Reading &

Writing Skills
 Grading System
Written Works 35%
Performance Task 30%
Exam 35%_
Total: 100%
 Bible Verse
“Whatever you have learned or
received or heard from me, or
seen in me, put it into practice
and the God of peace will be with
you.” -Philippians 4:9
 Graduate Attributes-Values
Integration
Truth Seeker: Foster critical thinking
in comparing and contrasting
patterns of written texts across
disciplines.
Values Integration: Critical Thinking (T7)
Most Essential Learning
Competency (MELC)

a. compare and contrast

patterns of written texts
across disciplines.
 LESSON 1:
Patterns of Written
Texts Across
Disciplines
Introduction
Development of ideas requires analysis
to see how those ideas relate in order
to form a unified and organized stretch
of coherent text. A well-developed text
is a result of in depth understanding
and skillful use of methods and
patterns of development.
Introduction
It has a topic sentence. It has smooth
transaction from one sentence to the
next. It is based on one or more methods
of development. By understanding the
patterns of paragraph development, you
will find ease in writing.
Introduction
The patterns of paragraph development
provide flexibility in expressing yourself
in written form with interest,
confidence and competence. They help
you sort out information and shape
them into meaningful text.
 The Nature of
Writing:
What is Writing?
 Writing may be defined
as any conventional
system of marks or signs
that represents the
utterances of a language.
Patterns of Text
Development
Patterns of Text Development
1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Classification
5. Comparison and contrast
6. Cause and effect
7. Problem- solution
8. persuasion
 Narration
It is storytelling pattern of paragraph development
which follows chronological sequence of events and
contains the basic elements of a story: setting,
characters, plot, and theme. You simply tell a story in
a written form in this paragraph development.
Signal words:
after, finally, soon, as (soon as), later, then,
before, meanwhile, upon, during, next, when,
first, now, lastly, and while.
Types of Narration
Objective Narration
Subjective Narration
Objective Narration
A type of narration that
is direct and factual or
based on reality.
Subjective Narration
A type of narration that
is based on a personal
interpretation.
 My Most Embarrassing Moment
The most embarrassing moment of my sophomore year was how I
earned my nick name, Crash. It all started right after school when I
turned on to the busiest street by the school. First, I pulled up right
behind this truck at a stop sign. After a second, a fellow older student
told me that I was really close and that I was going to hit the truck in
front of me. At the moment I was trying to tell the kid that I was giving a
ride to get back in the car because he was hanging out the window.
Since I was distracted, I thought the long line of traffic had started to
move, but it hadn’t. In the blink of an eye I hit the back of the truck in
front of me. The devastation sunk in. I was so worried that I damaged
the truck, but all that I did was scratch his bumper. Lucky for him! Then
it came time to look at my car. My car was ruined. The hood was
buckled, the front end was pushed back, and my headlights were
broken. Humiliated and scared, I still had to drive my totaled care
home. During School that year, I never did hear the end of what had
happened that day.
 My Most Embarrassing Moment
The most embarrassing moment of my sophomore year was how I
earned my nick name, Crash. It all started right after school when I
turned on to the busiest street by the school. First, I pulled up right
behind this truck at a stop sign. After a second, a fellow older student
told me that I was really close and that I was going to hit the truck in
front of me. At the moment I was trying to tell the kid that I was giving
a ride to get back in the car because he was hanging out the window.
Since I was distracted, I thought the long line of traffic had started to
move, but it hadn’t. In the blink of an eye I hit the back of the truck in
front of me. The devastation sunk in. I was so worried that I damaged
the truck, but all that I did was scratch his bumper. Lucky for him! Then
it came time to look at my car. My car was ruined. The hood was
buckled, the front end was pushed back, and my headlights were
broken. Humiliated and scared, I still had to drive my totaled care
home. During School that year, I never did hear the end of what had
happened that day.
Description
It means to tell what something is like. It appeals to
the reader’s senses – sight, smell, taste, touch, and
sound. You describe something using concrete and
specific details or imagery which creates a clear and
vivid impression of the topic.
Descriptive paragraph writing genre:
-Literary analysis - Laboratory report
-Descriptive essays - Research papers
-Business plans
Types of Description
Objective Description
Subjective Description
Objective Description
A type of description
that is without any
judgement.
Subjective Description
A type of description that
is based on a personal
attitude towards a
subject.
The older man shuffled slowly down the dirt
road, a faded baseball cap pulled low over his
eyes to shield them from the sun’s rays. He wore
overalls and a flannel shirt, his hands calloused
from years of hard work in the fields. His face
was craggy but kind- a life filled with stories
hidden beneath the wrinkles that framed his
eyes. I watched him as he walked, his steps light
despite the weight of all he had seen.
The older man shuffled slowly down the dirt
road, a faded baseball cap pulled low over his
eyes to shield them from the sun’s rays. He wore
overalls and a flannel shirt, his hands calloused
from years of hard work in the fields. His face
was craggy but kind- a life filled with stories
hidden beneath the wrinkles that framed his
eyes. I watched him as he walked, his steps light
despite the weight of all he had seen.
Definition
It is a pattern of development intended
to answer question: “What is it?” The
purpose is to explain the meaning of a
word, concept or idea. A definition
identifies a term and sets it apart from
all other terms that may be related to it.
 Definition
Different ways: Synonym, Class, and Negation.
Synonym is explaining the term by using the words
that mean the same thing.
Ex. To procrastinate is to slack.
Class is when you put your topic in a larger category
to explain your term.
Ex. A pineapple is a tropical fruit that has an acidic
and sweet taste.
 Definition
Different ways: Synonym, Class, and Negation.

Negation means that the writer first says

something is not, and then says what it is.

Ex. A snow cone is not an ice cream cone, but

rather a shredded ice and syrup treat.
Definition
Usually, definitions begin by mentioning
the general class to which a term belongs,
then provide specific to distinguish the
term from other members of that class.
signal words:
-as define as -means -to define
-is define as -refers to -to illustrate
Classification/Exemplification
It is a pattern of development which shows the
process of sorting items for the purpose of
grouping those similar characteristics and
distinguishing them from those with different
characteristics. Signal words:
- for example -such as -for instance
-can be divided -can be classified
-can be categorized
Activity 1.
Instructions: Identify what type of
patterns of development in writing
in the following.
1. The bustling city street was a melting pot of
cultures, languages, and flavors. As eager shoppers
stopped to examine their wares, merchants called out
from their booths. Everywhere I looked, people were
walking, talking, laughing- the occasional honk of a car
horn punctuating the air.
The smells were a mix of mouthwatering cuisine from
dozens of countries, the sound of different languages
intermingling as the conversation drifted through the
air.
DESCRIPTION
1. The bustling city street was a melting pot of
cultures, languages, and flavors. As eager shoppers
stopped to examine their wares, merchants called out
from their booths. Everywhere I looked, people were
walking, talking, laughing- the occasional honk of a
car horn punctuating the air.
The smells were a mix of mouthwatering cuisine
from dozens of countries, the sound of different
languages intermingling as the conversation drifted
through the air.
DESCRIPTION
2. (Math Magic)
Here is a fun number trick that’s easy to solve. Just
follow the directions carefully. First, think of a
number. Second, double the number, and add
two. Third, multiply the result by three. The next
step is to add three. Then subtract your original
number. After you do that, subtract four from the
answer. Then subtract five. Finally, divide by five.
Did you end up with the number with which you
began?
NARRATION/ CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE
2. (Math Magic)
Here is a fun number trick that’s easy to solve. Just
follow the directions carefully. First, think of a
number. Second, double the number, and add
two. Thirst, multiply the result by three. The next
step is to add three. Then subtract your original
number. After you do that, subtract four from the
answer. Then subtract five. Finally, divide by five.
Did you end up with the number with which you
began?
NARRATION/ CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE
3. An amtrack is not a boat; however, it is a military vehicle that moves on
the ocean as well as on land. It’s an armored vehicle that weighs twenty-six
tons. An amtrack’s job is to carry troops from ships off shore onto the beach
in an amphibious assault. It’s made out of aluminum, with steel suspension. It
has a tracked suspension, much like a bulldozer. Its front end slopes upward
toward the headlights in an effort to give it greater ground clearance. It’s
propelled on land by its tracked suspension; however, in the water it uses two
water jets. It has a turret that holds a fifty caliber machine gun, and a forty
millimeter, fully automatic, grenade launcher. It has a ramp on the back that
can be raised or lowered for the easy loading and unloading of troops. There
is a door built into this ramp so that when the ramp is up, people can still get
in and out through the back. It has three hatches behind the turret that can
be opened to allow the dropping of supplies into the vehicle, or to allow
embarked infantry a means of looking out. The driver looks out of a hatch on
the front left side of the vehicle, while the troop commander sits just behind
him. The vehicle commander, sits in the turret of the vehicle, and mans the
machine guns. The amtrack is fully amphibious.
DEFINITION
Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and contrast is one of the patterns of
text development. Comparison is used when the
writer wants to point out the similarities between or
among ideas, while contrast is used when the writer
wants to point out the difference between or among
ideas.
signal words:
Comparison- both, same, like, alike, and similar
Contrast- but, unlike, different, however, and whereas
Cause and Effect
The very purpose of establishing cause
and effect in paragraph is to point out
to your readers the relationship
between events or situations. Aside
from this, you also point out to them
to the possible consequences.
Cause and Effect
When you intend to analyze why something
occurred or happened, you to discuss the cause.
When you intend to analyze the end-product or
result brought about something, you are to
discuss the effect.
Signal words:
so, so that, since, because, if, reason,
and as a result
All birds have wings, but not all birds fly. Scientists
believe that there once was a time when all birds could
fly. In time, however, some birds no longer needed to
fly in order to survive. So, there birds became
flightless. The two most common flightless birds are
penguins and ostriches. Penguins have flippers to help
them swim underwater at fast speeds. Ostriches also
move quickly, even though they are the largest living
birds. Their wings help them balance as they run. These
birds can run at speeds up to 35 miles per hour.
Cause: They no longer needed to fly to survive.
Effect: They became flightless.
Problem-Solution
It presents a problem and explains a solution to the
problem. If the writer aims to convince the reader of
a best solution, the paragraph must be persuasive.
Problem- solution pattern
-organizes ideas into problems and offers solutions
-Problems answer the WH-questions
-solutions present the major effects of the problem
signal words:
nonetheless, one reason for the, one solution is,
one way is, the problem, the solution
 Steps in Problem-Solution
1. Identify the problem.
2. Describe the problem.
3. Determine the solution/s.
4. Explain how the solution/s can help.
Persuasion
It expresses strong opinion about
something to get other minds to
agree to the main topic or to the
idea being presented. For this
purpose, you must remember the
following.
Things to Remember When Persuading
1. Identify an issue, a debatable issue.
2. Articulate your stance by stating clearly opinion.
3. Focus on your purpose.
4. Develop supporting evidence to your point.
5. Recognize and respond to counter opinion.
6. Use critical thinking to strengthen your argument.
7. Avoid misleading and illogical reasoning.
8. Provide concluding statement regarding your
stance on the issue.
Immigration contribute to the overall health of the American
economy. Despite recent concerns expressed about illegal and
some legal immigration to the united States, this country has
largely benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that
immigrants bring with them, American businesses gain from a
good source of affordable labor, while towns and cities are
revitalized by immigrant families who strengthen communities
through civic participation and the generation of new economic
activity. The United States must continue to welcome new arrivals
and help those who are already here; otherwise, the country will
lose the advantages it has over other industrialized countries that
compete against us in the global marketplace and seek to recruit
from a vast pool of unskilled and skilled global workers.
Activity 2.
Instructions: Identify what type of
patterns of development in writing
in the following.
1.Marcus and Jake were hiking along a mountain
path. They came to a folk in the trail. They didn’t
know which way to go. “Look at the map,” said
Marcus to Jake. Jake checked his pockets and his
backpack. He couldn’t find the map.
“I left it at the place we stopped to rest. We’ll have to
go back,” said Jake.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Effect: Marcus and Jake didn’t know which way
to go on the trail.
Cause: Jake lost the map.
2. There are two kinds of elephants. Some elephants live
in India. Both animals are quite large, but African
elephants are a bit larger than Indian elephants. The ears
of Indian elephants are about half the size of African
elephants. Both elephants have long trunks, but both do
not have tusks. Only African elephants have tusks.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Comparison: They both are large.
They both have long trunks.
Contrast: The ears of Indian elephants are smaller than
those of African elephants.
Only African elephants have tusks.
Traffic., traffic, traffic: this is what we always face in Gensan
City. As a solution to this problem, one government agency
suggested that jeepneys be banned in Gensan. I strongly
oppose this suggestion for two reasons. To start, the
Philippines has not yet built an adequate and low-cost
public transportation, we are posing a problem to those who
cannot afford expensive transport systems like taxis. Aside
from this, banning jeepneys affects our cultural identity.
These colorful vehicles, as well as the actual experience of
riding them, have become one of the symbols of the
Philippines. It is therefore a cultural crime to bar them from
the country’s capital.
PERSUASION
Thank You and God Bless!!!