12

Inquiries, Investigations and

Immersion
Quarter 4- Module 3

Learners Packet
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The Editors
 Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion
Grade 12

Quarter 4
Weeks 9-12

Schools Division Office Management Team: Rosemarie C. Blando, August Jamora, Merle D.
Lopez, Florendo S. Galang
Writer/s: Princess Pearl M. Fajutnao, Juvelyn C. Orbiso
Evaluator/s: Princess Pearl M. Fajutnao, Juvelyn C. Orbiso
Illustrator: Julius Burdeos

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

PIVOT IV-A Learner’s Material
Quarter 4, Version 1.0
First Edition, 2021

Published by: Department of Education SDO-Rizal

Schools Division Superintendent: Cherrylou D. Repia
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Gloria C. Roque and Babylyn M. Pambid
WEEKS
9-10

Research Data Analysis

Lesson 1

What I need to know?

After gathering research data using your previously prepared research instrument,
you are now up for data analysis. Congratulations! You are another step closer to
completing your research.
In this lesson, you will be looking for patterns, connections, and relationships
among the data you gathered and find meaning in it.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

1.Gathers and analyzes data with intellectual honesty using suitable techniques.

Objectives:
The learners will be able to:
a. Distinguish qualitative and quantitative data.
b. Identify the steps in analyzing qualitative and quantitative data.
c. Determine appropriate techniques in analyzing their own research data.

Learning Task 1: Supply with words and phrases the expression in the middle of the
graphic organizer.

Research Data
Analysis

4
 know?
Learning Task 2: KWL Chart
To check your prior knowledge about the topic, fill in the What I Know and What I
Want to Know components of the Know-Want to know- Learned (KWL) chart honestly and
correctly. For the What I learned column you may write your answer after completing the
lessons in this module. You may list as many responses as you want for each component.
Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

Topic What I know What I want to know What I learned

Research data Analysis

is in?
Pre-test: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter that best describes the statement.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. ______refers to non-numerical data presented in words and descriptions.
a. Quantitative data c. Statistical data
b. Qualitative data d. Analytical data
2. ______refers to numerical data expressed in numbers and numerical figures.
a. Quantitative data c. Nominal data
b. Qualitative data d. Ordinal data
3. Which qualitative data analysis technique is used to analyze the documented
information from text, images, and sometimes from the physical items?
a. Grounded theory c. Narrative analysis
b. Content analysis d. Discourse analysis
4. _______is applied to study data about the host of similar cases occurring in
different settings.
a. Content analysis c. Grounded analysis
b. Narrative analysis d. Discourse analysis
5. Which measure of central tendency refers to the number or score with the most
occurrence in the set?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. Standard deviation
6. What is the most common measure of central tendency that is defined as the
arithmetic average of a set of numbers?
a. Mean c. Mode

5
 b. Median d. Standard deviation
7. Which measures of correlation coefficient is used to measure the dependence of
the dependent variable on the independent variable?
a. Chi-square c. Spearman rho
b. Pearson product d. T-test
8. ________refers to multiple analyses of one or more independent variables and
one dependent variable to see if the independent variables affect one another.
a. ANCOVA c. ANNOVA
b. MANCOVA d. One-way analysis of variance
9. ________is a method used to analyze content gathered from various sources such
personal interviews, field observation, and surveys.
a. Content analysis c. Grounded analysis
b. Narrative analysis d. Discourse analysis
10. ________ shows the extent of difference of the data from the mean.
a. Range c. Mode
b. Median d. Standard deviation

As you go through several stages of research, you will encounter vast amount of
data from different sources. For you to understand the data and find meanings in them in
relation to your research, you have to think of ways on how to gather, identify and
categorize this data in an orderly manner. You will be presenting several proofs or evidence
hinging upon a common theme, concept, and theory as you conclude your study. Hence,
a set-by-set arrangement of facts and information is a must in research.

Research Data Analysis

According to LeCompte and Schensul (1999), research data analysis is a process a
researcher uses to reduce data to a story and interpret it to derive insights. The data
analysis process helps in reducing a large chunk of data into smaller fragments, which
makes sense. Patton (1987) indicates that three things take place during data analysis:
data are organized, data are reduced through summarization and categorization, and
patterns and themes in the data are identified and linked.
One of the essential things expected from researchers while analyzing data is to
stay open and remain unbiased towards unexpected patterns, expressions and results.
Data analysis can sometimes give the most unexpected results. Therefore, researchers
must rely on the data at hand and enjoy the process of exploring answers.

Types of Data in Research

Studies can either have qualitative data, quantitative data or both. The type of data
to be collected and analyzed depends on your chosen research method. Qualitative data
are non-numerical, it can be presented in words and descriptions. Qualitative variables
can be nominal or ordinal. Examples are eye color, blood type, class letter grade and
position in a race. On the other hand, quantitative data are numerical data, these are
expressed in numbers and numerical figures. Quantitative variables can be continuous or
discrete. Examples are height, weight, number of children and number of event attendees.

6
Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Data analysis in qualitative research work a little differently from the numerical
data as the quality data is made up of words, descriptions, images, objects and sometimes
symbols. It is typically used for exploratory research and data analysis.

Data analysis in qualitative research is manual and there are several ways to find
patterns in the textual information. Some of these patterns are as follows:

a. Word-based method is the most relied and widely used global technique for
research and data analysis. The researchers usually read the available data and
find repetitive or commonly used words.
b. Keyword context is another widely used word-based technique. In this method,
the researcher tries to understand the concept by analyzing the context in which
the participants use a particular keyword.
c. Scrutiny-based technique is also one of the highly recommended text analysis
methods used to identify a quality data pattern. Compare and contrast is the
widely used method under this technique to differentiate how a specific text is
similar or different from each other.
d. Metaphors can be used to reduce the data pile and find patterns in it so that it
becomes easier to connect data with theory.
e. Variable partitioning is another technique to split variables so that researchers
can find more coherent descriptions and explanations from the enormous data.

Methods Used for Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

There are several methods used for analyzing data in qualitative research. The
following are some of the commonly used methods (Bhatia, 2018):

1. Content Analysis
It is widely accepted and the most frequently employed technique for data
analysis in research methodology. It can be used to analyze the documented
information from text, images and sometimes from the physical items. It depends
on the research questions to predict when and where to use this method.
2. Narrative Analysis
This method is used to analyze content gathered from various sources such
personal interviews, field observation, and surveys. The majority of times, stories,
or opinions shared by people are focused on finding answers to the research
questions.
3. Discourse Analysis
Similar to narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze the
interactions with people. Nevertheless, this particular method considers the social
context under which or within which the communication between the researcher
and respondent takes place. In addition to that, discourse analysis also focuses on
the lifestyle and day-to-day environment while deriving any conclusion.
4. Grounded Theory
When you want to explain why a particular phenomenon happened, then
using grounded theory for analyzing quality data is the best resort. Grounded theory
is applied to study data about the host of similar cases occurring in different

7
 settings. When researchers are using this method, they might alter explanations or
produce new ones until they arrive at some conclusion.

Data Analysis in Quantitative Research

Data analysis in quantitative research is consists of several phases as stated below:

Phase I: Data Validation

Data validation is done to understand if the collected sample is per
the pre-set standards, or it is a biased data sample again divided into four different
stages:
Fraud: To ensure an actual human being records each response to the
survey or the questionnaire
Screening: To make sure each respondent is selected or chosen in
compliance with the research criteria.
Procedure: To ensure ethical standards were maintained while
collecting the data sample.
Completeness: To ensure that the respondent has answered all the
questions in an online survey. Else, the interviewer had asked all the
questions devised in the questionnaire.

Phase II: Data Editing

More often, an extensive research data sample comes loaded with
errors. Respondents sometimes fill in some fields incorrectly or sometimes skip
them accidentally. Data editing is a process wherein the researchers have to confirm
that the provided data is free of such errors. They need to conduct necessary checks
and outlier checks to edit the raw edit and make it ready for analysis.

Phase III: Data Coding

Out of all three phases, this is the most critical phase of data
preparation associated with grouping and assigning values to the survey responses.
If a survey is completed with a 1000 sample size, the researcher will create an age
bracket to distinguish the respondents based on their age. Thus, it becomes easier
to analyze small data buckets than deal with the massive data pile.

Methods Used for Data Analysis in Quantitative Research

Once the data is ready for analysis, researchers like you are free to use different
research and data analysis methods to derive meaningful insights. Statistical techniques
are the most commonly used to analyze numerical data. The method is again classified
into two groups---descriptive statistics used to describe data and inferential statistics that
helps in comparing the data.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics focuses on the central tendency and standard deviation. The
most common measure of central tendency is the mean, described as the arithmetic
average of a set of numbers. Means provide data about the average score of the participants
8
on a measure which makes it necessary in conducting quantitative research. For example,
the school wishes to determine the performance of the Grade 12 students in School
Achievement Test (SAT), the mean scores of the current year can be compared to the SAT
mean scores of the Grade 12 students from the previous year. Other measures for central
tendency are mode, the item or score in the data set that appears the most and the
median, the score in the middle of the set that divides the scores arranged either in
ascending or descending order into two groups.

Example 1: Test scores of Grade 12 ABM (Group 1) in Research

87 86 84 84 80 76 75

Mean = 87+86+84+84+80+76+75/7 = 81.71

Mode is 84 (most occurrence)
Median is 84 (middle score)
Standard deviation (SD)

Example 2: Test Scores of Grade 12 ABM (Group 2) in Research

81 77 77 77 75 73 70 69

Mean = 81+77+77+77+75+73+70+69/8 =74.87

Mode is 77 (most occurrence)
Median = 77+75/2 = 76

On the other hand, standard deviation shows the extent of difference of the data
from the mean. It provides the researcher with an idea about the similarities and
differences of the respondents. Here are the steps to determine the standard deviation:
Step 1. Compute the Mean.
Step 2. Compute the deviation (difference) between each respondent’s answer (data
item) and the mean. The plus sign (+) appears before the number if the difference is higher;
negative sign (-), if the difference is lower.
Step 3. Compute the square of each deviation.
Step 4. Compute the sum of squares by adding the squared figures.
Step 5. Divide the sum of squares by the number of data items to get the variance.
Step 6. Compute the square root of variance figure to get standard deviation.

Example 3: (refer to test scores in example 2)

(Step 1) Mean: 75 (rounded off)

(Step 2) (Step 3)
Data Item Deviation Square of Deviation
81 +6 36
77 +2 4
77 +2 4
77 +2 4
75 0 0
73 -2 4
70 -5 25
69 -6 36
Total= 113

9
(Step 4) Sum of Squares: 113
(Step 5) Variance: 14
(Step 6) Standard Deviation: 3.7

As a researcher, it is important that you choose the best method for research and
data analysis suited to your research instrument and your topic. For example, the mean
is the best way to demonstrate the students’ average scores in schools. It is better to rely
on the descriptive statistics when the researchers intend to keep the research or outcome
limited to the provided sample without generalizing it. For example, when you want to
compare the average voting done in two different cities, differential statistics are enough.

Descriptive analysis is also called a “univariate analysis” since it is commonly used

to analyze a single variable.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that focuses on conclusions,

generalizations, predictions, interpretations, hypotheses, and the like. There are a lot of
hypotheses testing in this method of statistics that require you to perform complex and
advanced mathematical operations (Argyrous 2011; Russell 2013; Levin & Fox 2014).

Here are two significant areas of inferential statistics:

Estimating parameters: it takes statistics from the sample research data
and demonstrates something about the population parameter.
Hypothesis test: It is about sampling research data to answer the survey
research questions. For example, Researchers might be interested to
understand if the teaching strategy is effective or not or if the multivitamin
capsules help children to perform better at school.
These data analysis methods are used to showcase the relationship between
different variables instead of describing a single variable. It is often used when researchers
want something beyond absolute numbers to understand the relationship between
variables.

Measures of Correlation
The following are the statistical tools to measure correlation or covariation:
1. Correlation Coefficient – This is a measure of the strength and direction of the
linear relationship between variables and likewise gives the extent of
dependence between two variables: meaning, the effect of one variable on the
other variable. Determined by the following statistical tests for correlation
coefficient:
Spearman’s rho – the test to measure the dependence of the dependent
variable on the independent variable.
Pearson product-moment correlation – measures the strength and
direction of the linear relationship of two variables and of the
association between interval and ordinal variables.
Chi-square – is the statistical test for bivariate analysis of nominal
variables, specifically, to test the null hypothesis. It tests whether or
not a relationship exists between or among variables and tells the
probability that the relationship is caused by chance.
T-test – evaluates the probability that the mean of the sample reflects
the mean of the population from where the sample was drawn. It also
tests the difference between two means: the sample mean and the
10
 population mean. ANNOVA or analysis of variance also uses t-test to
determine the variance or the difference between the predicted number
of the sample and the actual measurement. The ANNOVA is of various
types such as the following:
o One-way analysis of variance – study of the effects of the independent
variable.
o ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariation) – study of two or more dependent
variables that are correlated with one another.
o MANCOVA (Multiple Analysis of Covariation) – multiple analyses of one
or more independent variables and one dependent variable to see if the
independent variables affect one another.
2. Regression – Similar to correlation, regression determines the existence of
variable relationships, but does more than this by determining the following:
a. Which between the independent and dependent variable can signal
the presence of another variable;
b. How strong the relationship between the two variables are; and
c. When an independent variable is statistically significant as a
predator.

E
Learning Task 3: Based on your understanding on the information stated in the
previous section, answer the following questions briefly and intelligently.
1. Describe research data analysis.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate quantitative research data analysis from qualitative research
data analysis.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the techniques or methods used to analyze qualitative data? How
about quantitative data?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Could you possibly do any of the statistical methods you have learned?
Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Is it imperative for a quantitative researcher to know much about statistics?
Justify your point.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11
Learning Task 4: Choose three (3) among the tests for correlation coefficient
(spearman’s rho, pearson’s product-moment, chi-square, t-test, ANOVA) and make
a comparison using any of the graphic organizers you prefer.

What else I can do?

Learning Task 5: Identify the methods and techniques to be used to analyze the
data you gathered for your research.

Statement of the Research Method Data Analysis

Problem Technique

12
 Learning Task 6: With the knowledge you gained from the discussion. Compare
and contrast Quantitative data analysis from Qualitative data analysis.

D
Post-test!
Learning Task 7: Write T if the statement is correct, and F if the statement is incorrect.
_________1. Standard deviation shows the extent of difference of the data from the mean.
_________2. Content analysis is a method used to analyze content gathered from various
sources such personal interviews, field observation, and surveys.
_________3. ANCOVA refers to multiple analyses of one or more independent variables
and one dependent variable to see if the independent variables affect one another.
_________4. Spearman’s rho is a measure of correlation coefficient used to measure the
dependence of the dependent variable on the independent variable.
_________5. Mean is the defined as the arithmetic average of a set of numbers.
_________6. The number or score with the most occurrence in the set is called median.
_________7. Grounded is used to study data about the host of similar cases occurring in
different settings.
_________8. Discourse analysis is used to analyze the documented information from text,
images and sometimes from the physical items.
_________9. Qualitative data are non-numerical data presented in words and
descriptions.
_________10. Quantitative data are numerical data expressed in numbers and numerical
figures.

13
 References

Books
Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2. Sampaloc Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016

Online Sources
“Data analysis in research”. Retrieved February 1, 2021 from
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/data-analysis-in-research
Kawulich,Barbara (2015). Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques.
Retrieved February 2, 2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258110388_Qualitative_Data_
Analysis_Techniques
Kumar, Ranjit (2011) 3rd edition. Research Methodology: a step-by-step guide for
beginners. SAGE Publications. Retrieved February 2021
Vanderstoep, Scott W. and Johnston, Dierdre (2009). RESEARCH METHODS FOR
EVERYDAY LIFE Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2021 from
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Research_Methods_for_Everyday_Life

14
 Answer Key
References

Learning Task 1: Answers may vary

Learning Task 2: Answers may vary
Pre-test:
1. B 6. A
2. A 7. C
3. B 8. B
4. C 9. B
5. C 10. D

Learning Task 3: Answers may vary

Learning Task 4: Answers may vary
Learning Task 5: Answers may vary
Learning Task 6: Answers may vary

Post-test:
1. T 6. F
2. F 7. T
3. F 8. F
4. T 9. T
5. T 10. T

15
WEEKS Reporting Findings, Drawing
11-12 Conclusions and Making
Recommendations

What I need to know?

In the previous lesson you have learned how to gather and analyze data with
intellectual honesty using different techniques. After collecting and analyzing data,
the researcher has to carefully accomplish the task of drawing inferences,
deductions, and abstractions. The researcher also has to diligently provide
implications, and generalizations based on the findings. This lesson, is the final
chapter of the thesis followed by report writing. It is considered vital, because the
researcher reports the summary of the findings, conclusions are drawn from the
findings, and practical suggestions and recommendations for the solutions of the
problem discovered in the inquiry or study are addressed to concerned people or
entities.
This lesson will also guide you in writing your research report which is an
academic or scholarly writing. Academic writing has a formal tone and style. It follows
a set of rules, standards, and practices. Furthermore, this lesson provides the key
aspects and parts of a research project. Writing a research report is an art. It entails
knowledge, skill, creativity, and expertise. It requires a considerable time and effort.
Learning Competencies
1. Forms logical conclusions.
2. Makes recommendations based on conclusions.
3. Writes clear report
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
1. Discuss the findings and its interaction with previous literature.
2. Make summary of findings.
3. Form an effective conclusion that summarizes key points.
4. Write recommendations based on findings.
5. Summarize ideas to make a concise abstract.
6. Apply the guidelines in writing a research-report.

16
 What’s new?

Learning Task 1: Fill in the table below with your ideas about: findings, conclusions,
recommendations, and research report.

WORDS IDEAS

1. Findings

2. Conclusions

3. Recommendations

4. Research Report

What I know?

Learning Task 2: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the principal outcomes of the results of the study.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Recommendation D. Report
2. It is not just a summary of the main points but a synthesis of the key points.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Recommendation D. Report
3. They are steps offered to solve or improve the findings of the study.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Recommendation D. Report
4. It is a written document containing the key parts of the research study.
A. Conclusions C. Findings
B. Recommendations D. Research Reports
5. These are the bases for recommendations.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Recommendation D. Research Report
6. Which of the following is not a guideline in writing findings?
A. Brief statement of the objectives of the study must be written
B. New data should be introduced in the summary.
17
 C. Findings should not be elaborated.
D. The findings should be textual generalizations.
7. Which is not true in writing a conclusion?
A. Be clear and concise.
B. Be sure to connect your research to a larger significant issue.
C. Apologize at the end of your conclusion.
D. Be sure to end with a powerful tone.
8. Which is an example of conclusion?
A. Financial situations of students have an adverse impact on their physical
and mental health.
B. The two most significant factors demonstrating positive correlation on
mental health among senior high schools were perception of father’s
warmth and extroversion and introversion.
C. Between the key demographic variables of gender and parental income,
gender was found to be more likely to have a significant difference with
regard to mental health.
D. Educationalists, counsellors, psychologists, counselors, and school
authorities should raise awareness about mental health issues faced by
students.
9. Which is an example of a finding?
A. There is a need to conduct a more comprehensive analysis of qualitative
studies to reveal areas that require additional investigation.
B. Teaching professionals working with teenagers may develop a wide range
of practical and interpersonal skills.
C. The study shows that pregnant students experienced physical, emotional,
and mental distress, anxiety of the unknown, shame and humiliation, love
and support of significant others.
D. Programs that promote abstinence should be developed.
10. It is known as the author date system of citation.
A. Modern Language Association
B. Chicago Manual Style
C. American Psychological Association
D. Footnote Citation

What is in?
Learning Task 3: Within 30 seconds, write as many words and phrases as you can
from the picture below that you can associate with research study. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

18
Explain the following:

1. The interrelationship and interconnectivity of the words you have written in

writing the findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. The importance of the words you have written in writing the research report.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

What is it?

DISCUSSING THE FINDINGS

Findings deal with the results of the study. The results are translated into
easily understandable language for the readers. You discuss the main findings from
the research and where applicable, relate the literature to the research problems.
Meaning, you need to connect the results to theories and concepts that have been
investigated or examined in the review of related literature and studies (Trinidad
2018, 156).

In the results of the report, you make sense of what you have uncovered by
presenting the findings and discussing possible reasons for those findings. In this
section, hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on findings (Kothari 2004, 344-345).
Writing the discussion section requires intelligent reasoning.
19
 According to Trinidad (156-157) this can be done by explaining the results of
the study creatively, analytically, and critically. You have to analyze the data to arrive
at a meaningful conclusion that addresses your objective or goal for conducting the
study. In qualitative research studies, “the findings will show how the respondents
responded to the interviews, the informant’s quotes and ideas, and the researcher’s
observations about a situation, phenomenon, social issue, or reality. In the
quantitative research studies, the findings will be filled with data, percentages,
correlation, regressions, and coefficients.” In a similar perspective, Kumar (2019:558)
mentioned that in writing the findings of a qualitative research, “the findings are
mostly communicated in a descriptive or narrative form written around the major
themes, events or discourses that emerge from your findings.” While, in writing the
findings of a quantitative study, aside from being descriptive, it also includes
quantification and numeral analysis of data.

Questions You Need to Answer in the Discussion of the Findings:

1. Do your findings answer your research question? What is your

interpretation of the findings?
2. Do your results agree with what others have written before or do your
findings link up with those of other findings?
3. If it does, what does your research contribute?
4. If it does not, what alternative explanations could be given?
5. What can be generalized from the study? What are the main points?

Guidelines in Making Summary of Findings

According to Calderon and Gonzales (2011, 241-242) the guidelines are:

1. There should be brief statement about the objective of the study, the type
of research used, the size of the sample respondents or population, the
period of the study, the locale of the study, the research instrument, and
the sampling design used. There should be no explanations made.
2. The findings may be joined together. Due to the demand of clarity,
summary of findings must answer each specific question under the
statement of the problem and must be written first to be followed by the
findings that would answer it.
3. The findings should be textual generalizations, that is, summary of the
important data consisting of text and numbers.
4. Only the significant findings, the highlights of the data, should be included
in the summary, especially those upon which the conclusions should be
based. No deductions, inferences, or interpretation be made otherwise it
will only be duplicated in the conclusion.
5. Findings should not be elaborated. They should be brief but
comprehensive.
6. No new data should be introduced in the summary.

Example of Summary of Findings

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a supplementary Theme-based

learning package in English 8 based on the Curriculum of Grade 8 English of the
20
selected secondary schools, District II of San Mateo, Rizal for the school year 2016-
2017. The descriptive method of research was used in this study with the
questionnaire as the data-gathering instrument. The criteria used to evaluate the
developed supplementary theme-based learning package are the following:
appropriateness, clarity, relevance, content, manner of presentation, and technical
quality. The respondents are 30 English teachers and 20 English experts. The data
were treated statistically using ranking, weighted mean, and t-test (Coles 2017, 70-
73).
The salient findings of the study are the following:
1. The top 10 identified difficult learning competencies in G8 English as
perceived by the English teachers are the following: Identifying the Mood
and Tone of the Poem, Getting the Main Idea and its Supporting Details,
Organizing Important Details to Fill an Outline, Abstracting Information
from the Text by Noting Explicit and Implicit Signals, Identifying
Propaganda Strategies Used in Advertisements, and Decoding the Meaning
of Unfamiliar Words Using Structural Analysis.
2. The supplementary theme-based learning package was perceived by both
English teachers and expert respondents as Very Highly Acceptable in terms
of all six criteria such as appropriateness, clarity, relevance, content,
manner of presentation and technical quality as shown by the grand
weighted means of 4.74 and 4.68 respectively.
3. There was no significant difference in the perceptions of the two groups of
respondents in terms of appropriateness, clarity, content and manner of
presentation, but there was a significant difference between the perceptions
of the two groups of respondents on the relevance and technical quality.
CONCLUDING THE RESEARCH
Conclusions are insights drawn from the findings of each problem. It is a brief
section that summarizes and synthesizes the main points and their implication and
significance. In summarizing, you need to show the connection and relationship of
the points to one another. In synthesizing, you should distinctly answer the research
question. In this section, you have to list the major outcomes derived from the study
(Trinidad 2018, 160-161).
Guidelines in Writing an Effective Conclusion
According to Trinidad (161) the following are the guidelines in writing an
effective conclusion:
1. Be clear and concise. Avoid using the same words that you have already
used. Choose your words, deliberately and precisely. Construct your
sentences carefully eliminating unnecessary words. Go straight to the point
in a way that your reader can easily grasp.
2. Be sure to connect your research to a larger and more significant issue. You
have to show how your specific question contribute to a larger discussion,
and how it can influence individuals or entities.
3. Be sure to end with a powerful tone. Do not apologize. Do not end your
conclusion by discrediting the significance of your study.
Calderon and Gonzales (242-243) also presented some guidelines in making
conclusion:
1. Conclusions should not contain numerals. Conclusions should be made
solely upon the findings.
21
 2. Conclusions should correctly answer the specific questions asked at the
beginning of the research study.
3. Conclusions should be limited from the data presented. No conclusion
should be drawn based from indirect effects of the findings.
4. Conclusions should be brief and short, however convey all the necessary
information to answer the specific questions.
Dangers to Avoid in Drawing up Conclusions Based on Quantitative Data
The things the researcher should avoid are: (as cited in Calderon and Gonzales
2011, 244-247) are:
1. Partiality
2. Incorrect generalization
3. Incorrect deduction
4. Incorrect comparison
5. Abuse of correlation data
6. Limited information furnished by any one ratio
7. Misleading impression concerning magnitude of base variable.
Five Elements of the Conclusion
The elements of conclusion are: (Cabana 2014, 8)
1. Stating the topic
2. Stating the thesis statement
3. Summarizing of the main points
4. Adding the points up
5. Making a call to action when appropriate
Examples of Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn (Orbiso 2016, 58)
1. Reading intervention materials by Grade 7 customers could be developed
based on the result of the PHIL-IRI.
2. The customers’ need and wants should be considered to ensure students
or customers’ satisfaction.
3. The reading intervention materials are very much acceptable to the
customers and teachers in terms of clarity, appropriateness, usefulness,
and coherence.
PROVIDING RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations are “accounts of how other people could contribute by
acting on the research or further investigating its other facets” according to Trinidad
(162). Recommendations can be practical suggestions for future research in similar
fields or recommendations for change or both. Each recommendation should be
drawn directly from the conclusion. Other thesis presents their recommendations by
dividing this section into recommendations for stakeholders and recommendations
for future research. The former underlines the suggestions stakeholders or those who
can most benefit from the research can act upon. While the latter, underscores the
suggestions future researchers can further investigate (162-168).
Findings are the bases in forming conclusions, while conclusions are the bases
for providing recommendations.

22
Guidelines in Writing the Recommendations
According to Calderon and Gonzales (247-248) the following are the guidelines:
1. Recommendations should solve problems or help solve problems
identified in the research study.
2. Recommendations should not include ideas that are irrelevant to the
problem or research study.
3. Recommendations for continuity of good practice or system and
continuous improvement should be articulated.
4. Recommendations should be realistic, viable, and attainable.
5. Recommendations should be reasonable and valid.
6. Recommendations should be directed to individuals, entities, agencies,
organizations, or offices who are in the position to execute them.
7. Recommendations for further research on the same topic in different
locale, to validate, negate, or strengthen the findings of the study should
be provided.
Examples of Recommendations
Based on the findings the following recommendations are given:
1. The developed reading materials should be used by the customers
undergoing Continuous Improvement Program (CIP) to further validate
its effectiveness.
2. Teachers should be encouraged to identify the unmastered and least
mastered skills and develop more innovative reading materials in their
respective areas of specialization in order to enhance student’s learning.
3. Parallel studies should be conducted by future researchers such that
other forms of teaching materials may be developed along other learning
areas in the curriculum.
WRITING REPORT
Research Report is a written document containing key parts of research
study. Preparation of research report is not an easy task. This step is considered
crucial because it is where the findings and implications of the study are
communicated to relevant people and also your readers. It is an art because it
requires knowledge, experience, and expertise. Research report is a systematic,
coherent, and organized presentation of the research work in written form. It is a
document containing the fundamental aspects of the research report (Seminaniano
2014, 39-40).
Each step of the writing process is essential for the validity of the study. It is
important that you carefully write the report to achieve quality work. Negligence at
any stage will spoil the whole study. Moreover, the quality of the report depends
largely on your written communication skills, your clarity of thought, your
competence to convey your thoughts in a logical and chronological manner, and your
knowledge about the subject or study (Kumar 2019, 556-557).
Components of a Research Report.
Kabir (2016, 500-518) and Domingo (2011, 2-12) specified the following parts
of research report.

23
 I. Beginning Part (Formality Part)
The beginning part includes cover page, title page, approval sheet,
acknowledgement, dedication, abstract, key word list, table contents,
table of figures.
Abstract- It consists of 100-250 words which summarizes the
purpose, methods, results, and conclusion. It includes a statement of the
manipulations of independent variables and a précis of the results of the
study. Review of the related literature, or theoretical background should
not be included. A rule of thumb in writing an abstract is to write an
introductory sentence, then one sentence per chapter of your research
report and a few sentences summarizing your most important conclusions
and recommendations. Do not use citations or abbreviations.
II. Central Part (Main Report)
1. Chapter 1: Introduction
a. Background of the Study- includes purpose and reason behind the
administration of the study.
b. Statement of the Problem- includes the main problem and the
specific problems the study is trying to solve.
c. Significance of the Study- gives essential benefits it could offer to
different groups of individuals or entities.
d. Assumptions of the Study- the expected outcome of the research
e. Scope and Delimitations- determines the coverage of the study and
the parameters within which the study is conducted.
f. Definition of Terms- defines technical terms based on how they are
used in the study.
2. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
It includes review of related literature, review of relate studies,
conceptual review, and theoretical framework.
3. Chapter III- Method and Procedure
It contains method of research used, sources of data, data gathering
instruments, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of
data.
4. Chapter IV- Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data.
This presents all the data gathered, the results of the study, the
analysis and interpretation of the results of the study. These will serve
as the bases for the Summary of Findings.
5. Chapter V- Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
III. Additional Part (Appendix)
This contains bibliography, copies of forms used, tables not included in
the findings, survey questionnaire, letters, documentation, and other relevant
information.
Guidelines in Writing Research-Report
Research report is a product of hard work. It is a deliberate, painstaking,
accurate inductive work. It requires not just mental preparation but also procedural
preparation of knowledge and ideas. In order to communicate your research report
effectively, you must apply the following guidelines: (Barraceros 2016, 137-139)

24
 1. Parts of your research report must be organized following a standard
research-report structure.
2. Familiarized yourself with the language of academic writing. It is clear,
concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence. It is objective,
formal in tone and style.
Here are the ways to maintain the objectivity and formality of the tone of a
research paper.
a. Use the third-person point of view.
b. Use passive voice than active voice.
c. De-emphasize personal nature of the academic text by avoiding emotional
word like uninteresting, unbecoming and the like.
d. Use modals that indicate the degree of appropriateness, effectiveness, or
applicability of something to express opinionated statements.
3. Observe the mechanics of research-report writing.
The following are the mechanics presented by (Kothari 2004, 353-358).
a. Size and Physical Design- Write the manuscript on a bond paper 8 ½
x 11 in size. A margin of 1 ½ inches left-right margin should be
allowed, and 1 inch at the top-bottom margin. Unless your teacher
instructs you to use particular font style and size, the standard font
style is Times Roman, and font size of 12. If the manuscript is to be
typed, then all typing should be double-spaced.
b. Procedure- Steps in writing report should be adhered strictly.
c. Layout- The layout of the report should be decided and accordingly
adopted.
d. Quotations- Use quotation marks and double spaced for quotations.
But if the quotation is considerably long then it should be single-
spaced.
e. Footnote Citation- It appears at the bottom of the page and should be
numbered consecutively, usually beginning with 1 in each chapter
separately. It is meant for cross references, citation of authorities,
and sources.
Endnote Citation- It also provides the writer with a clear method as
the footnote in directing the reader to further information on the
research topic. It appears at the end of the manuscript (Citing
Sources 2020).
Parenthetical Citation- It is how you give credit to your sources in the
body of your research paper (Mathewson, n.d.).
f. Documentation style
Regarding the single-volume reference:
Author’s name in normal order
Title of the work, underlined to indicate italics
Place and date of publication
Pagination references
Regarding multi-volumed reference:
Author’s name in normal order
Title of the work, underlined to indicate italics
Place and date of publication
Volume number

25
 Pagination references
Regarding periodicals reference:
Name of the author in normal order
Title of article, in quotation marks
Name of periodical, underlined to indicate italics
Volume number
Date of issuance
Pagination
Case of multiple authorship: use et al
g. Punctuation
Author’s name should be followed by a comma
First word, proper nouns and adjectives should be capitalized
Title is followed by a comma
Edition also ends with comma
Place of publication may be mentioned in abbreviated form
h. Use of statistics, charts and graphs- It is used in the form of tables,
charts, bars, line graphs, and pictographs.
i. Final Drafts- Sentences should be clear, logical, and grammatically
correct.
j. Bibliography- Prepared and appended to the research report.
k. Preparation of the index- Acts as a guide for the report. It is arranged
alphabetically either subject index or author index.
Research-Report Writing Styles or Format
The style or format of the research-report writing depends on the requirements
of your teacher or the area of your discipline. The following are the research-writing
styles or format:
1. APA (American Psychological Association)- It is known as the author date
system. It consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication in
the in-text citation.
2. MLA (Modern Language Association)- It follows the author page method of
in-text citation. It uses the author’s last name and page number from
which the quotation or paraphrase is obtained.
3. CMS (Chicago Manual Style)- It consists of the author’s last name, date of
publication and page, chapter, or section from which the quotation or
paraphrased is taken.
Examples
MLA Parenthetical Citation
The importance of intervention provides a promise for specificity and
differentiation on instructions for all kind of learners for it focuses on learners
who struggle (Walker, 133-134).
APA Parenthetical Citation
Continuous improvement shows the relationship between inputs,
processes, and outputs (Evans and Lindsay, 2013).
Chicago Style Parenthetical Citation
In the classroom, continuous improvement is presented to children
from pre-kindergarten to 12th grade in the form of Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA)
system (Kumar 2013, 5).

26
Steps in Writing a Report
Writing reports is logical and systematic. The following are the steps in writing
report according to Khotari (2004, 347):
1. Logical analysis of the subject matter. It is the beginning step which
focuses on the development of the subject. The two ways in the
development of the subject matter are: logical and chronological.
2. Preparation of the final outline. Outline is a tool in organizing written ideas.
It will help you in constructing and organizing your ideas sequentially.
3. Preparation of the rough draft. This part is your preparation for the final
outline. You will write down the procedure adopted in the data gathering
alongside with the limitations you faced, the technique of analysis,
findings, generalizations and recommendations.
4. Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft- This step requires more time
that writing the rough draft. The careful revision makes a good piece of
writing.
5. Preparation of the final bibliography. This is the final step. The
bibliography is a list of your references like books, online sources,
published thesis or dissertation, unpublished thesis or dissertation,
journal, article and the like that you have consulted. The bibliography is
arranged alphabetically.

E What is more?

Learning Task 4: Using the Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast findings,
conclusions, and recommendations.

FINDINGS

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

27
Learning Task 5: Check your understanding. Answer the questions below.
1. What are some of the differences in writing a qualitative and quantitative
research?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different research-report writing styles? Give one example for
each style.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important to follow the guidelines in writing a research-report?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What I can do?

Learning Task 6: The following are the findings of a research conducted by Chua
et. al (2020, 253-257) in their study entitled, “The Status of the Implementation of
the E-Learning Classroom in Selected Higher Education Institution in Region IV-A
Amidst the Covid-19 Crisis”.

1. The respondents had good experiences in introducing the E-Learning

classroom as an immediate response to the country’s enhanced
quarantine situation.

2. Although, all the E-learning platforms used by the respondents are free
of charge, still, students have encountered problems like lack of
resources, difficulty of Wi-Fi connection, and lack of training among
students and faculty members.

Critically study and analyze the given findings.

Craft conclusions using the given findings.
Craft recommendations using the crafted conclusions.

28
 Conclusions

Recommendations

What else I can do?

Learning Task 7: Study and evaluate critically if the abstract presented below
follows the concepts of abstract writing. Write your evaluation on a separate sheet
of paper.
The study entitled "Personal Hygiene and Sanitary Practices of Secondary
Students" was conducted in selected areas. The main objective of the study were to
find out the personal hygiene and sanitary practice and its impact among students.
A descriptive design was employed, using questionnaire survey and interview as data
gathering instruments. The respondents of this study were 100 high school students
and a simple random sampling was utilized. The variables considered are personal
hygiene, sanitary practice, and health problems. The study found out that 75% cut
their nails, 50% brushed their hair, 80% brushed their teeth and only 50% students
use powder. Similarly all students wash their face but not all of them bath daily.
According to (Deborah, 2018) creating a personal hygiene is beneficial to health. The
study found out that the students were not completely aware of personal hygiene. It
was also found out that common health problems due to poor personal hygiene were
diarrhea, lack of appetite. Personal hygiene was not practiced conscientiously by the
students. The study recommends that personal hygiene and sanitation be part of the
school curriculum. A proposed plan of action focusing on the subject of proper
hygiene and sanitary be implemented.

Critical Evaluation

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
29
 What I have learned?
Learning Task 8: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a summary and synthesis of the key points.
A. Findings C. Conclusion
B. Recommendation D. Report
2. It is deals with of the outcomes of the study.
A. Findings C. Conclusion
B. Recommendation D. Report
3. It is a written document containing the key parts of the research study.
A. Conclusions C. Findings
B. Research Reports D. Recommendations
4. They are solutions based on the conclusions.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Report D. Recommendation
5. Which of the following is not a guideline in writing findings?
A. Brief statement of the objectives of the study must be written
B. Finding must answer specific question.
C. The findings should be textual generalizations.
D. Findings should be elaborated.
6. These are the bases in forming conclusions.
A. Conclusion C. Findings
B. Recommendation D. Research Report
7. Which is an example of conclusion?
A. The two most significant factors demonstrating positive correlation on
mental health among senior high schools were perception of father’s
warmth and extroversion and introversion.
B. Between the key demographic variables of gender and parental income,
gender was found to be more likely to have a significant difference with
regard to mental health.
C. Educationalists, counsellors, psychologists, counselors, and school
authorities should raise awareness about mental health issues faced by
students.
D. Physical and mental health of students were influenced by financial
situation.
8. All statements are examples of findings except________.
A. There is a need to conduct a more comprehensive analysis of qualitative
studies to reveal areas that require additional investigation.
B. The local tourists assessed Filipino tour guides in terms of personality as
outstanding with a weighted mean of 4.55.

30
 C. The study shows that pregnant students experienced physical, emotional,
and mental distress, anxiety of the unknown, shame and humiliation, love
and support of significant others.
D. There was a significant relationship between social networking addiction
and academic performance of students.
9. Which is true in writing a conclusion?
A. Use complicated words.
B. Draw your conclusion based on indirect effects of the findings.
C. Be sure to connect your research to a larger significant issue.
D. Apologize at the end of your conclusion.
10. Continuous improvement shows the interaction between inputs, processes,
and outputs (Evans and Lindsay 2013, 55). This is an example of _____.
A. MLA Citation
B. CMS Citation
C. APA Citation
D. Footnote Citation

What I can achieve?

D
Learning Task 9: Write a research report of your current study. Make sure that you
communicate the purpose of the study, its methodology, findings, conclusions, and
recommendations in an accurate, comprehensible, unambiguous, and concise
manner. Follow the written plan below and be guided with the rubrics in writing
your report. (Kumar 2019,
Step 1: Developing a draft outline
Start by dividing the report into different chapters.
Title: ___________________________________________________________________________
Chapter I: _______________________________________________________________________
Chapter II: ______________________________________________________________________
Chapter III: _____________________________________________________________________
Chapter IV: _____________________________________________________________________
Final Chapter: Summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations
_________________________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Developing a draft outline for each chapter
Plan, and decide what you will include in each chapter.
I. Introduction- Outline the ideas for subheadings in the introduction. Answer the
following questions.
1. What is the research about?
2. Why is it important?

31
 3. What are the issues or problems?
4. What is the proposed solution or approach?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
II. Literature Review- Outline related work and indicate how it links to the study.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
III. Research Design- Outline the contents for each subsection: method of research
used, subjects of the study, instruments, procedure, and data treatment.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data- Outline the data including
your analysis and interpretation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
V. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations- Outline the general and
specific conclusions, recommendations.
Step 3: Writing the variables
After drafting the structure of your research-report. Start writing with the actual
writing process.
Step 4: Referencing and writing the bibliography
There are different means of referencing, use the style or format suggested by
the school or your teacher.

32
Source: http://www.people.ku.edu/~tkrieshok/epsy890/report_rubric.pdf

33
 Answer Key

What’s new?
Answers may vary
What I know?
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. C
10. C
What is in?
Answers may vary
What is more?
Answers may vary
What I can do?
Answers may vary
What else I can do?
Answers may vary
What I have learned?

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. B

What I can achieved?

Answers may vary

34
 References

Books
Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2. Sampaloc Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016.
Calderon, Jose F., and Gonzales, Expectacion C. Methods of Research and Thesis
Writing. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 2011.
Trinidad, Jose E. Researching Philippine Realities: A Guide to Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Humanities Research. Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila University Press, 2018.
Unpublished Sources
Orbiso, Juvelyn C. “Development and Evaluation of Continuous Development Program
Reading Intervention Materials for Grade 7 Customers.” Master’s Thesis, Marikina
Polytechnic College, 2016.
Coles, Catherine U. “Development and Evaluation of Supplementary Theme-based
Learning Package in Grade 8 English.” Master’s Thesis, Marikina Polytechnic
College, 2018.
Online Sources
Cabana, Mariole. “Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations.” Last
modified 2014. https://prezi.com/tv3axpwcdccc/summary-of-findings-
conclusions-and-recommendations/
Chua, R., B. Siballuca, R. Miranda, G. Palmario, R. Moreno, and J. Solon. “The Status
of the Implementation of the E-Learning Classroom in Selected Higher Education
Institutions in Region IV-A Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis.” Journal of Critical
Reviews 7, no 11(2020): 253-257. http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-
1590731776.pdf
Domingo, Andrew. “Parts of a Research Paper.” Last modified 2011.
https://www.slideshare.net/AndrewDomingo/parts-of-a-research-paper
Kabir, Syed Muhammad S. Basic Guideline for Research: An Introductory Approach for
All Disciplines 1st ed. Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication, 2016.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325546150_WRITING_RESEARCH_R
EPORT
Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques 2nd ed. New Delhi: New
Age International (P) Ltd., 2004.
https://www.modares.ac.ir/uploads/Agr.Oth.Lib.17.pdf
Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners. 5th ed. London:
SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019.
http://www.sociology.kpi.ua/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ranjit_Kumar-
Research_Methodology_A_Step-by-Step_G.pdf
Mathewson, Andrienne. “How to Do In-Text and Parenthetical Citations.” accessed
February 6, 2021, https://www.bibliography.com/how-to/in-text-and-
parenthetical-citations/
Merriam Library. “Citing Sources Chicago Bibliography Style.” Accessed February 3,
2021, https://libguides.csuchico.edu/c.php?g=414275&p=2822291
Seminiano, Abigail D. “Reading and Writing Skills.” Last modified 2019.
https://www.scribd.com/document/408650094/Reading-and-Writing-Skills-
Module-docx
“Writing Conclusions and Recommendations”. Accessed February 4, 2021,
https://faculty.mccombs.utexas.edu/kristie.loescher/Lecture%20Notes/reports
%20conc%20and20rec.ppt

35
Department of Education Division Rizal

Address: DepEd Bldg., Cabrera Rd., Bgy. Dolores, Taytay, Rizal 1920

Telephone number: 09274562115/09615294771

36