FIRST TERM 2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

LESSON NOTES

FINE ART

JS 2

NAME: __________________________________________________________

REG. NO: _______________________________________________________

DATE: ___________________________________________________________

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JSS2 TERM 1.

SCHEME OF WORK

1. Elements and principle of art/design

2. PRINCIPLES OF ART/DESIGN
3. FORMS/CLASSIFICATION OF ART
4. ART MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
5. Drawing and shading
6. imaginative drawing
7. shading techniques
8. COLOUR-WHEEL
9. Colour application
10. Revision
11. Examination.
REFFERENCE MATERIALS.
.cultural and creative Arts junior secondary school BOOK 2
H.C. NGUMAH PHD. OLUWOLE AYOOLA BA. SAMKAY ADEKOYA MA.
.Certificate Arts for junior and senior secondary school
OMU OGUMOR

WEEK 1

Topic: Techniques in Art making

Sub-Topic : ELEMENTS OF ART

Objectives

1. State the element of Art

2. Apply the elements of Art to the Art work
3. Identify the element in the art work.

Elements of art are the materials used to achieve beautiful designs. Elements of art are
the basic features used by artists to achieve beautiful designs. Elements of Art include:

1. Line
2. Colour
3. Form
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 4. Texture
5. Space
6. Shape
7. Value

There are seven elements of art that are considered the building blocks of art as a whole.
The seven elements are line, color, value, shape, form, space, and texture. We are going
to review each of these in detail below.

1. Line- Line is defined as a point moving in space where its length is greater than its
width. Lines can be two or three dimensional, implied or abstract. Different types of
lines include continuous, broken, jagged, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal. Lines are
the foundation of drawing.

Classification of line
a. Structural lines: straight lines e.g. vertical, horizontal or diagonal.
b. Rhythmic lines: e.g. wavy, spiral, zig- zag, etc.

2. Color- There are three different components to color, there is hue which is the name
we give the color (red, yellow, blue, etc.), intensity, which refers to the vividness of
the color (intensity can also be referred to as saturation or purity), and value meaning
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 how dark or light a color is. Color can be used symbolically or to produce a pattern or
to show contrast in a piece.

3. Value- Value is the lightness or darkness in color. The lightest value is white and the
darkest value is black. The difference between values is contrast. You can study the
use of value in monochromatic or black and white pieces of art.

4. Shape- Shape is the result of closed lines, they are two dimensional and flat. Shapes
can be geometric, such as squares or triangles or they can be organic and not have
defined parameters and are more curved and abstract. Shapes in art can be used to
control how the viewer perceives a piece.

5. Form- When shape acquires depth and becomes three dimensional, it takes on form.
Three-dimensional art has an actual form (like in architecture) while two-dimensional
pieces can have the illusion of form when the artist uses perspective or shading.
Some common forms are cones, pyramids, spheres, and cubes.

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6. Space- Space is any area an artist creates for a specific purpose. Space can be
positive or negative. Positive space is an area occupied by an object or form. Negative
space is the area that runs between, through, and around or within objects. This
includes background, foreground, and middle ground. Space that can be manipulated
in art based on how an artist uses lines, shape, form, and color.

7. Texture- Texture is how an object looks or feels. Sometimes texture can actually felt,
such as in sculpture or the texture of work can be implied such as if you were to
sketch a sheep’s wool. Some words to describe texture include soft, hard, rough,
brittle, fluffy, or smooth

COLOUR

Colour can be defined as a sensation produced in the eyes through the breakdown of
white light from the light waves.

Colour is an element of design which is the wave of light separated by different things
before reaching our eyes.

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 To an artist, colour is a pigment used to paint a surface. Colours can be classified into
primary, secondary, tertiary, complementary, harmonious, neutral, warm and cool.

Assignment

Design a pattern using the element of design.

WEEK 2

Topic: Techniques in Art making

Sub-Topic; PRINCIPLES OF ART/DESIGN
Objectives
1. Define the principles of art
2. Identify the principles of art in art work
3. Apply the principles of art works.

Principles of art are the guides that expand creativity in our design. Principles of art are
the methods of carrying out our designs in art. The principles of design includes:
balance, emphasis, spacing, unity, variety, repetition and dominance.

The principles of design describe the ways that artists use the elements of art in a work
of art.

i. Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors,

texture, and space. If the design was a scale, these elements should
be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance,
the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on
the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but
still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged
around a central point and may be similar.

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Types of balance

1. Symmetrical balance: Symmetrical means having similarity in size, shape, and

relative position of
corresponding parts. It is also referred to as formal or passive balance.

2. Asymmetrical Balance: This is achieved when the weight of the elements are
equated but not identical. It is also called an Informal balance. It suggests
movement.

3. Radial Balance: This means relating to or moving along. Radial balance designs
radials from centre. The centre becomes a potential focal point, though may not be
emphasized.

ii. Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s
attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by
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 contrasting it with other areas. The area could be different in size,
color, texture, shape, etc.
Movement is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art,
often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines, edges,
shape, and color within the work of art.

iii. Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of
art.

iv. Repetition works with pattern to make the work of art seem active.
The repetition of elements of design creates unity within the work of
art.

v. Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes,

amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing the
human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared
to the rest of the body.

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 vi. Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are used
repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement. Rhythm
creates a mood like music or dancing. To keep rhythm exciting and
active, variety is essential.

vii. Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s
attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the
work of art.
Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art,
which creates a sense of completeness.

WEEK 3

TOPIC: FORMS/CLASSIFICATION OF ART

Subtopic : branches of Art

Objectives:

1. State the forms of Art

2. Identify Art works and the forms they

belong

3. Produce artworks.

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 1. Fine art: these are artworks that are mainly for aesthetics/beautification or
decoration. e.g. drawing, painting and sculpture.

a. Drawing is the art of making pictures with pencils(B grades), pen and ink,
charcoal, etc.
b. Painting is the application or spreading of colours on any surface such as a paper,
board, wall, floor, etc., to create beautiful effects.

2. Applied art: they are artworks produced for the use in homes and offices. They are
sometimes produced with the aid of equipment. E.g. textile design, ceramics, graphic
design, architecture, photography, etc.

a. Textile design has to do with different types of fabric/cloth designs and

production. E.g. tie and dye, batik, printing, weaving, tapestry, etc.
b. Ceramics design refers to the making of ceramic wares with clay such as pottery,
insulators, bricks, etc.
c. Graphic design refers to different kinds of visual communication design which
include sign-writing, poster, book cover design, logo, crest, letterhead, calendar,
etc.
d. Aesthetic is a branch of art that refers to beautification and decoration of our
surroundings.

c. Sculpture is the modeling and carving of objects and images for decoration and
aesthetic purposes.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTISTS, ARTISTE, AND ARTISANS

1. Artists are those who engaged in production of fine and applied or industrial
arts s(visual art).
2. Artistes are those who engage in performing and literary art (non visual art).
3. Artisans are engaged in one form of craft or another.
TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL ART
Two dimensional arts
It is artwork that is made flat and looks like pictures. It is solid and has no
depth and weight. It is created on areas of a surface. Examples include,
drawing, painting.
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 Three dimensional art
It refers to the works of art that are made to look spatial and projected with
mass and volume.
They are thick and have length, breadth, height and depth.
Classification of two and three dimensional art
Realistic art: forms of art that strive to imitate things the way they actually are.
Abstract art: they are distorted out of their original shapes or dimension
intentionally in order to express an original idea.

Uses of Art

1. For education: art is used as teaching aids or as instructional materials. Also,

pictures/illustrations help the study of other subjects.
2. For decoration: art is used to decorate our surroundings
3. For communication: it is used as a means of one’s feelings
4. For advertisement: to give information about the existence of new products and
how to sell them to the public
5. Economic value: it serves as a means of generating money
6. For employment: art creates job for those who study art and practice it.

Assignment

Create a design showing the element and the principles of art.

WEEK 4

Topic: ART MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Art materials are the media used in producing crafts or art works e.g. clay, paper, wood,
etc. while tools/equipment are the instruments used in carrying out the artworks e.g.
knife, printing table, axe, hammer, potter’s wheel etc.

Art materials/tools, uses and improvisation

Sub-topic : the meaning of media and

uses

Objectives:

1. the types of media and state their uses

2. differentiate between art materials and tools.

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3. Give examples of Art materials and tools

1. Adhesives: it is used to paste and bind various materials together in art e.g.
papers, motifs in mosaic, collage, straws etc.

Improvisation: local starch, pap and some tree or plant juice.

2. Adze: it is almost like a small hoe with an angular and strong metal structure. Used
for chipping large portions of wood when carving.

Improvisation: can be made locally by blacksmith, imitating the original.

3. Art portfolio: it is a large flat case or bag for carrying or storing two-dimensional art
works like drawing, graphic, paintings on paper.

Improvisation: any wide or strong paper can be used when constructed.

4. Calipers: an instrument shaped like scissors used to measure size and distance
when modeling or throwing.

Improvisation: can be made locally by carpenters or blacksmiths.

5. Calligraphic pens: for lettering exercises and for pen and ink drawings.

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Improvisation: hollow stem of quill(feather), bamboo, pieces of stick carved or
sharpened at one end to a fine and desired nib.

6. Candle wax: it is a substance in cake form which melts in a pan when heated on
fire. It is used in blocking certain areas of a design on a fabric. This method of
decoration is called Batik.

Improvisation: starch and alum heated together can serve the same purpose as candle
wax. Bee or paraffin wax can equally be used.

7. Beater: the beater is any flat object in most cases wood, used in beating works into
desired shape especially when molding with clay.

Improvisation: can be made by every student from any flat wood.

8. Bow: stick and twine bent and used to make cotton fluffy through a process called
‘bowing’ in textiles.

Improvisation: Can be easily made by students using cane, bamboo sticks and rope, or
twine.

9. Burning rod: a sharp pointed rod with wooden handle used by craftsmen. It is used
red hot to create designs on leather, calabash or wood. It could be used to bore
holes on such crafts.

Improvisation: any other tool with sharp end can serve the purpose. Burning rod can
be made by local blacksmiths.

10. Awl: a small pointed tool, with half arrow head at the tip. Used for craft works like
leather and wood. An awl is used for boring holes on the leather or shoe sole and it
conveys thread through the hole created during sewing.

Improvisation: locally

11. Axe: an iron head and wooden handle tool used to cut down trees and the same trees
into pieces before carving.

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Improvisation: local blacksmiths are capable of producing this tool.

12. Batten: an arm-long wooden tool, slightly narrower at the two ends. It is a carved tool
for weaving on the loom. Used to space and separate the warp for the weft to lie
horizontally. Passed in-between the warp and passed down with some force on the
weft for perfect packing.

Improvisation: can be carved from local but strong wood by wood carvers.

13. Chisel: It is a sharp, strong and flattened metal with either wooden or iron handle.
Used along with mallet for carving objects or figures from wood. It is also used to
create designs on carved doors, posts or other house furniture.

Improvisation: can be made locally by welding or smiting a flat metal into a sharp
instrument.

14. Donkey: is a short bench for sitting and also holding a drawing board in place for the
artist at work in

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drawing.

Improvisation: can be constructed by local carpenters.

15. Easel: a three-legged or tripod wooden stand used to hold canvas or support any
painting work in
progress.

16. Hammer: mostly with wooden handle and iron head. It is used to nail two pieces of
wood together.

Improvisation: any piece of iron or very hard stone can serve.

17. Throwing wheel: a machine with a turn-table head used for molding circular ceramic
wares like cups, bowls, jugs vases, pots, etc.

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.

Improvisation: can be fabricated locally by a skilled welder or metal caster.

18. Spatulas: pieces of wood, metal or plastic for modeling in sculpture and ceramics.

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19. Fixative: substance used as spray in fixing drawings and designs of various media like
pencil, charcoal,
pastel or poster colour works. This is used to prevent smudging.

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20. Kiln: an enclosure for firing molded pottery or thrown ceramic wares.

Improvisation: it can be built or constructed locally.

21. Palettes: used for mixing colours in painting and designing. Flat palettes are for
painters and the one with
cups are for graphic and textile designers.

Improvisation: small plastic cups or containers.

22. Palette knives: wooden handle tool made from flexible steel. Used for proper mixing
of oil colours and linseed oil on the palette during painting. Palette knives are equally
used as brush for painting e.g. impasto style of painting

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Improvisation: small flat wood

23. Tjanting: a tool with a light metal cone with a narrow wooden handle. The cone stores
the hot wax which drops unto the desired areas of the fabric through an opening at
the top. It is a tool used in batik making. instrument for applying hot wax in batik work
usually consisting of a small thin copper cut with one or more
capillary spouts.

Improvisation:
brush or pieces of foam tied unto a stick can be used to apply wax on fabric.

24. Pencils: they are used for drawing. They are either labeled H or B. H grade indicates
hard pencils while B grade indicates the softness and darkness. 2B pencil is regarded
as the most suitable for drawing because it is not too soft nor too hard.

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Improvisation: charcoal can be used in the absence of a pencil.
25.Brush: brushes are used to hold paint during the painting process.

Types of brush

a) Sable brush: soft for smooth surfaces

b) Bristle brush: hard for rough surfaces

Improvisation: cotton wool tied to the end of a stick, feather or chewing stick.

26. Roller: to apply ink or colour on surface in reproduction process.

27. Rolling Pin: used to press the clay flat during preparation.

Improvisation: Round wood.

Assignment

Use the material and tools of Art and produce an artwork of your choice

WEEK 5

Topic: drawing and shading

Sub-topic; still and Nature drawing

1. Define still-life and nature

drawing
2. Identify tones in
composition 3. Draw and
shade still-life drawing
4. Meaning .

Drawing is the art of producing or creating images with the use of pencil, charcoal or
pen, ink and other related materials. It is a form of making pictures.

5. Types of drawing.
a. Still-life drawing
This means drawing of lifeless objects. Examples of still-life objects are
drawing of a ball, chair, a table, a bottle, stones, wood, a shoe, a bone,
a bell etc.

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 b. Nature drawing

This refers to the drawing of plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, insects,

animals, birds and tree trucks. They are called nature drawing because
the drawn objects are from the natural
environment. They are not manmade objects.

C. Figure drawing

This is the drawing of human beings either nude or with clothes on. It
is also called life drawing. Figure drawing can be in full pose that is from head to toes or
portrait, that is from the head to shoulders.

Principles of human proportion

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Differences between male and female figure

4. The jaw: female jaws are more round than those of males.
5. Neck: female neck is slender and longer than male.
6. Shoulder: male figure have broader shoulders than female figure
7. Chest: male chests are wide, while females have narrow chests bearing
prominent breasts.
8. Hip: female figures are wider at the hip than male

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 9. Abdomen: the female has rounded abdomen while the male abdomen is
flat.
10. Buttocks: female are more fleshy at the buttocks.

Assignment
Use any picture of your choice draw and shade it, use any shading
techniques you like.

WEEK 6

Topic: drawing and shading

Sub-topic: imaginative drawing

Objectives

1. Defines imaginative composition

2. Suggest themes for the drawing classes
3. Paint an objects

Meaning

This refers to drawing from memory, that is, a drawing done without looking at
composed objects. Imaginative drawing can be based on still-life drawing, nature, figure
or a composition of any two or all of the above. Examples are festival, market and family
discussion scenes.

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 Assignment
Draw and shake using the theme after the Rain..

WEEK 7

Topic: drawing and shading

Sub-topics; shading and shading techniques

1. Define shading
2. Types of shading
3. Draw an object and shade

Meaning.

Shading is the process of creating areas of light and dark(shade) in a drawn object.
First of all you draw an object before shading. it is also used to create form.

Techniques.

a. Hatching method; this is achieved by using strokes or lines pointing towards a

particular direction.

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b. Blurring method; this is a method of shading achieved by rubbing the pencil/
charcoal on the object to create the effect of light and dark.

c. Cross hatching; this is achieved by crossing the strokes/lines in different

directions.

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 d. Pointillism; this is a shading method achieved by using dots or points
signs.
of different

e. Scribbling method;s thi

is the used of random scribbles to create the effect of shading in drawing.

WEEK 8

Topic: introduction to colour

Sub-topics : meaning classes and uses of colour.

Objectives:

1. Explain colour
2. State the classification of colour
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 3. Paint an object
Colour can be defined as a feeling or sensation perceived in the eyes with the presence
of light. Colour is seen by artists as a kind of pigment applied to a surface, shape or
design to make it more appealing to the senses. Another name for colour is HUE.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLOURS

Colours can be classified into:

1.) Primary Colours: - These are the basic colours that cannot be obtained by mixing any
other colours. They are the source of most other colours. They are;Red, blue and yellow.

2.) Secondary Colours: - They are colours gotten from the mixture of two primary colours
in equal proportion. Another name for secondary colour is BINARY HUE. They are:

Red +Yellow = Orange

Red +Blue = Purple/Violet

Blue + Yellow = Green.

The colours underlined above are secondary colours.

3.) tertiary colours: - They are the mixture of a primary and a neighboring secondary
colour. The primary colour appears dominant in such a mixture because of its double
appearance and this is the reason such primary colour is written first when writing the
intermediate hue. Example:-

Primary +Secondary = tertiary colours

Red + Violet = Red-Violet (RV)

Red + Orange = Red-Orange (RO)

Yellow + Orange = Yellow-Orange (YO)

Blue + Violet = Blue-Violet (BV)

Blue + Green= Blue -Green

4.) intermediate Colours: - A colour created by mixing a primary color with the
secondary color next to it; also called a tertiary color. Intermediate colors include
red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, blueviolet, and red-violet

5.) Complimentary or Contrasting Colours: - When two primary colours are mixed, it
becomes a complimentary of the third. For instance: Violet (R+B) is complimentary to
yellow
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Orange (Y+R) is complimentary to

Blue Green (B+Y) is complimentary

to Red.

6.) Harmonious colours: - These are colours that agree so well with one another when put
in use. They are near each other in the colour wheel.

7.) Neutral colours: - They are black and white. They are useful in tinting and shading of
other colours during painting exercise.

Properties of colour

1. Hue: It is the name of colours such as Red, Green, Blue e.t.c. Colour and hue can
be used interchangeably.

2. Value: It refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour

3. Tint: Tint is a colour which white has been added. This makes the colour have a
lighter value or tone.

4. Shade: Shade is the colour which black has been added. This makes the colour to
have a darker value or tone.

5. Intensity: it is the degree of purity, strength or saturation of a colour as

determined by their quantity of determinant colour

Assignment

Draw and paint a landscape

WEEK 9

Topic: colour

Sub-topic: COLOUR-WHEEL

Objectives:

1. Definition of colour wheel

2. Gives example of colour in the colour
3. Draw a diagram showing primary, secondary and tertiary colour.

Meaning ;
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Colour wheel; color wheel or color circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color
hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary
and tertiary colour. A colour wheel shows you how colours relate to each other and
visually demonstrates the relationship between primary, secondary and tertiary colours.

1.

Colour wheel (Primary colours)

2.

Colour wheel (Primary and secondary colours)

3.

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Colour wheel (Primary, secondary and intermediate)

ASSIGNMENT

Draw and paint the colour wheel in your drawing books.

WEEK 10

Topic: colour

Sub-topic: Colour application or

painting Objectives:

1. mixed colours to get other

colours 2. Apply colours in
painting and designs.
3. Display finish works.

Meaning.

Painting is the planned application of colours on any prepared surface to create

meaningful purpose or effect.

Colour is the medium for painting, and it has three characteristics .

Characteristics of colour

1. Hue (red, green, blur etc.)

2. Value (this is lightness and darkness of the colour)

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3. Intensity ( this is the brightness and dullness of the colour) - Colours can be
describe as warm and cool.
- Warm colours ; red ,orange ,yellow etc.
- Cool colours ; blue,green, purple etc.
Steps in painting objects from observation
a. Sketching ;
Sketching is the draft of the intended painting. You will decide how your
composition would look like at this initial stage.
At this initial stage, you should know about the opaque and transparent
colours.
1. Opaque colours are not transparent and images cannot be seen through them.
2. Transparent colours are the opposites of opaque ones and are transparent (images
can be seen through them)
Sketching should be done in transparent and light colours with fine brush.
The sketch can also be done with a pencil for beginners.

b. Paint application
The application of paint /colour in painting involves the understanding of
hue, tones, intensity, tints and shades.
c. Selection of brushes.
Large brushes have broader strokes and smaller ones have finer strokes,
therefore, for coverage of large areas, a bigger brush will get the job done
quickly. A smaller brushes will make adding details easier.

Types of painting
1. Nature painting; this relates to painting the natural objects such as plants,
flowers, animals and other natural formation such as rocks and water.

2. `still-life painting; this involves creating artworks representing inanimate

object. Musical instruments, ball, general equipment and furniture are
examples of still-life objects.

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3. Life/figure painting;
This is the drawing of human beings either nude or with clothes on. It is
also called life drawing. Figure drawing can be in full pose that is from
head to toes or portrait, that is from the head to shoulders.

4. Imaginative painting
This refers to drawing from memory, that is, a drawing done without looking
at composed objects. Imaginative drawing can be based on still-life drawing,
nature, figure or a composition of any two or all of the above. Examples are
festival, market and family discussion scenes.

Types of paint

1. Gouache paint ; is an opaque colour mixed with gum. Gouache is also the
name given to a method of painting using this type of colour.(water base)
2. Acrylic paint; this is a pigment obtained from a resin derived from acrylic
or other related acids.
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 3. Tempera is a colour made from powdered pigments mixed with water and
egg yolk or casein( protein from milk)
4. Oil paint is a colour made from pigments mixed with drying oil (linseed or
cotton seed oil). This is the most popular mode of painting with
professional artist.
Assignment
Draw and paint a seascape

Week 11.: Revision

Week 12: Exams.

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