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D.1 Oop-1

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6 views5 pages

D.1 Oop-1

Uploaded by

kp.garbage.911420
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D.

1 OOP
Object - an abstract entity describing the data it contains (known as
properties or attributes) and the actions it can perform (known as methods)
Class - a template for an object, containing definitions for characteristics of an
object but no values assigned to it
Difference between class and instantiation of class - M23 marking scheme

Method - the actions associated with an object


UML relationships
Association - one object uses or is part of another object, but both can
exist independently.
a company uses (hires) an employee and an employee is part of a
company, but both can exist without the other
Denoted by a solid line

Dependency - one object requires another object in order to function


a vehicle requires an engine to operate. if the engine stops working
the vehicle cannot operate
Denoted by a dashed line ending with an arrow pointing towards the
class that is required

Aggregation - one object belongs to another object and none other, but
both can exist independently.
a guest can only be assigned to one room and none other, but both
can exist without the other
Denoted by a solid line beginning in a diamond

Inheritance - one object (subclass) is a specialized form of another object


(superclass)
a gas engine and an electric engine can both drive a car, but have
different characteristics
dependencies decrease the ability of code reuse and increase
maintenance overheads, so they should be kept to a minimum
Primitive datatypes in java - integers, floating-point decimals, characters,
boolean.
Primitive - a basic/pre-defined data type provided by the programming
language
Byte - integer. -128 (-2^7) to 127 (2^7-1). occupies 8 bits of memory
Short - integer. -32768 (-2^15) to 32767 (2^15-1) . occupies 16 bits of
memory
Int - integer. -2^31 to 2^31-1. occupies 32 bits of memory
Long - integer. -2^63 to 2^63-1. occupies 64 bits of memory
Float - decimal. occupies 32 bits of memory. not very precise
Double - decimal. occupies 64 bits of memory. more commonly used to
represent decimals as it is more precise
Char - character. 0 to 65535. occupies 16 bits of memory. represents a
Unicode character
Boolean - represents true or false. occupies 1 bit of memory
String - not a primitive datatype. a series of characters
Encapsulation - the inclusion of both data and actions into a single
component
classes contain both data (attributes) and actions (methods)
some data in a class can only be read (accessed) or modified (mutated)
outside the class using specific methods
Advantages of encapsulation - M23 marking scheme

Inheritance - to derive and extend / specialize a new class from an existing


class
Advantages of inheritance - M23 marking scheme

Polymorphism - where one method can give different outputs depending


based on the different contexts in which it is called
Static polymorphism - method overloading - if a method has different
arguments but the same name, it may return different values as the
output
Dynamic polymorphism - method overriding - a method of the in a
subclass may override the actions of the method of the same name in
the superclass and return a different output

advantages:
object actions may have the same name but different parameters
returning different outputs
subclasses may have their own unique actions and are able to
override superclass actions
disadvantage of OOP - for smaller projects, OOP may increase complexity,
development time and maintenance costs
Definitions
Instance variable - the specific value of a variable in an object
Parameter variable - the data items passed to a function as a parameter
Local variable - a variable declared within a block of code that are only
usable
Accessor - a method that is used to read the value of a variable of an
object. used if the object is private
Mutator - a method that is used to modify the value of a variable of an
object. used if the variable is private
Constructor - a method that is called when an object is instantiated.
usually used to initialize the variables of the object
Return value - the value that is passed back once a method is executed.
if the return type is void, no value needs to be returned
Access modifiers
Private - only accessible by the class that defines it
Protected - only accessible by the class that defines it, and subclasses
that extend from it
Public - accessible by any class
Extends - indicates that one class inherits from another class
Static - a value that belongs to the class itself and not the objects of the
class. the value is the same across all objects even when modified
Static variable - M23 marking scheme

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