Chapter 3

Stoichiometry

Counting by Weighing
Averaging the Mass of Similar Objects
Example: What is the mass of 1000 jelly beans?
-
Suppose we weigh 10 jelly beans.

The weigh of 10 jelly beans is listed in the table below.

Bean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mass 5.1 g 5.2 g 5.0 g 4.8 g 4.9 g 5.0 g 5.0 g 5.1 g 4.9 g 5.0 g

Now we can find the average mass of a bean.

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 Counting by Weighing (cont)

Finally we can multiply to find the mass of 1000 beans.

** Averaging the Mass of Different Objects.

For two samples containing different types of
components (A and B).
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Candy B: average mass = 0.2 g
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Ratio of masses:

-
What mass of the candy B will give the same number
of candies as there are in the bag of the candy A?

You must weigh:

Do we have the same number of candy?

Candy A:

Candy B:
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 Example:
A pile of marbles weighs 394.80 g.
10 marbles weigh 37.60 g.
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Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing

-

1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.66 10–24 g

The average atomic mass for an element is the
weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of
an element.
Example: Average Atomic Mass for Carbon
Even though natural carbon does not contain a single
atom with mass 12.01, for our purposes, we can
consider carbon to be composed of only one type of
atom with a mass of 12.01
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 Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing
(cont)

The carbon atom is composed naturally of 98.93% 12C

and 1.07% 13C.
Average atomic weight mass for carbon is:
=(0.9893)(12 amu) + (0.0107)(13.00335)
=

The average atomic weight of the each element is

listed in the periodic table.

Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing

(cont)

This enables us to count atoms of natural carbon by

weighing a sample of carbon.

Example Using Atomic Mass Units

Calculate the mass (in amu) of 431 atoms of carbon.

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 Example:
Calculate the mass (in amu) of 75 atoms of
aluminum.

The Mole Concept

-

1 mole C = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms = 12.01 g C

1 mole of anything = 6.022 x 1023 units of that thing.

The number 6.022 x 1023 is the Avogadro's number.

A sample of an element with a mass equal to that

element’s average atomic mass (expressed in g)
contains one mole of atoms (6.022 × 1023 atoms).
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 The Mole Concept (cont)
Comparison of 1-Mol Samples of Various Elements.

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Example 1:
Two moles of water contain how many H2O
molecules?

Example 2:
How many copper atoms are in a 63.55 g sample of
copper.
Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 g/mol

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 Mole Relationship between a Molecule and its atoms

A single molecule of water contains 1 oxygen atom

and 2 hydrogen atoms.

1 mole of H2O contains 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules

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Example:
How many moles of K are present in one mole of
K2CO3?

How many moles of O are present in 0.6 mole of

K2CO3?

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 Calculations Using Molar Mass
The molar mass M of a substance is the mass in gram
for each mole of the substance.

Moles of a compound =

Mass (g) = (moles of sample) x (molar mass of compound)

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Example 1:
Which of the following 100.0 g samples contains the
greatest number of atoms?
-
Atomic mass Mg = 24.31 g/mol
Atomic mass Ag = 107.9 g/mol
Atomic mass Zn = 65.41 g/mol

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 Example 2:
What is the molar mass of nickel(II) carbonate?

Formula for nickel(II) carbonate:

Atomic mass Ni: 58.69 g/mol
Atomic mass C: 12.01 g/mol
Atomic mass O: 16.00 g/mol

Therefore the molar mass is:

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Percent Composition of a Compound

Mass percent of an element
It can be found from an experimental elemental
analysis, or it can be calculated if you already know
the formula of the compound.

Example: What is the mass percent of iron in

iron(III) oxide?
Atomic mass Fe: 55.85 g/mol -
Atomic mass O: 16.00 g/mol
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 Percent Composition of a Compound (cont)

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Empirical Formulas

The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest

whole number ratio of the atoms present in the
compound.

The empirical formula can be found from the percent

composition of the compound.

Example:
Molecular formula:

Empirical formula =

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 Steps for Determining the Empirical Formula of
a Compound.
1.
2. Determine the number of moles of each type of
atom present.

3. Divide the number of moles of each element by the

smallest number of moles to convert the smallest
number to 1.
If all of the numbers so obtained are integers, these
are the subscripts in the empirical formula.
If one or more of these numbers are not integers, go
on to step 4.
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Steps for Determining the Empirical Formula of

a Compound (cont).

4. Multiply the numbers you derived in step 3 by the

smallest integer that will convert all of them to whole
numbers.
This set of whole numbers represents the subscripts
in the empirical formula.

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 Example:
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is composed of 40.92% of C,
54.50% of O and 4.58% of H.
-

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Empirical formula:

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 Calculation of the molecular formula
-

The molecular formula is always an integer multiple

of the empirical formula.
Molecular formula = (empirical formula) x n
where n is a whole number

In the previous example, we determined the

empirical formula to be C3H4O3.

The molar mass of ascorbic acid is in fact 176.12 g/mol.

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What is the molecular formula of this compound?

The molecular formula of the compound is

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 Information given by chemical equations

A balanced chemical equation gives relative numbers

(or moles) of reactant and product molecules that
participate in a chemical reaction.
The coefficients of a balanced equation give the
relative numbers of molecules.

Example:
C2H5OH + O2  CO2 + H2O
Ethanol

All atoms present in the reactants are accounted for

in the products.
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Information given by chemical equations (cont)

1 molecule of ethanol reacts with 3 molecules of

oxygen to produce 2 molecules of carbon dioxide
and 3 molecules of water.

1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to

produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of
water.

Use this concept to determine how much product is

expected.
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 The Mole–Mole relationships

A balanced equation can predict the moles of

product that a given number of moles of reactants
will yield.
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

2 moles of H2O yields 2 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2

4 moles of H2O yields 4 moles of H2 and 2 moles of O2

The mole ratio allows us to convert from moles of one

substance in a balanced equation to moles of a second
substance in the equation.
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Example:
Predict how many moles of CO2 are formed when
3.74 moles of propane (C3H8) are burned in excess
oxygen according to the equation:

C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

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 Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the process of using a balanced
chemical equation to determine the relative masses of
reactants and products involved in a reaction.

Consider the following unbalanced equation:

Cr(s) + O2(g) → Cr2O3(s)

How many grams of chromium(III) oxide can be

produced from 15.0 g of solid chromium and excess
oxygen gas?
We want to determine the mass of Cr2O3 produced
by Cr with excess O2.
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Stoichiometry (cont)
We know from the periodic table:
Atomic mass of chromium = 52.00 g/mol
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.00 g/mol
The molar mass of Cr2O3 is:

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 Stoichiometry (cont)

Cr(s) + O2(g) → Cr2O3(s)

Determine the moles of Cr2O3 produced by using the
mole ratio from the balanced equation.

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Stoichiometry (cont)
Convert moles of Cr2O3 to grams of Cr2O3

M = 152.00 g/mol for Cr2O3

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 Example:
Consider the following reaction where X
represents an unknown element:
X(s) + B2O3(s)  B4X3(s) + XO2(g)

175 g of X reacts with diboron trioxide to produce

2.43 moles of B4X3
-

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 Stoichiometric Mixture
Contains the relative amounts of reactants that
matches the numbers in the balanced equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

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Limiting Reactant Mixture

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

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 Limiting Reactant Mixture (cont)
-

The limiting reagents in a chemical reaction are the

reactants present in smaller quantity.

The excess reagents in a chemical reaction are the

reactants present in quantities greater than
necessary to react with the limiting reagent.

Determine which reactant is limiting to calculate

correctly the amounts of products that will be formed.
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Limiting Reactant Mixture (cont)

Example:

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 Limiting Reactant Mixture (cont)
Other approach

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Percent Yield

The percent yield is an important indicator of the

efficiency of a particular laboratory reaction.
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 Example:

124g of Al is added to 601g of Fe2O3

1. Which of the two is the limiting reagent?

Atomic mass O = 16.00 g/mol

Atomic mass Fe = 55.85 g/mol

Molar mass of Fe2O3 =

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 We know we have 4.596 moles of Al available for the
reaction.

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Mass of Al2O3 produced:

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 The actual yield =
Theoretical yield =

End

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Practice Problems
(9th edition, pages 128-133)

47, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 65a, 67a, 71,

73a, 83, 95a, 99, 105, 107, 109, 131

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 Practice Problems
(10th edition, pages 115a-115g)

49, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67a, 69a, 73,

75a, 85, 97a, 101, 109, 111, 115, 139

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Practice Problems
(11th edition, pages 114-115d)

49, 57, 59, 63, 65, 73a, 77, 79a,

93, 107a, 111, 119, 121, 123, 13

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 Steps for Solving Stoichiometry Problems
Involving Limiting Reactants
1. Write and balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert known masses of reactants to moles.
3. Using the numbers of moles of reactants and the
appropriate mole ratios, determine which reactant is
limiting.
4. Using the amount of the limiting reactant and the
appropriate mole ratios, compute the number of
moles of the desired product.
5. Convert from moles of product to grams of product,
using the molar mass (if this is required by the
problem).

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