CE101Engineering DrawingLec7:

Section of Solids

Indian Institute of Technology

Guwahati
Sections
of Solids
 Sectional Views

If there are many hidden lines, it is difficult to visualize the

shape of the object

unnecessarily complicated and confusing.

Therefore, the general practice is to draw sectional views for

complex objects in addition to or instead of simple orthographic
views.

A sectional view, as the name suggests, is obtained by taking

the section of the object along a particular plane. An imaginary
cutting plane is used to obtain the section of the object.
 Theory of Sectioning
Whenever a section plane cuts a solid, it
intersects (and or coincides with) the edges of
the solids.
The point at which the section plane intersects
an edge of the solid is called the point of
intersection (POI).
POIs are located in one view and then projected
in the desired view to draw the section.
In case of the solids having a curved surface,
viz., cylinder, cone and sphere, POIs are located
between the cutting plane and the lateral lines.
 Types of Cutting Planes and Their Representation

A cutting plane is represented by a cutting

plane line
The cutting plane line indicates the line view
of the cutting plane.
The two ends of the cutting plane line are
made slightly thicker and
provided with arrows.
The direction of the arrow indicates the
direction of viewing ofOBSERVER
the object.
ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED
SECTON PLANE
IN FV.
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by called
some imaginary cutting plane SECTIONING a solid
to understand internal details of that &
object. The plane of cutting is
called
Two cutting actions means section planes are
SECTION PLANE.
recommended.
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and OBSERVE
R
ASSUME
inclined to Hp. UPPER
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane PART
REMOVED
SECTON
PLANE
i.e. A.I.P.) ( IN FV.

NOTE:- This section plane appears A

as a straight line in FV. )

B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and

inclined to Vp.
(B
( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane )
i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears ASSUME SECTON
LOWER PLANE
as a straight line in TV. PART IN TV.

Remember:- REMOVED OBSERVE

R
1. After launching a section plane
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer
is assumed to be removed.
 For
For True
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
TV Shape
IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING.

SECTIO
N
PLANE
TRUE
SHAPE
Of
x y SECTION

Apparent
Shape
of section
SECTION
LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL
T.V.
True Shape of Sections
A section will show its true shape when
viewed in normal direction.
To find the true shape of a section, it must be
projected on a plane parallel to the section
plane.
True shape of section
Horizontal section plane -> TV
Vertical section plane -> FV
Profile section plane -> SV
AIP -> Auxiliary TV
AVP -> Auxiliary FV
Typical Section
Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of Section Plane Ellip
Sections. Section Trian Through
gle se
Plane Generators
Through
Apex

Par
abol
a
Section Plane Section Hyperb
Parallel Plane ola
to end Parallel to
generator. Ellip Axis. Trapezi
se um

Cylinder Sq. Pyramid

through through
generators. all slant edges
Theory of Sectioning – Contd.

Flat section will never cut all the

edges of polyhedron, but cuts only
few of them
A section plane will cut a minimum of
three edges of the polyhedral – Creating
3 POIs
Type of Solid Maximum POIs
Maximum number(Number
Prism and Cube
of POIsof sides of base)
+2
Pyramid (and Tetrahedron) (Number of sides of base)
+1
Theory of Sectioning – Contd.

True shape
Polyhedra – Polygon and sides equal to
POIs
Solid Position of the Cutting Plane True Shape of
Section
Cylinder Perpendicular to axis Inclined to Circle Ellipse
the axis cutting all generators Rectangle
Parallel to the axis
Cone Perpendicular to axis Inclined to Circle Ellipse
the axis cutting all generators Parabola
Parallel to a generator Inclined to Hyperbola
and on one side of the axis Rectangular
Parallel to the axis Passing Hyperbola Triangle
through the axis or the apex
Sphere Circle
 Hatching of the Sections

The surface created by cutting the object by a section plane is

called as section. The section is indicated by drawing the hatching
lines (section lines) within the sectioned area. The hatching lines
are drawn at 45° to the principal outlines or the lines of symmetry
of the section. The spacing between hatching lines should be
uniform and in proportion to the size of the section.

2
H

HB
 Section Lining Techniques

Section lines should be uniform thin, never varying in thickness

If sections lines drawn at 45° with horizontal are parallel or
perpendicular to a prominent visible outline, the angle should be
changed to 30° /60°
 Types of section Planes:

1. Perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.

2. Perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P.
3. Perpendicular to V.P. and inclined to H.P.
4. Perpendicular to H.P. and inclined to V.P.
5. Perpendicular to both H.P. and V.P.
 SECTIONAL VIEW – PARALLEL TO H.P AND
A cube of 40 mm sideis cut by a horizontal section
PERPENDICULAR TO V.Pplane, parallel to
H.P at a distance of 15 mm from the top end. Draw the sectional top
view and front view
 Perpendicular to H.P. and
parallel to V.P.
1. A rectangular prism, side of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height
60 mm, rest with its base on H.P. such that one of its larger
rectangular faces is parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular
to H.P. and parallel to V.P. cuts the prism into two equal halves.
Draw its top view and sectional front view.

2. A hexagonal prism, side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm, rest

with its base on H.P. such that one of its rectangular faces is
parallel to V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to
V.P. cuts the prism a distance of 10 mm from its axis. Draw its top
view and sectional front view.
First try it and solution is given in
the next slide.
K. Venugopal : Engineering Drawing
and Graphics
 Perpendicular to V.P. and
parallel
A pentagonal toside
pyramid, H.P.
of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm, rest
with its base on H.P. and one of the edges of its base is
perpendicular to V.P. It is cut by section plane perpendicular to
V.P. and parallel to H.P. and passing through the axis at a point
35 mm above the base. Draw its top view and sectional front
view.

A cone of base 50 mm diameter and axis 65 mm long, lies on H.P.

on one of its generators with its axis parallel to V.P. A horizontal
sectional plane bisects the axis of the cone. Draw its top view and
sectional front view.

First try it and solution is given in

the next slide.
 Perpendicular to V.P. and
A Square prism, side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long, rests
with its baseinclined
on H.P. andto H.P.
one of its rectangular faces is inclined at
30o to VP. A section
Plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 60o to H.P. cuts the axis
of the prism at a point 20 mm from its top end. Draw the sectional
top view and true shape of the section
a d’ b c’
’ ’

20

d(
5 s)
1
c(
r)
a(
p) 4 2

3
b(
q)
A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the
HP and all the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a
section plane, perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting
the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of
the section.

X
2 3
1 1 o 1 o
’ ”
4 3
1 ”
3
’ 4 2
1
2 4 ” ”
1
’ ’

1
’ 1
X bd ” Y
a ’ ’
4 c
5º d ’ d ac b
’ ” ”
” ”

a o c

b
Y
A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a
vertical section plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts
the axis at a point 20 mm from one of its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the
true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long height 65mm.
a b c
’f’ e
’ d
’
’ ’

6 7
a f’ ’ ’ a f’
’ ’
1
5 ’
be ’ be
6
’ ’ 2’ ’
5
’
X c
cd cd Y
a b ’’ 4 3 ’’
’f’ ’e d
’ ’ ’
b’ ’ b b
1 11 2
a c 37
a c ac
1 1 1 1

Y
46
f1 d f1d 1
2 f d 2 3 2
1
5
1 0 1’
e e 1’
e 1
1 5 1
1’
4
1’
7
1’

X
5
1 6
1’
1’
A cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on
its base on H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the
V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35
mm from the apex.
X1
Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and
e1
true shape of the section.
d1
f1 g1
h1
c1 o
i1 o
’ ”
b1
j1
g”
k1 g f” h”
f
e h’ i”
’ e”
a1
l1 d
i’ ’
’
3 d” j”
c
’j
’ 5 c” k”
’k
’
b b l”
a ’l ”
’ ’ a

X 2 3
1
4
1
5 6
7
”
Y
1 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
2 1 0 9 8 ” 3
” 2” 1
” 1” 1” 0”
4 ” ” ” 2” 1”
3 5
2 c
d
6
b e

o f
g
1 a
7
h

l i
12 k j 8

11 9
10 Y1
Thank You for Patient
Hearing