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1.1.3 Data Storage

The document discusses various data storage file formats, including common types like Word documents, JPEG, MP3, and MP4, as well as compression techniques such as lossy and lossless compression. It also covers error detection methods like parity checks, check digits, checksums, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols to ensure accurate data transmission. Overall, it provides an overview of how data is stored, compressed, and verified during transmission.

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16 views3 pages

1.1.3 Data Storage

The document discusses various data storage file formats, including common types like Word documents, JPEG, MP3, and MP4, as well as compression techniques such as lossy and lossless compression. It also covers error detection methods like parity checks, check digits, checksums, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols to ensure accurate data transmission. Overall, it provides an overview of how data is stored, compressed, and verified during transmission.

Uploaded by

Fari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.1.

3 Data Storage

Different Files Formats (File Extensions)


A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are
used to encode information in a digital storage medium.

There are as many different file formats as there are different programs to process the files. A few of the more
common file formats are:

 Word documents (.doc, .docx)


 Web text pages (.htm or .html)
 Web page images (.gif and .jpg)
 Adobe Acrobat files (.pdf)
 Executable programs (.exe)
 Multimedia files (.mp3 and others)
 Video Files (.mp4, .avi and others)

MIDI
MIDI (short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital interface
and connectors and allows a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers and other related devices to
connect and communicate with one another. MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of music industry
representatives, and is maintained by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA).

JPEG
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is an ISO/IEC group of experts that develops and maintains standards for a suite
of compression algorithms for computer image files .In computing, JPEG (jay-peg) (seen most often with the .jpg or .jpeg
filename extension) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images
produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between
storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.

MP3
MP3 (MPEG-3)

MPEG-3 uses an audio compression technology; it compresses CD-quality sound by a factor of about 10 whilst retaining
most of the quality e.g. a 60 Mbyte CD track is turned into a 6 Mbyte MP3 file. Music data is often stored on an MP3
player which plugs into the computer through a USB port. The music data is downloaded to the MP3 player where it is
stored in a file. The player has its own internal battery which allows a user to listen to the music files through personal
head phones or connect the player to an external sound amplification unit. Variations of MP3 players (e.g. I-pods) exist
which use their own file structures when storing music; these require compatible software to enable files to be stored in
the correct format.
MP4 (MPEG-4)
MPEG-4 files are in a format that can hold a mixture of multimedia objects such as audio, video, images, animation, etc.
MP4 players again use compression technology to store data in files. They operate in much the same way as MP3
players described above.

Lossy Compression
Refers to data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. Lossy compression technologies attempt to
eliminate redundant or unnecessary information. Most video compression technologies, such as MPEG, use a lossy
technique.

Lossless Compression
Refers to data compression techniques in which no data is lost. The PKZIP compression technology is an example of
lossless compression. For most types of data, lossless compression techniques can reduce the space needed by only
about 50%. For greater compression, one must use a lossy compression technique. Note, however, that only certain
types of data -- graphics, audio, and video -- can tolerate lossy compression. You must use a lossless compression
technique when compressing data and programs.

Error Detection Methods

Parity Check
A parity check is the process that ensures accurate data transmission between nodes during communication. A parity bit
is appended to the original data bits to create an even or odd bit number; the number of bits with value one. The source
then transmits this data via a link, and bits are checked and verified at the destination. Data is considered accurate if the
number of bits (even or odd) matches the number transmitted from the source.

As an example, if the original data is 1010001, there are three 1s. When even parity checking is used, a parity bit
with value 1 is added to the data’s left side to make the number of 1s even; transmitted data becomes 11010001.
However, if odd parity checking is used, then parity bit value is zero; 01010001.

If the original data contains an even number of 1s (1101001), then parity bit of value 1 is added to the data’s left side
to make the number of 1s odd, if odd parity checking is used and data transmitted becomes 11101001. In case data
is transmitted incorrectly, the parity bit value becomes incorrect; thus, indicating error has occurred during
transmission.

Check Digit
A check digit is a digit added to a string of numbers for error detection purposes. Normally, the check digit is
computed from the other digits in the string. A check digit helps digital systems detect changes when data is
transferred from transmitter to receiver.
Checksum
A checksum is an error-detection method in a the transmitter computes a numerical value according to the number
of set or unset bits in a message and sends it along with each message frame. At the receiver end, the same
checksum function (formula) is applied to the message frame to retrieve the numerical value. If the received
checksum value matches the sent value, the transmission is considered to be successful and error-free.

Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)


Automatic Repeat ReQuest (ARQ), also called Automatic Repeat Query, is an error-control protocol that automatically
initiates a call to retransmit any data packet or frame after receiving flawed or incorrect data. When the transmitting
device fails to receive an acknowledgement signal to confirm the data has been received, it usually retransmits the data
after a predefined timeout and repeats the process a predetermined number of times until the transmitting device
receives the acknowledgement.

ARQs are often used to assure reliable transmissions over an unreliable service.

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