Mathematics

in our World
 What is Mathematics?
Ø The study of the relationships among numbers,
quantities, and shapes.

Ø It is a tool to organize and control our world, predict

phenomena and make our life easier.

Ø Mathematics is not a subject of complexities and

difficulties but a subject full of beauty and essence.
 Where is Mathematics?
Ø In nature

Ø In our daily routine

Ø In our world

Ø In people and communities

Ø In culture
Why is Mathematics important to know?

Ø It puts order in disorder

Ø It helps us become better persons

Ø It helps the world a better place to live in

Ø And it has numerous applications in the world making

indispensable.
Mathematics
in our World
 Learning Outcomes:
a. Identify patterns and regularities in nature
b. Explain the different types of transformations;
c. Create designs using geometric shapes and trans
formation; and
d. Discuss the importance of mathematics in one’s
life.
MATHEMATICS
Patterns and
Numbers in
Nature and
the World
 Patterns and Numbers
Ø A pattern is a visible regularity or
consistency in the world or in a
man-made design. Patterns and
numbers are correlative. Counting
happens when there is pattern.
Historically, mathematicians have dealt with
two types of patterns – Numeric Patterns and
Geometric Patterns
 Some common examples of patterns today are:

v Logic Patterns;
v Patterns in Nature (symmetry, spiral, meander, foam, stripes,
fractal, tessellation, wave);
v Number Patterns (the Fibonacci sequence)
Logic Pattern
Ø It deals with the characteristics of various objects, or with order. Some
patterns appear in a sequence, while some has similar attributes.
Patterns in Nature
 Examples
of Patterns
in Nature
 Symmetry
Ø It means agreement in dimensions, due proportion and arrangement.
Ø it refers to a harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance, just like butterfly wings.
Ø the uterus is an example of symmetry, according to a gynecologist at the University Hospital in
Leuven in Belgium. Medical doctors can tell whether a uterus looks normal and healthy based
on its relative dimensions.
Spiral
Ø a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther
away as it revolves around the point
Meander
Ø a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river,
stream, or other water course all over the world rivers generally follow the same pattern.
Bubbles/Foam
- a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid
 Stripe
Ø made by a series of bands or strips, often of the same width and color along
the length, just like the stripes of a zebra, or stripe patterns found in plants
 Fractals
Ø an infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. Or any pattern, that
when seen as an image, produces a picture, which when zoomed into will still make the same
picture
Tessellation
- also known as tiling

- a pattern of shapes that fit perfectly together, and have no overlaps nor gaps.

- Some tessellations found in nature are snake skin, and the hexagonal cells in a honeycomb
Wave
- a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport.

- Surface waves in water show water ripples.

Numeric
Patterns
Numeric Patterns
u Number pattern is the most common type of pattern in
mathematics where a list of numbers follows a certain
sequence based on a rule.

u The different types of number patterns are algebraic or

arithmetic patterns, geometric patterns, and the
Fibonacci pattern.
Considering the following sequences:
u A. 2, 4, 8, …

u B. 1, 4, 9, …
 Fibonacci Numbers
The Fibonacci Numbers are the numbers in the following
integer sequence, called the Fibonacci Sequence, and
characterized by the fact that every number after the first
two is the sum of the two preceding ones:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, …

 Leonardo Bonacci
Popularly known as FIBONACCI

Also known as . . .
Leonardo of Pisa
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo
Leonardo Fibonacci
Died: 1250, Pisa, Italy
Born: 1170, Pisa, Italy
Binet Form of the nth Fibonacci Number
Examples
Geometric
Design
 Geometric Shapes
ØIt can be defined as
figure or area closed
by a boundary which
is created by
combining the specific
amount of curves,
points, and lines.
 Shapes can also be classified as follows:
• Geometric shapes that have the same shape as each other are said to be similar.

• If they also have the same measure as each other,

they are said to be congruent.
• Two-dimensional, a shape that has two dimensions – length and width.
• Three-dimensional, a shape that has three dimensions – length, width, and
height.
• Geometric shapes that curves outward, like a square or hexagon, are convex.
• Geometric shapes that curves inward, like a star or an arrowhead, are concave
Transformation
Transformations is a way to change the position of a figure or shape to
produce an similar or identical image.

Two types of transformations:

Rigid Transformation or Isometries and
Non-rigid Transformation
A. Rigid Transformation

1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the

shape or size of the pre-image. Transformations of these types
fall into three categories: translation, rotation, and reflection.
1.1 Translation

It is a transformation that slides a figure across a plane or through space.

 TRANSLATION
In the example below triangle A is translated to
become triangle B.

A B

Describe the translation.

Triangle A is slide directly to the right.
 TRANSLATION
In the example below arrow A is translated to
become arrow B.

Describe the translation.

Arrow A is slide down and to the right.
1. 2 Rotation
A transformation that turns a figure about (around) a point or a line.
Basically, rotation means to spin a shape.
The point a figure turns around is called the center of rotation.

A B
Triangle A was rotated right 90°
 1.3 Reflection
A reflection is a transformation that flips a figure across a line.

A REFLECTION IS FLIPPED OVER A LINE.

 REFLECTION
Remember, it is the same,
After a shape
butisitreflected, it looks like a
is backwards
mirror image of itself.

A REFLECTION IS FLIPPED OVER A LINE.

 FLIP REFLECTION
SLIDE TRANSLATION
TURN ROTATION
 2. Non-Rigid Transformation, which will change the size but
not the shape of the pre-image.
2. 1 Dilation or Resizing
- It is expanding or narrowing a pre-image without changing its shape or location.
- The shape becomes bigger or smaller. It’s just like zooming in or out the image.
Notice each time the shape transforms the shape
stays the same and only the size changes.

200%
50%
ENLARGE
REDUCE
 TRANSFORMATIONS
CHANGE THE POSTION CHANGE THE SIZE OF
OF A SHAPE A SHAPE

TRANSLATION ROTATION REFLECTION DILATION

Turn around a Change size of a

Change in location Flip over a line
point shape
 The Use of Geometric Shapes and Transformation
Designs
1. Finite Designs – these are the simplest designs. They usually occur in glassware ornaments and pottery
designs, on familiar artifacts.
- It is generated by the repetition of parts around a central point axis.
- There are only two classes of symmetries of finite designs, those that contain only rotation, and
those that contain both rotation and reflection.
2. One-Directional Designs/ Border Designs/ Frieze Patterns – these designs involve translation
but only in one direction that is usually horizontal.
- Other than translation, a border design can have the three other isometries.

Border Design using horizontal and vertical

reflection, and rotation

Border Design using rotation of a triangle

Border Design using vertical

reflection and rotation
3. Wall Paper Designs – these are designs on a flat surface. Consider a wall paper in a house as an
example, they use patterns as a design. Generally, wall paper designs have two-directional
symmetries. Consider the basic design (or motif) shown below. You can replicate this symmetry
through a vertical, horizontal, and even a slant translation.
 Geometric Designs: Enriching Filipino
Culture & Arts

Shapes and designs can be used as symbols that

define the cultural and artistic spirit of a society, like
traditional tattoos, and textile or mat weaving.
 Our country is also rich in various
geometric elements, and algebraic
structures are present in the elegant
colored repeating patterns of mat weaving.
QUIZ!
I. Identify what is being asked on the following questions. Answer
Only.
1. This is not merely numbers and computations but also a work
of art.
2. A substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or
solid.
3. The tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes
with no overlaps and gaps.
4. A series of bands or strips, often of the same width and color
along the length that are form by chemical reactions and
diffusion procedures in cells determine these growth patterns.
5. When two or more parts are identical after a flip, slide or turn.
6. He came up with the sequence when calculating the ideal
expansion of pairs of rabbits over the course of one year.
7. It is a self-similar, repeating shape, meaning the same basic
shape is seen again and again in the shape itself.
8. A disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space,
with little or no associated mass transport.
9. In math it consists of an arrangement of numbers, shapes,
colors, pictures (and so on) that are repeated in a certain order.
10. The sum of two consecutive numbers is equal to succeeding
number.
II. Find the next three terms in the given sequence.
1. 1, -3, 9, -27, 81, __, __, __
2. 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, __, __, __
3. 4, 16, 36, 64, 100,__, __, __
! # &
4. " , $%
, "
, __, __, __
5. What is Fibonacci (8th term)?
6. What is Fibonacci (24th term)?
7. What is the sum of Fibonacci (1st term) up to Fibonacci
(10th term)?
8. What is Fibonacci (10th term) – Fibonacci (5th term)?
III. Identify the transformation that created the new shapes.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.
III. Identify the transformation that created the new shapes.

6. 7.

8. 9.