Introduction

 Block diagram is a shorthand, graphical representation

of a physical system, illustrating the functional
relationships among its components.
OR
 A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial
representation of the cause-and-effect relationship of a
system.
 Introduction
 The simplest form of the block diagram is the single block,
with one input and one output.
 The interior of the rectangle representing the block usually
contains a description of or the name of the element, or the
symbol for the mathematical operation to be performed on
the input to yield the output.
 The arrows represent the direction of information or signal
flow.

d
x y
dt
 Introduction
 The operations of addition and subtraction have a special
representation.

 The block becomes a small circle, called a summing point,

with the appropriate plus or minus sign associated with the
arrows entering the circle.

 Any number of inputs may enter a summing point.

 The output is the algebraic sum of the inputs.

 Some books put a cross in the circle.

CASCADE
• Any finite number of blocks in series may be
algebraically combined by multiplication of transfer
functions.
• That is, n components or blocks with transfer
functions G1 , G2, . . . , Gn, connected in cascade are
equivalent to a single element G with a transfer
function given by
Example

 Multiplication of transfer functions is commutative;

that is,
GiGj = GjGi
for any i or j .
Parallel Form:
 Parallel subsystems have a common input and an
output formed by the algebraic sum of the outputs
from all of the subsystems.

Figure: Parallel Subsystems.

Parallel Form:

Figure:
a) Parallel Subsystems.
b) Equivalent Transfer Function.

The equivalent transfer function is

Feedback Form:
 The third topology is the feedback form. Let us derive the
transfer function that represents the system from its input to
its output. The typical feedback system, shown in figure:

Figure: Feedback (Closed Loop) Control System.

The system is said to have negative feedback if the sign at the

summing junction is negative and positive feedback if the sign
is positive.
 Feedback Form:

Figure:
a) Feedback Control System.
b) Simplified Model or Canonical Form.
c) Equivalent Transfer Function.

The equivalent or closed-loop

transfer function is
Reduction techniques
1. Combining blocks in cascade

G1 G2 G1G2

2. Combining blocks in parallel

G1
G1  G2
G2
Reduction techniques
3. Moving a summing point ahead of a block

G G
1
G

4. Moving a pickoff point behind a block

G G
1
G

5. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block

G G
G
Reduction techniques
6. Eliminating a feedback loop

G
G
1  GH
H

G
G
1 G

H 1

7. Swap with two neighboring summing points

A B B A
Block Diagram Transformation Theorems

The letter P is used to represent any transfer function, and W, X ,

Y, Z denote any transformed signals.
Transformation Theorems
Continue:
Transformation Theorems
Continue:
Example-1: Reduce the Block Diagram.

H2

R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+

H1
Example-1:

H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+

H1
Example-1:

H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1
Example-1:

H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1
Example-1:

H2
G1
R _ G1G2 C
+_ + G3
1  G1G2 H1
Example-1:

H2
G1
R _ G1G2G3 C
+_ +
1  G1G2 H1
Example-1:

R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1  G1G2 H1  G2G3 H 2
Example-1:

R G1G2G3 C
1  G1G2 H1  G2G3 H 2  G1G2G3
Example 2: Find the transfer function of the following block
diagrams.

R(s) Y (s)
G1 G2

H1 H2

H3
Solution:

1. Eliminate loop I

R(s) A
G2 I
B
Y (s)
G1 G2
H1
1  GH2 H
2
2

H3
2. Moving pickoff point A behind block G2
1  G2 H 2

R(s) A G2 B
Y (s)
G1
1  G2 H 2

1  G2 H 2 II
H1 1  G2 H 2
G2 H 3  H1 ( )
G2
H3 Not a feedback loop
3. Eliminate loop II

R(s) G1G2 Y (s)

1  G2 H 2

H1 (1  G2 H 2 )
H3 
G2

Y (s) G1G2

R( s ) 1  G2 H 2  G1G2 H 3  G1H1  G1G2 H1H 2
Skill Assessment Exercise:
Answer of Skill Assessment
Exercise: