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2-Mendelian Genetics

The document covers Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics, detailing key concepts such as the Laws of Segregation, Assortment, and Complete Dominance, as well as various non-Mendelian principles like Incomplete Dominance and Codominance. It includes practical problem-solving scenarios involving genetic crosses and blood type inheritance. The document is prepared for educational purposes, aiming to enhance students' understanding of genetic principles and their applications.

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Andrei miguel feria
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11 views55 pages

2-Mendelian Genetics

The document covers Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics, detailing key concepts such as the Laws of Segregation, Assortment, and Complete Dominance, as well as various non-Mendelian principles like Incomplete Dominance and Codominance. It includes practical problem-solving scenarios involving genetic crosses and blood type inheritance. The document is prepared for educational purposes, aiming to enhance students' understanding of genetic principles and their applications.

Uploaded by

Andrei miguel feria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2:

Mendelian Genetics
Prepared by: Louis F. Ruado, LPT,
MASE-Biology
Objectives:
At the end of the learning period, student should be able to:

a. explain the 3 Laws of Mendelian Genetics.


b. recognize social influences that led to the rise of
Mendelian Genetics;
c. Solve dihybrid cross under Mendelian Genetics.
GREGOR MENDEL
(1822 - 1884)
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk in the 19th
century who worked out the basic laws of inheritance
through experiments with pea plants. In his
monastery garden, Mendel performed thousands of
crosses with pea plants, discovering how
characteristics are passed down from one generation
to the next — namely, dominant and recessive traits.
Mendel’s early experiments provided the basis of
modern genetics.
MENDEL’S
EXPERIMENT
4 Pics 1 Word
(with Filipino twist )
Direction: Guess the word guided by 4
pictures related to one word.
GETARGESA
MSANTORETS
NACEDIONM
Mendelian
Laws of Genetics
1. Law of Segregation
• This law states that all the genes for all the traits
of an organism are equally divided and are
equally distributed in all the resulting gametes
after meiosis.
• This principle states that each individuals carry
two hereditary alleles, affecting any given
character or trait
1. Law of
Segregation
1. Law of Segregation
2. Law of Assortment
• This law states that alleles of different
genes are distributed randomly to the
gametes and fertilization occurs at
random.
2. Law of Assortment
3. Law of Complete Dominance
• This principle states that a cross
between homozygous dominant genes
and homozygous recessive genes will
result to a progeny of heterozygous
genes determining all dominant traits.
Problem Solving
Direction: Solve the following problem
using Mendelian Genetics.
Scenario: A fruit with round seed was crossed with a wrinkled seed.
Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Step 1: Parental Genotypes:


Legends:

Step 4:
Step Genotypic ratio:

2&3:
Phenotypic ratio:
Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Matings that involve parents that differ in two
genes (two independent traits)

• Example: Flower color:


• P-purple p-white
• Stem length:
• T-tall and t-short
Short-cut
Dihybrid cross
Scenario: A heterozygous tall and round plant was
crossed with homozygous short, wrinkled plant.
Identify the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio of
offspring.
Lesson 3:
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Prepared by: Louis F. Ruado, LPT,
MASE-Biology
Non-Mendelian Genetics
● Law of Incomplete Dominance
● Law of Codominance
● Multiple Alleles
● Polygenic Trait
● Sex-linked Trait
● Sex-influenced Trait
● Sex-limited Genes
1. Law of Incomplete Dominance
• This principle states that a cross between
homozygous dominant and recessive genes will result
to a progeny of heterozygous genes determining an
intermediate trait between the dominant trait and
recessive trait. Both alleles exert an effect and jointly
produce an intermediate phenotype.
2. Law of Codominance
• This principle states that a cross between
homozygous dominant genes will result to a progeny
of heterozygous genes determining a phenotype
where both the dominant trait and recessive trait are
expressed.
3. Multiple Alleles
• A given gene can have more than two
alleles.
• Although any particular individual can
have only two, there may be many alleles
of a given gene in a population.
• Different alleles control a trait.
• Example: Blood types
Additional Info.
About Blood Types
What is blood made up of ?
The red blood cells – contain hemoglobin.
– Red blood cells transport O2 and CO2 to and from
body tissues.
• The white blood cells – fight infection.
• The platelets – help the blood to clot
• The plasma – Fluid which contains salts and
various kinds of proteins.
Determining Blood Type
Protein molecules found on the surface of RBC’s and in
the blood plasma determine the blood type of an
individual.
– Antigens are located on the surface of the
red blood cells
– Antibodies are in the blood plasma.
What are the different blood groups?
What are the different blood groups?
People with blood group 0 are called
"universal donors" and people with
blood group AB are called "universal
receivers."
Scenario: Mr. Ong is Type O man married to Mrs. Ang which is Type AB.
What are the possible genotype and phenotype which their offspring?

Step 1: Parental Genotypes:


Legends:

Step 4:
Step Genotypic ratio:

2&3:
Phenotypic ratio:
4. Polygenic Trait
One trait is controlled by many
genes.
Eg. coat of rabbit, eye color
Skin tone, shade of hair, height
and weight
Eye Color Genes
AABBCCDD -dark brown
AaBBCCDD -medium brown
AaBbCCDD -hazel brown
AaBbCcDD -light brown
AaBbCcDd -green
aabbccdd -blue
Scenario: Purebred Himalayan cat is mated with another Himalayan cat but its
father is an albino. What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of this cross?

Step 1: Parental Genotypes:


Legends:

Step 4:
Step Genotypic ratio:

2&3:
Phenotypic ratio:
Scenario: Jennilyn’s Cat is an agouti but one of its parent is an albino. Anjo has a chinchilla
cat but one of its parent is a Himalayan cat. What are the color coat they should expect?

Step 1: Parental Genotypes:


Legends:

Step 4:
Step Genotypic ratio:

2&3:
Phenotypic ratio:
5.Sex-linked Trait
The condition in which a gene
responsible for a specific trait
is located on a sex
chromosome, resulting in
sexually dependent
inheritance of the trait.
5.Sex-linked Trait
● Examples of X-linked traits:
● H emophilia- inability for blood clotting.
● Colorblindess- inability to distinguish red and green
color.
● Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy is a recessive genetic
condition that causes muscle degeneration
● Becker's muscular dystrophy is a milder form of
Duchenne, which causes slowly progressive muscle
weakness of the legs and pelvis.
5.Sex-linked Trait
● Examples of Y-linked traits:
● Trichocyst - a recessive genetic
condition in which there is rare
hairy structures surrounding the
pinnae of the ear.
● Testis-specific Y-encoded protein
1 is a protein that in humans is
encoded by the TSPY1-gene
Scenario: A woman is a carrier of hemophilia. She is married to a normal man. What is the
genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Step 1: Parental Genotypes:


Legends:

Step 4:
Step Genotypic ratio:

2&3:
Phenotypic ratio:
6.Sex-influenced Genes
● Genes that are affected by the gender of the organism. The
gender that is more affected shows the gene dominance.
● Eg. Baldness
● There are more bald males than females. Thus in males BB and
Bb are for bald phenotype and bb is for non-bald.
● But in females BB is for bald and Bb and bb are for non-bald
phenotype.
● Note: Genes are not linked anymore to sex chromosomes.
6.Sex-influenced Genes
● Genotype Male Female
● BB Bald Bald
● Bb Bald non-bald
● Bb non-bald non-bald

Other example:
Plumage (tail) of peacock- Peacock has more colorful tail than
peachen (female)
6.Sex-limited Genes
● Genes that determines a trait that is limited to one gender
only.
● eg. Beard trait is for males only. It is determined by a recessive
gene.
● Genotype Male Female
● BB non-bearded non-bearded
● Bb non-bearded non-bearded
● bb bearded non-bearded
Thank You!

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