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

8) List max sal, min sal and average sal of depts. 10,30.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,MIN(SAL),MAX(SAL),AVG(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO

IN(10,30) GROUP BY DEPTNO;

DEPTNO MIN(SAL) MAX(SAL) AVG(SAL)

------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------
10 1300 5000 2916.66667
30 950 2850 1566.66667

9) Find all departments which having more than 3 employees.

SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(*)>3;

DEPTNO COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
20 5
30 6

10) Display the jobs where the minimum salary is greater than or equal to 3000.

SQL> SELECT JOB,MIN(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB HAVING MIN(SAL)>=3000;

JOB MIN(SAL)
--------- ----------
ANALYST 3000
PRESIDENT 5000

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b) AIM: Queries using string functions

(Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim, rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr and
instr)

1) Display the output for all departments in the following manner:

Department number 10 with name Accounting is situated in New York.
SQL> SELECT 'Department number '||DEPTNO||' with name '||INITCAP(DNAME)||' is situated in
'||INITCAP(LOC) AS CONCATENATEDSTRING FROM DEPT;
CONCATENATEDSTRING
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department number 10 with name Accounting is situated in New York
Department number 20 with name Research is situated in Dallas
Department number 30 with name Sales is situated in Chicago
Department number 40 with name Operations is situated in Boston

2) Display ‘*”s before the employee name.

SELECT LPAD (ENAME, 9,’*’) FROM EMP;

LPAD (ENAM

---------

****SMITH

****ALLEN

*****WARD

****JONES

14 rows selected.

3) Display ‘*”s after the employee name.

SELECT RPAD (ENAME, 9,’*’) FROM EMP;

RPAD (ENAM

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---------

SMITH****

ALLEN****

FORD*****

MILLER***

14 rows selected.

4) Left trim of character ‘s’ from employee names of department number 20.
SQL> SELECT LTRIM(ENAME,'S') FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;

LTRIM(ENAM

------------------

MITH

JONES

5) Right trim of character ‘s’ from employee names of department number 20.
SQL> SELECT RTRIM(ENAME,'S') FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;

RTRIM(ENAM

----------

SMITH

JONE

SCOTT

ADAM

6) List employee names with all capital letters, with all small letters and with first
letter only as capital of department number 10.

SQL>SELECT ENAME,UPPER(ENAME),LOWER(ENAME),INITCAP(ENAME) FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO=10;
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ENAME UPPER(ENAM) LOWER(ENAM INITCAP(EN

---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ --------------------

CLARK CLARK clark Clark

KING KING king King

MILLER MILLER miller Miller

7) List employee names with length of the name sorted on length for department
number 30.
SQL>SELECT ENAME, LENGTH (ENAME) FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=30 ORDER BY
LENGTH(ENAME);

ENAME LENGTH(ENAME)

---------- -------------------------

WARD 4

ALLEN 5

BLAKE 5

JAMES 5

MARTIN 6

TURNER 6

6 rows selected.

8) Display the first 4 letters of job of EMP table.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT(SUBSTR(JOB,1,4)) AS JOB FROM EMP;

JOB

----

CLER

SALE

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MANA

ANAL

PRES

5 rows selected.

9) Display ename and return the position of character ‘S’ in ename.

SQL>SELECT ENAME,INSTR(ENAME,'S') FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;

ENAME INSTR(ENAME,'S')

---------- ----------------

SMITH 1

JONES 5

SCOTT 1

C) AIM: Queries using string functions

(To_number, LEAST, GREATEST, TRUNC)

1) Find the least value of the following series:

9,3,56,89,23,1,0,-2,12,34,9,22

SQL> SELECT LEAST(9,3,56,89,23,1,0,-2,12,34,9,22) AS LOWEST FROM DUAL;

LOWEST

----------

-2

2) Find the greatest value of the following series:

9,3,56,89,23,1,0,-2,12,34,9,22

SQL> SELECT GREATEST(9,3,56,89,23,1,0,-2,12,34,9,22) AS HIGHEST FROM DUAL;

HIGHEST

------------
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89

3)Trunk of the number 567.231656 by 3.

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(567.231656,3) FROM DUAL;

TRUNC(567.231656,3)

4)Add ‘100.00’ to the salary of every employee in EMP table

SQL>SELECT ENAME,SAL+TO_NUMBER('100.00') AS SALARY FROM EMP;
ENAME SALARY
---------- ----------
SMITH 900
ALLEN 1700
WARD 1350

d) AIM: Queries using date functions

(Sysdate,next_day,add_months,last_day,months_between,
least,greatest,trunk,round,to_char,to_date)
1)List employee names having an experience more than 24 years.

SQL> SELECT ENAME,ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12) EXP

FROM EMP WHERE ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12)>24;

ENAME EXP

---------- ----------

SMITH 28

ALLEN 28

WARD 28

2)Find the first ‘SUN’day of employees after join in the organization of EMP table.
SQL>SELECT NEXT_DAY (HIREDATE,'SUN') AS HOLIDAY FROM EMP;

HIREDATE HOLIDAY
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-------------- ---------------

17-DEC-80 21-DEC-80

20-FEB-81 22-FEB-81

22-FEB-81 01-MAR-81

02-APR-81 05-APR-81

3)Display hiredate and reviewdate from EMP table, consider reviewdate

As 1year from the hiredate for the deptno ‘20’.
SQL> SELECT HIREDATE,ADD_MONTHS(HIREDATE,12) AS REVIEWDATE FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO=20;

HIREDATE REVIEWDAT

------------- ---------------

17-DEC-80 17-DEC-81

02-APR-81 02-APR-82

4)Display last day of joining month of employees of deptno ‘10’ from EMP table.
SQL> SELECT HIREDATE,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) AS LASTDAY FROM EMP WHERE
DEPTNO=10;

HIREDATE LASTDAY

------------- -------------

09-JUN-81 30-JUN-81

17-NOV-81 30-NOV-81

23-JAN-82 31-JAN-82

e) AIM: Queries using conversion functions (to_char,to_number,to_date)

1) Display the names and hire dates of the employees of deptno 20. Format hire date as
‘12/03/84’.

SQL>SELECT ENAME, TO_CHAR (HIREDATE,’DD/MM/YY’) AS HIREDATE FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO=20;

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ENAME HIREDATE
----------------------------
SMITH 17/12/80
JONES 02/04/81
SCOTT 19/04/87
ADAMS 23/05/87
FORD 03/12/81

2) Display empno, employee name, job, salary of the employees. Show the salary
with thousand separators.
SQL>SELECT EMPNO, ENAME,JOB,TO_CHAR(SAL,’$9,999’)AS SALARY FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SALARY
---------- ---------- --------- ----------------
7369 SMITH CLERK $800
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN $1,600

3) List number of employees joined year wise.

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YY')AS YY,COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY

TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'YY');
YY COUNT(*)
-- ----------------
80 1
81 10
82 1
87 2

4) List employees who joined between Apr 81 and Apr 82.

SQL> SELECT ENAME,TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MON YY') AS HIREDATE FROM EMP

WHERE TO_DATE(HIREDATE) BETWEEN TO_DATE('01-APR-81') AND
TO_DATE('30-APR-82');
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ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ----------------
JONES APR 81
MARTIN SEP 81

2. Consider the following schema for a Library Database:

BOOK (Book_id, Title,
Publisher_Name, Pub_Year)
BOOK_AUTHORS (Book_id,
Author_Name) PUBLISHER
(Name, Address, Phone)
BOOK_COPIES (Book_id,
Branch_id, No-of_Copies)

Write SQL queries to

1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher,
authors, number of copies in each branch, etc.
2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books,
but from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017
3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect
this data manipulation operation.
4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its
working with a simple query.
5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently
available in the Library.

Solution:
Entity-Relationship Diagram

N
Library_Branch

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(2021-22)

Schema Diagram

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TABLE CREATION
CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER
(NAME VARCHAR2 (20)
PRIMARY KEY, PHONE
INTEGER,
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20));

CREATE TABLE BOOK

(BOOK_ID INTEGER
PRIMARY KEY, TITLE
VARCHAR2 (20),
PUB_YEAR VARCHAR2 (20),
PUBLISHER_NAME REFERENCES PUBLISHER (NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE);
CREATE TABLE
BOOK_AUTHORS
(AUTHOR_NAME
VARCHAR2 (20),
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE
CASCADE, PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID,
AUTHOR_NAME));

CREATE TABLELIBRARY_BRANCH
(BRANCH_ID INTEGER PRIMARY
KEY, BRANCH_NAME VARCHAR2
(50),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (50));

CREATE TABLE
BOOK_COPIES
(NO_OF_COPIES
INTEGER,
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
BRANCH_ID REFERENCES LIBRARY_BRANCH (BRANCH_ID)
ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, BRANCH_ID));

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CREATE TABLE CARD

(CARD_NO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);

CREATE TABLE
BOOK_LENDING
(DATE_OUT DATE,
DUE_DATE DATE,
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
BRANCH_ID REFERENCES LIBRARY_BRANCH (BRANCH_ID)
ON DELETE CASCADE,
CARD_NO REFERENCES CARD (CARD_NO) ON DELETE
CASCADE, PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, BRANCH_ID,
CARD_NO));

TABLE DESCRIPTIONS

DESC PUBLISHER;

DESC BOOK;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

DESC BOOK_AUTHORS;

DESC LIBRARY_BRANCH;

DESC BOOK_COPIES;

DESC CARD;

DESC BOOK_LENDING;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‗MCGRAW-HILL‘, 9989076587,
‗BANGALORE‘); INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‗PEARSON‘,
9889076565, ‗NEWDELHI‘);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‗RANDOM HOUSE‘, 7455679345,
‗HYDRABAD‘); INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‗HACHETTE LIVRE‘,
8970862340, ‗CHENAI‘); INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‗GRUPO
PLANETA‘, 7756120238, ‗BANGALORE‘);

INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (1,‘DBMS‘,‘JAN-2017‘, ‗MCGRAW-

HILL‘); INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (2,‘ADBMS‘,‘JUN-2016‘,
‗MCGRAW-HILL‘); INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (3,‘CN‘,‘SEP-2016‘,
‗PEARSON‘);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (4,‘CG‘,‘SEP-2015‘, ‗GRUPO
PLANETA‘); INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (5,‘OS‘,‘MAY-2016‘,
‗PEARSON‘);

INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (‘NAVATHE‘,

1); INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES
(‘NAVATHE‘, 2); INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS
VALUES (‘TANENBAUM‘, 3); INSERT INTO
BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (‘EDWARD ANGEL‘, 4);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (‘GALVIN‘,
5);

INSERT INTO LIBRARY_BRANCH VALUES (10,‘RR

NAGAR‘,‘BANGALORE‘); INSERT INTO LIBRARY_BRANCH
VALUES (11,‘RNSIT‘,‘BANGALORE‘);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_BRANCH VALUES (12,‘RAJAJI NAGAR‘,
‘BANGALORE‘); INSERT INTO LIBRARY_BRANCH VALUES
(13,‘NITTE‘,‘MANGALORE‘);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_BRANCH VALUES (14,‘MANIPAL‘,‘UDUPI‘);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (10, 1, 10);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5, 1, 11);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (2, 2, 12);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5, 2, 13);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (7, 3, 14);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (1, 5, 10);

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (3, 4, 11);

INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (100); INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (101);
INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (102); INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (103);
INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (104);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘01-JAN-17‘,‘01-JUN-17‘, 1, 10, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘11-JAN-17‘,‘11-MAR-17‘, 3, 14, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘21-FEB-17‘,‘21-APR-17‘, 2, 13, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘15-MAR-17‘,‘15-JUL-17‘, 4, 11, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‗12-APR-17‘,‘12-MAY-17‘,
1, 11, 104); SELECT * FROM PUBLISHER;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

QUERIES:
1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors,
number of copies in each branch, etc.

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, B.PUBLISHER_NAME,

A.AUTHOR_NAME, C.NO_OF_COPIES, L.BRANCH_ID
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_AUTHORS A, BOOK_COPIES C,
LIBRARY_BRANCH L WHERE B.BOOK_ID=A.BOOK_ID
AND B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
AND L.BRANCH_ID=C.BRANCH_ID;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than books,
but from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017.

SELECT CARD_NO FROM BOOK_LENDING

WHERE DATE_OUT BETWEEN ‘01-JAN-2017‘ AND ‘01-JUL-2017‘ GROUP BY
CARD_NO
HAVING COUNT (*)>3;

B. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this
data manipulation operation.

DELETE FROM BOOK WHERE BOOK_ID=3;

C. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate

its working with a simple query.

CREATE VIEW
V_PUBLICATION AS SELECT
PUB_YEAR
FROM BOOK;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

D. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently
available in the Library.

CREATE VIEW V_BOOKS AS

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, C.NO_OF_COPIES
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_COPIES C,
LIBRARY_BRANCH L WHERE
B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
AND C.BRANCH_ID=L.BRANCH_ID;

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Computer Science & Engineering Data Base Management Systems Lab Manual – II Year II Sem (2023-2024)

TEXT BOOKS / REFERENCE BOOKS:

T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION

Database Management Systems, Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke, Tata Mc Graw Hill,
T1
3rd Edition

T2 Database System Concepts, Silberschatz, Korth, Mc Graw hill, 5 th Edition

Database Systems design, Implementation, and Management, Peter Rob & Carlos Coronel 7th
R1
Edition.

R2 Fundamentals of Database Systems, Elmasri Navrate Pearson Education

R3 Introduction to Database Systems, C.J.Date Pearson Education

R4 Oracle for Professionals, The X Team, S.Shah and V. Shah, SPD.

R5 Database Systems Using Oracle: A Simplified guide to SQL and PL/SQL,Shah,PHI.

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