Experiment No 3

Title
To demonstrate the working of four stroke internal combustion engine
Apparatus
1. Two stroke diesel engines
2. Two stroke petrol engines

Theory
Two stroke engines
As the name implies, the two stroke engine only requires two piston movements (one cycle) in
order to generate power. The engine is able to produce power after one cycle because the exhaust
and intake of the gas occurs simultaneously. There is a valve for the intake stroke that opens and
closes due to changing pressures. In addition, due to its frequent contact with moving
components, the fuel is mixed with oil to add lubrication, allowing smoother strokes.
Overall, a two-stroke engine contains two processes:

 Compression stroke: The inlet port opens, the air-fuel mixture enters the chamber and
the piston moves upwards compressing this mixture. A spark plug ignites the compressed
fuel and begins the power stroke.
 Power stroke: The heated gas exerts high pressure on the piston, the piston moves
downward (expansion), waste heat is exhausted.
The thermal efficiency of these gasoline engines will vary depending on the model and design of the
vehicle. However, in general, gasoline engines convert 20% of the fuel chemical energy to mechanical
energy in which only 15% will be used to move the wheels.
Compared to four stroke engines, two strokes are lighter, more efficient, have the ability to use lower-
grade fuel, and more cost-efficient. Therefore, the lighter engines result in a higher power-to-weight ratio
(more power for less weight). However, they lack the maneuverability possible in four stroke engines and
require more lubrication. This makes two stroke engines ideal for ships (need to carry a lot of cargo),
motorcycles, and lawn mowers whereas a four stroke would be ideal for automobiles like cars and trucks.
Two stroke diesel engines

Down Stroke
The piston moves from Top Dead Center to Bottom Dead Center letting the fresh air enter the combustion
chamber. The fresh air-fuel mixture gets into the combustion chamber through the crankcase. In this
stroke, the crankshaft makes the rotation of 1800.
Up Stroke
The piston is pushed from BDC to TDC. As a result, the fuel-air mixture gets compressed and the spark
plug ignites the mixture. The mixture expands and the piston is pushed down. The inlet port is open
during the upstroke. While the inlet port is opened, the mixture gets sucked inside the crankcase. When
the mixture is pushed up into the combustion chamber during the previous upstroke, a partial vacuum is
created as no mixture is left behind in the crankcase. This mixture is ready to go into the combustion
chamber during downstroke but remains in the crankcase until the piston goes up to TDC. In this stroke,
the crankshaft makes the rotation of 1800.
Applications of Two-Stroke Engine
 Two-stroke engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, lightweight, and high
power-to-weight ratio are design priorities.
  They are lubricated by the traditional method of mixing oil into the fuel, they can be
worked within any orientation as they do not have a reservoir dependent on gravity. This
makes them desirable for their use in handheld tools such as chainsaws.
 Two-stroke engines are found in small scales propulsion applications such as
motorcycles, Mopeds, and dirt bikes.
Two stroke petrol engines
Two-stroke petrol engines, also known as two-stroke engines or two-cycle engines, are a type of
internal combustion engine commonly used in smaller applications such as motorcycles,
chainsaws, outboard boat engines, and certain small power tools. They operate on a two-stroke
cycle, which is different from the more common four-stroke cycle engines found in most
automobiles. Here are the key features and working principles of two-stroke petrol engines.

 Simplicity: Two-stroke engines are relatively simple in design, with fewer moving parts
compared to their four-stroke counterparts. This simplicity often makes them lighter and
more compact.
 Two-Stroke Cycle: The two-stroke cycle consists of two main events: compression and
power. There are no dedicated intake or exhaust strokes as in a four-stroke engine.
Instead, the engine completes a cycle in two strokes of the piston, hence the name "two-
stroke."
 Intake and Compression: During the first stroke (downward movement of the piston), a
mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the engine's crankcase. As the piston moves back up,
it compresses this mixture.
  Ignition and Power: At the top of the compression stroke, the spark plug ignites the air-
fuel mixture, causing a rapid increase in pressure. The expanding gases push the piston
downward, producing power. This power stroke is the second stroke of the cycle.

 Exhaust: After the power stroke, as the piston moves back up, it uncovers an exhaust
port, allowing the burned gases to escape from the cylinder.
 Scavenging: Simultaneously, a fresh mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the crankcase,
ready for the next cycle. This process, known as scavenging, is crucial for replenishing
the combustion chamber with a new charge.
 Lubrication: Two-stroke engines typically require oil to be mixed with the fuel. This oil
serves as lubrication for the engine, as there is no separate oil lubrication system like in
four-stroke engines
Advantages of Two-Stroke Engines:

 High Power-to-Weight Ratio: Two-stroke engines are known for their high-power output
relative to their size and weight.

 Simple Design: Their simplicity makes them easy to manufacture and maintain.

 Fewer Moving Parts: Fewer moving parts mean fewer points of potential failure.