MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

Alimannao Hills, Peñablanca, Cagayan

Telefax No.: (078) 304-1010
Website: www.mcnp.edu.ph E-Mail Address: [email protected]

COLLEGE OF NURSING
Subject: NAT. SCI. 2 ZOOLOGY Semester: FIRST 2022-2023 Term :
SEMIFINALS

Course/Year/Section: ________________________ Score:

__________________________________

LABORATORY ACTIVITY No. 3

The Organ System (Frog Dissection)

Learning Objectives:
1. Describe the appearance and function of various organs found in the frog.
2. Name, locate, and identify the organs that make up various systems of the
frog

Pre-laboratory activity questions:

1. Which body system protects our organs, gives the body structure, and allows us to move?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Which body systems delivers blood all over our body?
___________________________
3. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood ______________________ the heart.
4. Which body systems breaks down food into nutrients?
_________________________________
5. Which body system tells the skeletal system to move?
__________________________________
6. Which body system brings air into the lungs?
__________________________________________
7. You go out for a jog in the spring to shed some winter pounds. Which body systems are
working? Explain how.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM COMPARE TO FROG

Digestive System Organs

 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Rectum and anus bile is a digestive juice that
 Liver: gets rid of toxins (poisons) in the body, makes bile helps break down fats!
 Gallbladder: stores and releases bile
 Kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that filter blood

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Parts of the Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

 Heart
 Lungs
 Blood
 blood vessels
 Trachea: the windpipe (what you breathe through)
 Glottis: the flap that covers the windpipe when you’re swallowing
Ten Things You Need to Know About Frogs

1. Frogs Are Amphibians.

 Amphibians are animals that spend half their life on land and half on
water
– Amphibian means “double life”

2. Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrate animals.

 They are different from reptiles in that they lack scales and generally
return to water to breed (reproduce).

3. When a frog swallows a meal, his bulgy eyeballs will close and go down into his head! This is
because the eyeballs apply pressure and actually push a frog's meal down his throat

4. Frogs have teeth.

 They have two vomerine teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth
 They have two maxillary teeth at the sides of the mouth

5. Frogs’ ears are called tympani, or tympanic membranes.

 These ears pick up vibrations from the water and the air and turn them
into sound waves so that the frog can hear.
6. When they’re underwater, frogs breathe through their skin.
 Frogs usually live near water because they need to keep their skin wet
so they can breathe through it!
7. When they’re on land, frogs breathe through lungs.
 Air enters through their mouth and external nares (nostrils)

8. Frogs usually lay their eggs in water.

 Each female lays hundreds to thousands of eggs at a time, in slimy
masses.

9. You can determine the sex of a frog by looking at its thumbs.

 A male frog usually has thick pads on its "thumbs," which is one
external difference between the males and females, as shown below.
 Male frogs are also usually smaller than females.
10. Frogs have 3 eyelids.
 The nictitating membrane is a third eyelid.
 It is clear and protects the frogs’ eyes when it is underwater.
 It keeps the eyes moist when the frog is on land.
 Frog Eyelid: Nictitating membrane:
 The Frog Dissection Laboratory

ORGAN SYSTEM

Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the appearance and function of various organs found in the frog. 2.
Name, locate, and identify the organs that make up various systems of the frog.

Discussion

Frogs belong to the class Amphibia. Amphibians have adaptations for living
in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. Frogs are among the most commonly
studied organism in Biology. Although many differences exist between humans and
frogs, the basic body plans are similar. Humans and frogs both belong to the
phylum Chordata. By studying the anatomy of the frog, you will be better able to
understand your own body.
 In this activity, you will examine the external features of a frog and identify
parts of its external anatomy. In addition, you dissect a preserved frog to observe
its internal anatomy.

Problem

How is a frog structured for survival?

Materials

Preserved frog Scalpel

Dissecting tray Dissecting pins

Scissors Dissecting needle

Probe Paper towels

Hand lens Goggles

Plastic bag Protective gloves

Safety

Be careful when handling sharp instruments. Always us special caution when

working with scalpels and cut away from your body. Follow your teacher’s directions
and all appropriate safety procedures. Goggles will be worn during the entire lab to
prevent any preservative from getting into your eyes.

Procedure:
Part A: Observing behavior and features of a live frog from the laser disk.

Part B: External Anatomy of the Frog

1. Obtain a preserved frog. Rinse the frog with water to remove excess
preservative. Dry the frog with paper towel and place it in a dissecting
tray
2. Identify the dorsal and ventral surfaces and the anterior and posterior
ends.
Take a photo of it while identifying it.
3. Locate the forelegs and the hindlegs. Each foreleg or arm is divided
into four regions: upper arm, forearm, wrist and hand. Each hindleg
also has four regions: thigh, lower leg, ankle and foot. Identify the
parts of the forelegs and hindlegs. Examine the hands and feet of the
frog. If the hands have enlarged thumbs, the frog is a male. Take a
photo of the identified parts of the frog.
4. Locate the two large protruding eyes. Lift the eyelid using a probe.
Beneath the outer lid is an inner lid called the nictating membrane.
Take a photo of the identified parts of the frog.

5. Posterior to each eye is a circular region of tightly stretched skin. This

region is the tympanic membrane or eardrum. Locate the tympanic
membrane on both sides of the head. Take a photo of the identified
parts of the frog.

6. Anterior to the eyes, locate two openings called the external nares or
nostrils. Take a photo of the identified parts of the frog.

7. In the appropriate place on your laboratory notebook, label the

following external areas and structures of the frog:
Anterior Hindlimb

Posterior Tympanic
membrane
Dorsal
External nares
Ventral
Eye
Hand
Nictating
Forelimb membrane
Foot mouth

8. Hold the frog firmly in the dissecting tray or in your hands. Using
scissors make a small cut at each of the hinged points of the jaw. To
avoid injury, cut in a direction away from your hands and body. Open
the mouth as much as possible. Under running water to rinse away any
excess preservative.
 Do not cut your
fingers!!

9. The tongue is the most noticeable structure in the mouth. Observe

where the tongue is attached and note the two projections at the free
end.
10.At the back of the mouth, locate the large horizontal opening, the
gullet opening. In the front of the gullet opening, find a vertical slit, the
glottis. Air will pass through this to go into the lungs Take a photo of
the identified parts of the frog.
11.Look for two openings on the back sides of the floor of the mouth.
These are the openings to the vocal sacs. They are present only in
male frogs but not in female frogs.
12.Examine the roof of the mouth. Near the front center of the roof of the
mouth are two small bumps. These bumps are the vomerine teeth. On
either side of the vomerine teeth are the openings to the internal
nares. Behind the vomerine teeth, observe two large bulges. These
bulges are the eye sockets. Run your fingers along the top jaw. The
teeth you feel are the maxillary teeth. The openings to the Eustachian
tubes (lead to the eardrum) are on either side near the back of the
mouth. Insert a probe gently into the Eustachian tube. Note where the
probe stops.
13.In the appropriate place on your laboratory notebook , label the
following parts of a frog’s mouth:
Vomerine teeth Tongue

Internal nares Gullet opening

Maxillary teeth Glottis

Eye sockets Openings to the vocal

sacs
Opening to the
Eustachian tubes

Part C: Internal Anatomy of the Frog

  Take a photo/videos on how you do every procedure . Compile
it, and submit this to your subject teacher.
1. Place your preserved frog in a dissecting tray with ventral surface up.
With dissecting pins, secure the frog’s feet and hands to the bottom
of the dissecting tray as shown below. Angle the pins away from the
body of the frog so that they will not interfere with your dissection.

2. With forceps, lift the loose skin of the abdomen. Carefully insert the
tip of a pair of scissors beneath the skin in the groin area. Cut the skin
along line AB as shown in the previous figure. Using forceps and
scissors, continue cutting the skin along lines CD and EF
3. With fingers, carefully separate the skin from the underlying muscles.
Open the flaps of skin as far back as possible and pin them to the
bottom of the pan. Angle the pins away from the body. Notice the
blood vessels branching throughout the inner lining of the skin.
Observe the abdominal and pectoral muscles. Note the direction of
the muscle fibers.
4. Carefully lift the abdominal muscles with the forceps. Cut a second
AB incision. Keep the cut through the muscles shallow as to
not damage the underlying organs. As the incision is made in the
chest, or pectoral area, you will need to cut through bone. This pone
is part of the pectoral girdle. Use extra force with the scissors
when cutting through the bone. Be careful not to damage the
internal organs. Make cuts CD and EF through the abdominal
muscle.
5. Remove the pins holding the skin in place. Stretch the abdominal
opening as much as possible. Re-pin the muscles down to the pan. At
this time, the hands and feet of the frog need to be re-pinned.
6. Study the position of the exposed organs. Notice that most of the
organs are held in place by thin, transparent tissues called
mesenteries.
7. If the frog is a mature female, the most obvious organs will be the
ovaries. The ovaries are white sacs swollen with tiny black-and-white
eggs. Carefully lift the ovaries from the body cavity, cut the
attachments with scissors, and remove the ovaries from the frog. Be
careful not to rupture the ovaries with scissors. If the ovaries
are ruptured, they can spill out a mess of eggs.
 8. The large reddish-brown organ in the upper part of the abdominal
cavity is the liver. Answer question 17 on your record.
9. With your fingers or a probe, lift and separate the lobes of the liver
upward. Behind the middle lobe, look for a greenish, finger-shaped
gland. This is the gallbladder. You may be able to locate the bile duct
leading from the liver to the gallbladder. Do not squeeze the
gallbladder or you will get a goggleful of bile!
10. With scissors, carefully remove the liver and gallbladder from the
body. The remaining organs of the digestive system are easier to see
with the liver removed.

LABORATORY ACTIVITY No. 4

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Instructions : Take a photo or videos on how you are going to dissect your frog.

Label the different digestive organ of your frog.

Procedure :

1. Locate the esophagus, which is a white tube leading from the

mouth and connecting to the upper part of the white, muscular
stomach. Notice the shape of the stomach. Look for a constriction
at the lowest part of the stomach. This constriction is the pylorus.
The pylorus leads into the long, coiled small intestines. Take a
photo of it.
2. Pull the loops of small intestine away from the body. Notice the
mesentery that holds the intestines in place. Inside the loop of the
small intestines near the stomach, locate a thin, white organ
called the pancreas. Also in the intestinal mesentery, locate a
brown bean-shaped organ called the spleen. The spleen is an
organ of the circulatory system.
3. The small intestine ends in a large bag-shaped organ, the large
intestine. The last organ of the digestive system is the cloaca, a
sac-like organ at the end of the large intestine. Undigested food
leaves the frog’s body through this opening along with urine,
sperm or eggs.
4. With scissors, cut the esophagus near the stomach. Cut through
the large intestine just above the cloaca. With your fingers,
carefully remove the digestive system from the body.
 5. Stretch out the digestive system on the dissecting tray. With
scissors, cut open the stomach along its outside curve. Open the
stomach and examine its structure and contents.
6. Using a scissor, make a cut along the side of the swollen small
intestine.
7. Place the digestive system into your specimen bag to be disposed
of later.
8. In the appropriate place on the record diagram of the internal
structures of the frog, label the following:
Esophagus Cloaca

Stomach Liver

Pylorus Gallbladder

Small intestine Pancreas

Large intestine
 LABORATORY ACTIVITY No. 06

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Instructions :

Take a photo or videos on how you are going to dissect your frog.

Label the different Respiratory organ of your frog.

Procedure :

1. Locate the two lungs. They are small, spongy brown sacs that lie to the
right and left of the heart. Look for the bronchial tubes that extend from
the anterior part of the lungs and join with the trachea, or windpipe.
2. With scissors and forceps, carefully remove the lungs from the frog’s body.
Place the lungs into the specimen bag for later disposal.
3. Label the lungs on the internal structure of the frog diagram.

LABORATORY ACTIVITY No. 07

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Instructions :

Take a photo or videos on how you are going to dissect your frog.

Label the different Circulatory organ of your frog.

Procedures :

1. Locate the heart. The heart is encased in a membrane called the

pericardium. With the tip of the scissors, carefully cut open the pericardium
to expose the heart.
2. Note the vessels attached to the heart. The large artery on the ventral
surface of the heart is the coronary artery. If the frog had been injected
with red and blue latex paint, the veins and arteries are obvious.
3. Carefully cut the blood vessels leading to and from the heart. Remove the
heart from the frog. Place the heart in the dissecting tray with the dorsal
surface facing up. Identify the right and left atria and the triangular
ventricle. Touch and compare the walls of the two atria and the ventricle.
4. Observe the dorsal surface of the heart. Locate the thin-walled triangular
sac called the sinus venosus. Locate the two veins leading from the top
and the one vein leading from the bottom of the sinus venosus.
5. With a scalpel, cut the heart into anterior and posterior halves. Note the
thickness of the walls and the types of heart chambers.
6. In the appropriate places on the heart diagram, label the following:

Right atrium

Left atrium

Ventricle

Coronary artery
CLEAN UP

1. Place your dissected frog specimen and any other organs or tissues
removed from the frog into the specimen bag.
2. Wash off and dry all the dissecting equipment used and also the dissecting
pan.
3. Put all soiled paper towels into the specimen bag .
4. Put away all the dissecting equipment into its correct container and place
the dissecting pans atop on another in a criss-cross fashion.
5. Wash and disinfect your table top then dispose of your gloves in the
garbage.
6. WASH YOUR HANDS THOROUGHLY
7. Answer all questions ,Put it in a short bond paper.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

Part I : Frog Dissection Questions

1. In your own words, what does “dissection” mean?

____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. We will first be studying the external anatomy of the frog, then the internal anatomy.
In your own words, what is the difference between external anatomy and internal
anatomy?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What level of organization is a frog? (cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)
______________________
4. What are frog ears called? ___________________________
5. How do frog ears work? ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. What are frog teeth called? (There are 2 kinds of teeth). ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Where in the mouth are these 2 kinds of teeth located? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. How do frogs breathe? (There are 2 ways. Explain both). ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. How can you determine the sex (gender) of your frog, just by looking at its external
anatomy? __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10.What is the nictitating membrane, and why do frogs have them? _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 11.How do you think the frog’s anatomy will be different from your own anatomy? How
do you think it will be similar? Write at least 6 similarities and/or differences below in
the Venn Diagram.

Part II: Frog Dissection Questions

External Anatomy

1. How many digits (fingers) are there to a forelimb?

2. How many digits (fingers) are there to a hindlimb?

Inside the Mouth

1. What unusual features do you notice about the tongue?

2. Internal Anatomy (Digestive Organs)
3. List the structures of the digestive system in detail?
4. Make a labeled diagram of each of the following frog features and answer
the following questions?

Liver
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• Stomach
• Fat Bodies

Internal Anatomy (Heart and Lungs)

1. How many chambers does the heart have?

2. Make a labeled diagram of the heart and lungs?
3. Internal Anatomy (Urogenital System)
4. Is your frog a male or a female? How do you know?

List the parts of the Reproductive and Urinary system in detail

1. What is the function of the Vasa Efferentia, Oviduct, and Ureter?

2. The Brain (Optional Dissection- No questions)

Part III: Analysis and Conclusion:

1. What is the difference between the frog’s legs and human legs?
 2. What makes the frog’s tongue different from the human tongue?

3. How is the frog’s heart different from a human? (*Hint: Think about
placement and number of chambers)

4. Looking at the internal structures of the digestive system how is it similar

to a human digestive system?

5. How can you tell a male frog from a female frog?

6. What is the function of the kidneys in a frog?

7. Give at least 2 major similarities between humans and amphibians?

Part IV : Frog dissection Questions

1. Why are frogs said to have “two lives?”

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. How are amphibians different from reptiles?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3. What are 3 adaptations that frogs have that make them amphibians?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4. List the ways in which tadpoles (immature frogs) and frogs differ from each other?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

External Anatomy

5. Dorsal means? _______________________________

6. Ventral means? _______________________________

7. Anterior means? ______________________________

8. Posterior means? _____________________________

9. Head means? ______________________________

10.Torso means? ______________________________

 11.Frog lungs are poorly developed. How does this relate to their skin being thin and
moist?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

12.How does the tympanic membrane work?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

13.Name 2 ways forelimbs are different than hind limbs.




Critical Thinking Questions

14.Frogs produce a huge number of gametes at one time – WHY do you think this is
(HINT: Finding Nemo)?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

15.The frog’s tongue is anchored in the very front – opposite to the orientation and
anchoring of humans. Why do you think this is so
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Instructions for Internal Anatomy

Identify the function and location of each parts of frog

***Please color code the parts. You may use your own key – simply change or correct the
color indicated.

o A. Esophagus
(yellow)______________________________
o _____________________________________________
o C. Stomach
(purple)________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o D. Pancreas
(orange)_______________________________
o ____________________________________________
o F. Cloaca (black)__________________________________
o ___________________________________________
o H. Lung (dark blue)________________________________
____________________________________________
o ___________________________________________
o I. Heart (red)__________________________________
o ____________________________________________
o J. Liver (brown)__________________________________
o ___________________________________________
o K. Gallbladder (lt.
green)____________________________
o ___________________________________________
o L. Small Intestine (Dark
green)________________________
o _____________________________________________
o M. Large Intestine (lt.
blue)__________________________
____________________________________________
Post Lab Questions

1. The membrane holds the coils of the small intestine together: _________________________

2.This organ is found under the liver, it stores bile: ___________________________

3. Name the 3 lobes of the liver: _____________________, ____________________,

___________________

4. The organ that is the first major site of chemical digestion: _______________________

5. Eggs, sperm, urine and wastes all empty into this structure: __________________________

6. The small intestine leads to the: _______________________________

7. The esophagus leads to the: ______________________________

8. Yellowish structures that serve as an energy reserve: _________________________

9. The first part of the small intestine(straight part): ____________________________

10. After food passes through the stomach it enters the: _________________________

11. A web-like membrane that covers the organs: ___________________________

12. Regulates the exit of partially digested food from the stomach: _____________________

13. The large intestine leads to the _______________________

14. Organ found within the mesentery that stores blood: __________________________

15. The largest organ in the body cavity: __________________________

REFLECTION: What have you learned in the laboratory activity? 3-4 Paragraphs

NOTE: DELETE THIS SECTION IN ACCOMPLISHING THIS REPORT

1. Your score in this activity is separate from your actual laboratory performance.
2. Accomplish this report with:
NEATNESS: 30 %
ACCURACY: 50 %
ON-TIME SUBMISSION- 20%
PICTURE 3 PICTURE 4

PICTURE 5 PICTURE 6