Scribd
Upload
5 views13 pages

Lec 33

The document discusses the Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) and its relationship with the Fourier Series (FS), explaining how periodic and aperiodic signals can be represented in the frequency domain. It outlines the analysis and synthesis equations for both FS and CTFT, as well as the Dirichlet conditions for the existence of the Fourier transform. Additionally, it includes examples and MATLAB commands for plotting magnitude and phase spectra.

Uploaded by

Umar Bazaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views13 pages

Lec 33

The document discusses the Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) and its relationship with the Fourier Series (FS), explaining how periodic and aperiodic signals can be represented in the frequency domain. It outlines the analysis and synthesis equations for both FS and CTFT, as well as the Dirichlet conditions for the existence of the Fourier transform. Additionally, it includes examples and MATLAB commands for plotting magnitude and phase spectra.

Uploaded by

Umar Bazaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

208503 Signals and Systems

Lecture 33
Continuous Time Fourier Transform
(4.1)
20.04.21
Revision FS
1. Analysis:
The Fourier series(FS) representation of a periodic signal x(t)
decomposes the signal into a linear combination of harmonically
related exponential components such that the frequency
content of the signal can be observed.
1 1  jk  2 /T t

T T T T
 jk0 t
ak  x ( t ) e dt  x (t ) e dt

2. Synthesis:
Using a sum of harmonically related exponentials, Fourier series
representation can be used to construct any periodic signal in
discrete time and essentially all periodic continuous-time signals of
practical importance.
 
x(t )  
k 
ak e jk0t
 
k 
ak e jk  2 /T t

2
Revision FS
3. Filtering
Using eigenfunction property of LTI systems


H ( j )  

h(t )e  jt dt

4. Shortcut for finding FS


a. Look up for similar signals in the FS pairs
b. Use FS properties

3
Definition of Continuous Time Fourier
Transform (CTFT)
• The Fourier transform (FT) is a method of representing mathematical
models of signals and systems in the frequency domain.
• A rather large class of aperiodic signals, including all signals with finite
energy, can also be represented through a linear combination of
complex exponentials. Whereas for periodic signals the complex
exponential building blocks are harmonically related, for aperiodic
signals they are infinitesimally close in frequency, and the representation
in terms of a linear combination takes the form of an integral rather than
a sum.
• The resulting spectrum of coefficients in this representation is called the
Fourier transform. 
X ( j )   x (t )e jt dt Analysis Equation

• The synthesis integral, which uses these coefficients to represent the
signal as a linear combination of complex exponentials, is called the
inverse Fourier transform

1

j t
x(t )  X ( j ) e d Synthesis Equation
2 
4
Developing CTFT from CTFS

• As , approaches
→

• The Fourier series representing will also represent in the limit .


• The exponential

Fourier series for is given by: T0 / 2
1
xT0 (t )   ak e jk0t
k 
ak 
T0 
T0 /2
xT0 (t )e  jk0t dt

• Observe that integrating over is the same as integrating


over 
1 1
ak 
T0 

x(t )e  jk0t dt 
T0
X ( jk0 )
5
Existence of FT : Dirichlet conditions
• Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Fourier transform are
similar to those given earlier for the Fourier series. They are the
Dirichlet conditions:
• In any finite interval,
a) is bounded;
b) has a finite number of maxima and minima; and
c) has a finite number of discontinuities.
• is absolutely integrable; that is,



x(t ) dt  

6
• This Professor has really nice tutorials on you tube covering a
wide range of topics. If you want to delve further into the
relationship between FS and FT see the following lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hSMtRdHutY

7
Example 1
•

For manual plotting of


magnitude & phase spectra, for
several values of omega say 0,
pi/4, pi/2 , pi etc, determine
magnitude & phase. Use
symmetry of magnitude &
phase spectra to get values for
negative frequencies

8
9
Plotting via MATLAB
>> a=0.4;
>> omega=-8*pi:0.01*pi:8*pi;
>> X=1./(a+j*omega);
>> subplot(2,1,1),plot(omega,abs(X)), title('magnitude plot');
>> subplot(2,1,2),plot(omega,phase(X)), title('phase plot');

10
Example 2
•

11
12
MATLAB commands for plotting
t0=2 ; % assuming shift =2 units
>> X=exp(-j*omega*t0);
>> subplot(3,1,1),plot(omega,abs(X)), title('magnitude plot'), axis tight;
>> subplot(3,1,2),plot(omega,phase(X)), title('phase plot'), axis tight;
>> wrapped_phase=wrapToPi(phase(X));
>> subplot(3,1,3),plot(omega,wrapped_phase), title('wrapped phase plot'), axis tight;

13

You might also like