MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION

Subtopic 2.1 INTEGRATION OF FUNCTIONS

Learning objective(s) a) Relate integration and differentiation
b) Define the basic rules of integration
1
c) Find the integral of 𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 and 𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐

2.1.(a): Relation between integration and differentiation

A function 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of a function 𝑓 if the derivative of 𝐹 is 𝑓.
𝑑
Where, if 𝑑𝑥 [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥), then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐.

This process of finding the antiderivative is called integration.

So, “∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙” means integrate the integrand 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙.

2.1.(b):Basic Rules of Integration

1. ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑛+1
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

3. ∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
5. ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1,
(𝑛+1)(𝑎)
*(note that this is the case for when 𝑥 is of degree 1 only)

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
6. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

Example 1:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 2:
Evaluate the following integrals.
a) ∫ −2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3

Example 3:
Evaluate the following integrals.
a) ∫(6𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)2 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

d) ∫(5𝑥 + 7)9 𝑑𝑥

e)  2 x( x − 3) 4 dx
2

ln x
f)  x
dx

g) x x3 − 5dx
2

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

𝟏
2.1.(c): Finding the integral of 𝒆𝒃𝒙+𝒄 , 𝒃𝒙+𝒄 and 𝒂𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑑
• Recall that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 . Thus, the integral of ∫ 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 + 𝐶. Thus,

dividing both sides with 𝑏, the integral becomes:

𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
∫ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑏

Further more: ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑑 𝑏 𝑏
• Recall that [ln(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)] = . Thus, the integral ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐶. Thus,
𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑏𝑥+𝑐

dividing both sides with 𝑏, the integral becomes:

1 ln(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑏

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Further more:∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑑
• Recall that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐 (ln 𝑎)(𝑏). Thus, the integral ∫ 𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐 (ln 𝑎)(𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐 +

𝐶. Thus, dividing both sides with (ln 𝑎)(𝑏), the integral becomes:

𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐
∫ 𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
(ln 𝑎)(𝑏)

Example 4:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 4𝑒 2𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 ( 3x + 1) e x
d) 2 3
+ x −2
dx

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 5:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

b) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+5

1 1
c) ∫ 6𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥
2

2x
d) x 2
−1
dx

10
e)  2 x − 1 dx

3x 2 + x
f)  2 x3 + x 2 dx

Example 6:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 27𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Subtopic 2.2 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Learning objective(s) a) Find the integral of trigonometric functions
sin 𝑎𝑥, cos 𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥

2.2.(a): Find the integral of trigonometric functions 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒙, 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒙
𝑑
• Recall that 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑎𝑥) = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥. Thus, ∫ −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶. Dividing both sides

with −𝑎, the integral becomes:

− cos 𝑎𝑥
∫ sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

𝑑
• Recall that (sin 𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥. Thus, ∫ 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶. Dividing both sides
𝑑𝑥

with 𝑎, the integral becomes:

sin 𝑎𝑥
∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

𝑑
• Recall that 𝑑𝑥 (tan 𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥. Thus, ∫ 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶. Dividing both sides

with 𝑎, the integral becomes:

tan 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑎

Example 7:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 2 cos (3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

c) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

d) ∫(3 sin 2𝑥 + cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

e) ∫(cos 7𝑥 + 5𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

f) ∫ ( 32 − cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥

• Integration of trigonometric functions involving double angle formulae:

sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1−cos 2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
2 2
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Example 8:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

c) ∫ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

d) ∫ 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• Integration of trigonometric functions involving compound angle formulae:

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Example 9:
Find the following integrals.
a) ∫(sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫(cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

• Integration of trigonometric functions involving factor formulae:

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

Example 10:
Find ∫ 2sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Subtopic 2.3 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Learning objective(s) a) Find the integral by using substitution method
b) Perform integration by parts
c) Find the integral of a rational function by means of
decomposition into partial fractions

2.3.(a): Integration by Substitution

• Integration by substitution is used to find an integral in the form of

∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ---------- (1)

Then, let 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)---------- (2)
𝑑𝑢
and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑥) or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥----------(3)

• By substituting (2) and (3) into (1), we obtain

∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

• Let us see how it works in the following examples.

Example 11:
By using substitution method, find:
2
a) ∫ 3(2𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫(2𝑥 + 3) √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 2𝑥
𝑥 2 −1

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

d) ∫(3𝑥 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑥3+𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥

1
3𝑒 𝑡
e) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡2

f) ∫ 52𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥

3
g) ∫ (ln 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 12:
By using substitution method, find:

a) ∫ 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

b) ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

2.3.(b):Integration by Parts

• Suppose 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥. By the product rule of differentiation

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 -----------------------(1)
𝑑𝑥

• Integrating both sides of equation (1) with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑢 + 𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Thus,

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

• This technique is called integration by parts.

• The idea is to choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣, so that ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 is simpler than the ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣.

Example 13:
Find the integral using integration by parts technique.

a) ∫(𝑥√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

b) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 𝑥2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

d) ∫ 3𝑥𝑒 4−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

e) ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

2.3.(c): Integration of a Rational Function

• A rational function is a function where both the numerator and the denominator are
polynomials.
• Only proper fraction will be focused on in this chapter. A proper fraction is where the degree
of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator.
• If the denominator can be factorised, then the function can be expressed as the sum of partial
fractions.
• Some functions and their partial fractions:

Function Partial fractions

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) +
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
1 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑥 −1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)
2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
+ 2
(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
2

Example 14:
Use the method of partial fractions to find:
a) ∫ 25𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2𝑥−3

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

b) ∫ 6𝑥+72 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+2)

c) ∫ 3 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +2𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Subtopic 2.4 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Learning objective(s) a) Use the properties of definite integral
b) Evaluate definite integrals
c) Find the area of a region
d) Determine the volume of a solid of revolution

2.4.(a): Properties of Definite Integral

2.4.(b):Evaluating Definite Integrals

• If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are integrable on closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑐 is any constant;

Example 15:
3 8 3
1. Given ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4 , ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 12 and ∫1 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5. Find

3
a) ∫1 5𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
b) ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3 1
c) ∫1 10𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫3 5𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

8
d) ∫1 3𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3
2. Evaluate ∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥.

1
3. Evaluate ∫0 (𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝜋
4. Evaluate ∫04 (sin 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

𝑒 𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Find
3𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 0
0
a. ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5
b. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0
c. ∫−2[𝑓(𝑥) + 2] 𝑑𝑥

5
d. ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

• Integration by substitution can also be used to evaluate definite integrals. However, if the
calculation is done in terms of 𝒖, the limits must also be changed according to 𝒖.

Example 16:

1
1. Evaluate ∫−1 3𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

𝜋
2. Find ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.

2 𝑥
3. Find ∫0 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥.

2.4.(c): Finding the Area of a Region

i. bounded by a curve and the x or 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:
a. Area between the curve and the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:
• The area under a curve can be computed using definite integration. Hence the formal
definition:
If 𝑓 is continuous throughout [𝑎, 𝑏], then the area of the region between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

*area is always positive

**a negative value indicates that the area lies below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 17:
Find the areas enclosed by the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the following curves and straight lines:
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2

b) 𝑦 = 8 − 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 3

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

c) 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝜋
2

b. Area between the curve and the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:

If 𝑔 is continuous throughout [𝑐, 𝑑], then the area of the region between the curves 𝑥 =
𝑔(𝑦) and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑 is given by

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐

*a negative value indicates that the area lies on the left-hand side of the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Example 18:
Find the areas enclosed by the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the following curves and straight lines:
a) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

b) 𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑦 − 2), 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 3

ii. Area between two curves

iii. Area between a line and a curve
If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are continuous with 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) throughout [𝑎, 𝑏], then the area of the region
between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 is the integral of [𝑓 − 𝑔]
from 𝑎 to 𝑏.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

𝑎

Example 19:
1. The two curves 𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 16 intersect at points 𝑎 and 𝑏.
a) Find the coordinates of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
b) Sketch the two curves on the same axes.
c) Find the area enclosed by the two curves.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

𝜋
2. Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 within [0, 4 ].

3. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is bounded by 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

2.4.(d):Determining the Volume of a Solid of Revolution

• Volume of a solid of revolution:
Through revolution of a curve by the 𝑥 or 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, solids like cylinder, cone etc. can be
produced as illustrated below.

• Volume of a solid produced by revolving a curve through the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:

𝑏
𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

• Volume of a solid produced by revolving a curve through the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:

𝑑
𝑉 = ∫𝑐 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 20:
1. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by revolving the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2
about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 in the first quadrant.

2. The curve 𝑦 = √𝑥, the line 𝑥 = 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from the sides of a bounded region 𝑅.
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving 𝑅 about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

3. Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 = 8 and
𝑥 = 0 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

4. Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 =
𝜋
cos 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 and 𝑥 = 0 about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

• Volume of a solid generated by revolving the region between two curves:

Suppose that 𝑦1 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦2 = 𝑔(𝑥) are non-negative continuous function such that,
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 and let 𝑅 be the region enclosed between the graphs of these
functions and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏. When this region is revolved about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, it
generates a solid.
• Revolve about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:

𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋 (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 ) 𝑑𝑥 OR 𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋 [(𝑓(𝑥))2 − (𝑔(𝑥))2 ] 𝑑𝑥

• Revolve about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:

𝑑 𝑏
𝑉 = ∫𝑐 𝜋 (𝑥12 − 𝑥22 ) 𝑑𝑦 OR 𝑉 = ∫𝑎 𝜋 [(𝑓(𝑦))2 − (𝑔(𝑦))2 ] 𝑑𝑦

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 21:
1. Find the volume generated by revolving the region bounded by 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 through
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

2. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4 is
revolved about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Subtopic 2.5 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

Learning objective(s) a) Use the trapezoidal rule to approximate definite integral

2.5.(a): Trapezoidal Rule

• Trapezoidal rule is a method used in finding an approximation if or when an integral cannot

be integrated.
• An estimate of the area bounded by the curve, the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
obtained by dividing it into a series of trapezia.
• The area of each trapezium is added up to obtain the estimate of the whole area.
• The approximation becomes more accurate with a greater number of strips of trapezia.

• Trapezoidal Rule formula:

𝑏
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ ℎ[(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 )]
2
𝑎
𝑏−𝑎
Where ℎ = and 𝑛 = number of equal-width sub-intervals
𝑛

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MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION SM025

Example 22:
5
1. Evaluate ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using 4 strips by the trapezoidal rule. Give your answer correct to three

decimal places.

0.8 2
2. Use the trapezoidal rule, with five ordinates, to evaluate ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, correct to three decimal
places.

5
3. Find the approximation of ∫3 √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by using trapezoidal rule with 4 strips (4 sub-
intervals). Give your answer correct to 4 decimal places.

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