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FLUID FLOW

The document discusses fluid flow in food processing, detailing the types of fluids and their behaviors, including ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. It explains the characteristics of fluid flow such as steady vs. unsteady and viscous vs. non-viscous, along with the relevant equations for mass flow rate and properties like density and viscosity. Additionally, it highlights the differences in stress types and the behavior of fluids under various conditions.

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Jen Montojo
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

FLUID FLOW

The document discusses fluid flow in food processing, detailing the types of fluids and their behaviors, including ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. It explains the characteristics of fluid flow such as steady vs. unsteady and viscous vs. non-viscous, along with the relevant equations for mass flow rate and properties like density and viscosity. Additionally, it highlights the differences in stress types and the behavior of fluids under various conditions.

Uploaded by

Jen Montojo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID FLOW IN FOOD PROCESSING

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

WHAT IS FLUID FLOW?


Fluid Flow is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid dynamics. It involves the motion of a
fluid subjected to unbalanced forces. This motion continues as long as unbalanced forces are
applied.
FLUID STATICS is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest.
FLUID DYNAMICS is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behavior of fluids in
motion
TYPES OF FLUIDS
Ideal fluid- A fluid is said to be ideal when it cannot be compressed and the viscosity doesn’t fall
in the category of an ideal fluid. It is an imaginary fluid which doesn’t exist in reality.
Real fluid- All the fluids are real as all the fluids possess viscosity.
Newtonian fluid- When the fluid obeys Newton’s law of viscosity, it is known as a Newtonian
fluid.
Non-Newtonian fluid- When the fluid doesn’t obey Newton’s law of viscosity, it is known as Non-
Newtonian fluid.
Ideal plastic fluid- When the shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient and shear stress
is more than the yield value, it is known as ideal plastic fluid.
Incompressible fluid- When the density of the fluid doesn’t change with the application of
external force, it is known as an incompressible fluid.
Compressible fluid- When the density of the fluid changes with the application of external force,
it is known as compressible fluid.
Types of Fluid Flow

Fluid flow has all kinds of aspects — steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible,
viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational, to name a few. Some of these
characteristics reflect the properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is
moving.

Steady or Unsteady Flow

Fluid flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on the fluid’s velocity:

 Steady: In steady fluid flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant at any point.
 Unsteady: When the flow is unsteady, the fluid’s velocity can differ between any two
points.

Viscous or Non-viscous Flow

Liquid flow can be viscous or non-viscous.

Viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a fluid, and very gloppy fluids such as motor oil or
shampoo are called viscous fluids.

Fluid Flow Equation

Mass flow rate is the rate of movement of a massive fluid through a unit area. In simple words it
is the movement of mass per unit time. The formula for mass flow rate is given as follows:

SOLVED EXAMPLE

A fluid moves through a tube of 15 m/s, the tube has a transverse area of 0.4 m 2. If the
density of the fluid is ρ = 1.5 grams/m3, what is the amount of mass flowing through the
tube?

Substituting the values in the above equation, we get:


PROPERTIES OF FLUID

When force acting on a surface is perpendicular to it, the stress is called normal
stress. More commonly, normal stress is referred to as pressure. When the force acts
parallel to the surface, the stress is called shear stress, . When shear stress is applied to a
fluid, the fluid cannot support the shear stress; instead the fluid deforms, or simply stated, it
flows (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Shows shear and normal stress acting on (a) fluid flow (b) physical entity

When normal stress or pressure is applied on a liquid, there is no observed appreciable


effect. Thus, liquids are called incompressible fluids, whereas gases are compressible fluids,
since increased pressure results in considerable reduction in volume occupied by a gas.

DENSITY

The density of a liquid is defined as its mass per unit volume and is expressed as kg/m3 in the
SI unit system. In a physical sense, the magnitude of the density is the mass of a quantity of a
given liquid occupying a defined unit volume.

VISCOSITY - is a measure of resistance to flow of a fluid. Although molecules of a fluid are in


constant random motion, the net velocity in a particular direction is zero unless some force is
applied to cause the fluid to flow. The magnitude of the force needed to induce flow at a certain
velocity is related to the viscosity of a fluid.

This resistance of a material to flow or deformation is known as stress. Shear stress ( ) is the
term given to the stress induced when molecules slip past one another along a defined plane.

The velocity gradient is a measure of how rapidly one molecule is slipping past another,
therefore, it is also referred to as the rate of shear.
Figure 3: A plot showing the relationship between shear stress and shear rate for different types
of fluids

1. Fluids that exhibit a linear increase in the shear stress with the rate of shear are called
Newtonian fluids. The proportionality constant (µ) is called the viscosity.

Fluids with characteristics deviating from Eq. (1) are called non-Newtonian fluids. These fluids
exhibit either shear thinning or shear thickening behavior, and some exhibit a yield stress (i.e., a
threshold stress that must be overcome before the fluid starts to flow).

The two most commonly used equations for characterizing non-Newtonian fluids are the power
law model (Eq. 2) and the Herschel-Bulkley model for fluids (Eq. 3):
REFERENCES:

https://byjus.com/physics/fluid-flow/

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