Work: in physics work is defined as the transfer of

energy that occur when a force is applied to an

object causing it to move to the direction of the
force.
• positive work: If the direction of a force
acting on an object or a system is the same
as the direction of its motion then the work
done by this force is called positive work.
• Negative work: If the direction of a force
acting on an object or a system is the
opposite to the direction of motion then the
work done by this force is called Negative
work.
If there is more than one force acting on an object
(Figure 13), we can define a work that represents the
whole of the individual work done by the forces. It is
calculated by summing up the work done by each
force or by multiplying the net (resultant) force by the
displacement. The sum of work done by all external
forces is called net (total) work.
Energy: The ability to do work or the capacity to do
work is called energy.
 Kinetic Energy
• The energy of an object due to its motion is called
kinetic energy.

• Kinetic energy is the energy that possessed by an

object due to its motion.
 1 2
KE = mv → to find KE
2
2 KE
m = 2 → to find mass
v
2 KE
v= → to find velocity
m
Examples:

• Change 10joul into erg?

• Change 1500erg into KJ?
Exercise 3 page 133:
A boy is pushing a stationary toy car with a mass of 0.2kg on a
smooth (frictionless) surface of the ground by applying a force
parallel to the ground.
When the toy car reaches the velocity of 1 m/s, how much

work is done by the child?

Extra Exercises:
Calculate the kinetic energy of a vehicle with a mass of 40
tons and a speed of 20m/s?
Extra Exercises:
The kinetic energy of an object in motion is 2400Joul, while
its speed is 4m/s, determine its mass?
Extra Exercises:
The kinetic energy of an object in motion is 1200Joul, and its
mass is 150kg, determine its velocity?
Extra Exercises:
Calculate the kinetic energy of a plane with a mass of 100
tons and a speed of 4000cm/s?
Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Extra Exercises:
Whenever an object with a mass 10kg is lifted to a height of 4
meters above the ground, what amount of work is done?
Extra Exercises:
Whenever an object with a mass 10kg is lifted to a height of 4
meters above the ground, what amount of work is done?
Materials like spring or rubber are called elastic materials.

Energy stored in elastic materials (such as springs) by applying

a force is called elastic potential energy.
the extension of spring also depends on the
type of spring (stiffness, shape, material,
temperature, etc.)
The magnitude of the force needed to stretch or
compress a spring by a unit length is called spring
constant.

which depends on the physical conditions of the

spring such as shape, material type, temperature,
stiffness, etc.
 Hooke’s law:
Hooke’s law states that the force (F) needed to
extend or compress a spring by some distance
(X) is proportional to that distance.
According to the law of conservation of energy:

The energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it

transforms from one form to another form.
However the total energy remain constant.
Mechanical energy is associated with the
motion and position of the body.

Definition: an object possesses

mechanical energy when it has the ability to
work due to its position or motion.
1. If we ignore from all external force(applied force,
friction force, air drag force) acting on the system
so their will be no change to mechanical energy
and it will be conserved
2. If there is a net external force acting on a system or
an object such as applied force, friction force, or
air drag force, then the mechanical energy of the
system is not conserved.
ME = 0
MEinitial + MEappliedforce + ME friction = ME final
WF = F  x → work done by an applied force
W f = f k  x → work done by a friction force
f k = k  N
• If the work done by a force is independent of the
path followed between the initial and final positions
of the object, then this force is called conservative
force. Like GPE

• if the work done by a force is dependent on the

path followed and distance travelled, then it is
called a non-conservative force like friction force
power is the work done or energy spent in a unit
time.
The ratio (comparison) of the useful energy that can
be taken out to the total energy put into a system is
called the efficiency of this system.
• Non-renewable sources of energy are finite sources, which are
being depleted and will run out eventually. Like oil, natural gas,
uranium and etc. The energy stored in these sources is, in general, a
form of potential energy, which can be released by human action.

• Renewable sources of energy are energy sources which are not

practically being depleted and will run out for a long time compared
with average human life. Like solar, wind wave and etc.
• Two objects with same speed but different masses

• Two objects with same mass but different speeds

• What is the differences when you want to stop them

Momentum means inertia in motion.

Momentum
• Definition: Momentum is a vector quantity that describes the motion of an object. It
is defined as the product of an object's mass and its velocity.
• Formula:
p⃗=mv⃗
where:
o p⃗ = momentum
o m = mass of the object
o v⃗= velocity of the object
• Direction: The direction of momentum is the same as the direction of the velocity.
Linear Momentum
• Definition: Linear momentum refers specifically to
momentum in a straight line, as opposed to angular
momentum, which involves rotation. It is the same concept
but emphasizes motion along a linear path.
Key Points
• Units: The SI unit of momentum is kg·m/s.
Vector Nature: Since momentum is a vector, it has
both magnitude and direction
Examples of book
The difference between the initial and final momentum of an
object is called the change in momentum. It is symbolized by
∆𝑝.

𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Examples of book
Impulse
• Definition: Impulse is the change in momentum of an object when a
force is applied over a period of time. It is effectively the "impact"
that causes a change in the object's motion.
• Formula:
𝐽Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ⋅ 𝛥𝑡
where:
o 𝐽Ԧ = impulse
o 𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average force applied
o Δt= time duration over which the force is applied
Key Points
• Units: The SI unit of impulse is Newton-seconds (N·s),
which is equivalent to kg·m/s, the same unit as momentum.
• Direction: Like momentum, impulse is a vector quantity,
meaning it has both magnitude and direction. The direction
of the impulse is the same as the direction of the applied
force.
Examples of book
Connection Between Newton's Third Law and Impulse
• Force and Reaction: When a force is applied to an object
(let's say object A applies a force on object B), according to
Newton's Third Law, object B applies an equal and opposite
force on object A.
• Impulse Exchange: The impulse experienced by object A
due to the force from object B is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the impulse experienced by object B
due to the force from object A.
Example
Consider two ice skaters pushing off each other:
• Skater A pushes Skater B with a force F for a duration Δt.
o The impulse on Skater B is:
𝐽Ԧ𝐵 = 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝛥𝑡
• Simultaneously, Skater B exerts an equal and opposite force on Skater
A.
o The impulse on Skater A is:

𝐽Ԧ𝐴 = −𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝛥𝑡
Force-Time Graphs
Definition: A force-time graph plots force (on the vertical
axis) against time (on the horizontal axis). The area under the
curve of this graph represents the impulse applied to the
object.
o In a force-time graph, the impulse can be calculated as
the area under the curve.
Types of Force-Time Graphs
1. Constant Force:
o If the force is constant, the graph will be a horizontal
line.
o The area under the line (rectangle) can be calculated as:
Area=Force×Time
o This area represents the total impulse.
2. Variable Force:
o If the force varies over time, the graph may take on different shapes (triangular,
trapezoidal, etc.).
o The area under the curve must be calculated according to the shape:
▪ Triangle:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⋅ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
▪ Trapezoid:
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 + 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 ⋅ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
Examples of book
Relationship Between Impulse and Momentum
1. Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
The impulse experienced by an object is equal to the change in its
momentum.
Example:
Imagine you kick a stationary soccer ball
Before the Kick:
•The soccer ball is stationary, so its initial momentum is 0 (since
v=0).
After the Kick:
•When you kick the ball, it gains speed, This change in momentum is
equal to the impulse applied to the ball when you kicked it.
 𝑓Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑎Ԧ 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑚 𝑓Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝛥𝑣Ԧ
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑓Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ⋅ 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝑣Ԧ ⋅ 𝑚 ⇒ 𝐽Ԧ = 𝛥𝑝Ԧ
𝛥𝑣Ԧ 𝑚 𝛥𝑡
𝑎Ԧ 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝛥𝑡
Examples of book
 conservation of momentum

The conservation of momentum is a fundamental principle in

physics that states that the total momentum of an isolated system
remains constant if no external forces act on it. This means that the
momentum before an event (like a collision) is equal to the
momentum after the event.

Note:
1. An isolated system is one where no external forces are acting. In
such a system, the total momentum before an interaction is
equal to the total momentum after the interaction. Imagine a
spacecraft traveling in the vastness of space far from any stars,
planets, or other objects. In this scenario:
There are no friction or air resistance in the vacuum of space.
So: 𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

2. Applications:
The conservation of momentum is used in various contexts,
including:
• Collisions: Analyzing elastic and inelastic collisions.
• Rocket propulsion: The momentum of expelled gas equals
the momentum gained by the rocket.
Examples of book
 Collision in one dimension
A head-on collision refers to a type of collision where two objects
move directly toward each other and impact along a straight line.
This is a specific case of a one-dimensional collision and is often
analyzed in physics to study the principles of momentum and energy
conservation.
 Inelastic collision

In an inelastic collision, two or more objects collide and do not conserve kinetic
energy. Instead, some kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy,
such as heat, sound, or deformation of the objects.
Key Characteristics of Inelastic Collisions:
1. Momentum Conservation:
• Total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the
collision. This can be expressed mathematically as:

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓

• Where 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are the masses of the colliding objects, 𝑣1𝑖 and 𝑣2𝑖 are the
initial velocities, and 𝑣1𝑓 and 𝑣2𝑓 are the final velocities.
Inelastic collision
2. Kinetic Energy Loss:
• Kinetic energy is not conserved. The total kinetic energy before the collision is
greater than the total kinetic energy after the collision:
𝐾𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 > 𝐾𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
3. Types of Inelastic Collisions:
• Perfectly Inelastic Collision: The maximum amount of kinetic energy is lost,
and the two objects stick together after the collision, moving as a single object
with a common velocity.
• Equation of conservation of momentum for a perfectly inelastic collision:

𝑝Ԧ𝑖 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 ⇒ 𝑚1 𝑣Ԧ1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣Ԧ2𝑖 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑣Ԧ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛

m1, m2: masses of objects 1 and 2
v1i, v2i: initial velocities of objects 1 and 2
v1f, v2f : final velocities of objects 1 and 2
vcommon: common velocity of objects 1 and 2
• Equation of conservation of energy :
𝐾𝐸1𝑖 + 𝐾𝐸2𝑖 = 𝐾𝐸1𝑓 + 𝐾𝐸2𝑓 + 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⋅ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑣1𝑖 + ⋅ 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑣2𝑖 = ⋅ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑣1𝑓 + ⋅ 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑣2𝑓 + 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2 2 2

m1, m2: masses of objects 1 and 2

v1i, v2i: initial velocities of objects 1 and 2
v1f, v2f : final velocities of objects 1 and 2
vcommon: common velocity of objects 1 and 2
KE1i, KE2i: initial kinetic energies of objects 1 and 2
KE1f, KE2f : final kinetic energies of objects 1 and 2
Examples of book
 Elastic collision

An elastic collision is a type of collision in which both momentum and kinetic

energy are conserved. This means that, unlike inelastic collisions, the total kinetic
energy of the system remains the same before and after the collision. Objects do
not move together after an elastic collision, they rebound from each other, and no
deformation occurs.

Key Characteristics of Elastic Collisions:

1. Conservation of Momentum:
• The total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the total
momentum after the collision. This can be expressed mathematically as:

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓

2. Conservation of Kinetic Energy:
• The total kinetic energy before and after the collision is the same.
𝐾𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
• Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
⋅ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑣1𝑖 + ⋅ 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑣2𝑖 = ⋅ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑣1𝑓 + ⋅ 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑣2𝑓
2 2 2 2
• Equation of conservation of velocity which is obtained by using conservation of
momentum and energy equations:

𝑣Ԧ1𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ1𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ2𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ2𝑓

Examples of book
 Collision in two dimensions

Collision in two dimensions involves the interaction of two objects (or particles)
colliding at angles rather than along a straight line. This type of collision can be
more complex than one-dimensional collisions, as it requires the consideration of
both the x and y components of motion.
Key Concepts:
1. Components of Velocity:
• Each object's velocity can be broken down into horizontal (x) and vertical
(y) components. For an object with an initial velocity v at an angle θ.
2. Conservation of Momentum:
• In a two-dimensional collision, both the x and y components of momentum are
conserved. This can be expressed as:
• X-direction:

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓𝑥

• Y-direction:

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓𝑦

Examples of book
 Explosion

• An explosion is the opposite of a collision in terms of the energy changes.

• in an explosion, an object breaks apart because potential energy stored in the
system is transformed into partially kinetic energy and some other forms of energy
such as heat, light, and sound.
• As in collisions, if the system is isolated, the total momentum is also conserved
during an explosion. After an explosion, particles move in different directions. The
object breaks into fragments and the total momentum of fragments, including the
gases produced by the explosive, should be equal to the momentum of the object
before the explosion .
Examples of book
• Liquid, gas and some substances are called fluids because they have fluidity, which
is one of the properties of matter.
• A static fluid is a fluid that remains at rest and does not flow. This can include
liquids and gases that are not experiencing any external forces causing them to
move.
 Pressure

pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area. It is a crucial concept in
fluid mechanics and is essential for understanding how fluids behave under
various conditions.

𝐹Ԧ
𝑃=
𝐴Ԧ
𝑁
1 2 = 1𝑃𝑎
𝑚